TANAH DAN SUMBERNYA LAND AND ITS RESOURSES
7. Rumusan sumber bahan api semula jadi / Summary of natural sources of fuel
Selesaikan carta yang berikut dengan menggunakan perkataan di dalam kotak di bawah Complete the following chart by using the words in the box below.
Disediakan oleh Rafida Binti Mustaffa@SMKKK- 2017 Penyulingan berperingkat petroleum/ Fractional distillation of petroleum
1. Penyulingan berperingkat merupakan cara memisahkan campuran hidrokarbon dalam petroleum kepada pecahan-pecahannya . Ini adalah kerana campuran petroleum mempunyai takat didih yang berlainan
Fractional distillation is the method to separate the mixture of hydrocarbon in raw petroleum into its fractions . This is because petroleum mixture has different boiling point .
2. Untuk mengkaji penyulingan berperingkat petroleum, simulasi boleh dijalankan dalam makmal seperti langkah-langkah berikut
To study fractional distillation of petroleum, a simulation can be carried out in the laboratory as the following steps:
Langkah-langkah /Steps Susunan radas /Arrangement of apparatus
1. Radas seperti dalam rajah disediakan
The apparatus is set up as in the diagram.
2. 20 ml petroleum mentah ditambah ke dalam tabung didih dengan beberapa serpihan porselin (berfungsi memecahkan gelembung udara )
20 ml raw petroleum is filled into the boiling tube together with a few pieces of porcelain chips (which function to break the big air bubbles)
3. Petroleum dipanaskan perlahan-lahan.
Petroleum is heated up slowly.
4. Empat pecahan petroleum dikumpulkan ke dalam tabung didih yang berlainan dalam lingkungan suhu antara:
Four fractions of petroleum is collected in different boiling tubes in the following temperature range:
I : 30 – 80°C II : 80 – 120°C III : 120 – 160°C IV : 160 – 200°C
1. Termometer yang digunakan boleh mengukur sehingga 300°C
Thermometer used can measure until 300°C
2. Air sejuk digunakan untuk mengkondensasikan wap-wap petroleum)
The cold water is used to condense the petroleum vapour)
3. Untuk setiap pecahan petroleum,/ For each fraction of petroleum, a. _________ dibandingkan./ its ____________ is compared. b. ____________ dibandingkan./ its ____________ is compared.
c. dibakar di dalam mangkuk pijar dan ________________ dibandingkan is burned in a crucible and its ________________ is compared.
d. ___________ nyalaan dan kuantiti _______________ diperhatikan the ___________ of its flame and the amount of ______________ are observed. .
Pecahan petroleum Petroleum fraction Suhu (takat didih) Temperature (boiling point
Observation / Pemerhatian Kuantiti asap yang dihasilkan Amount of soot produced Kelikatan
Viscosity Warna Colour
Kebolehbakaran Flammability Warna nyalaan Colour of flame
I 30 – 80°C Tidak likat No viscous Tiada warna No colour
Terbakar dengan mudah
Burns very easily
Biru Blue Tiada jelaga No soot II 80 – 120°C Sedikit likat A little viscous Kuning cerah Pale yellow Terbakar dengan mudah
Burns very easily
Oren Orange Sedikit jelaga A little soot III 120 – 160°C Sedikit likat A little viscous Kuning Yellow Susah terbakar Difficult to burn Kuning Yellow Banyak Jelaga A lot of soot
IV 160 – 200°C Sangat likat Very viscous Perang Brown
Sangat susah terbakar
Very difficult to burn
Merah
Red
Sangat banyak jelaga
Disediakan oleh Rafida Binti Mustaffa@SMKKK- 2017
4. Hubungan antara takat didih dengan ……../The relationship between boiling point and …..
(a) warna pecahan – Takat didih semakin _______, semakin _______ warna pecahan. colour of fraction – The _______- the boiling point, the _________ the colour of fraction
(b)kelikatan pecahan – Takat didih semakin ______, semakin _______ pecahan. viscousity of fraction – The ________ the boiling point, the _________ viscous the fraction.
(c) kebolehbakaran pecahan – Takat didih semakin ______, semakin _____ pecahan itu terbakar.
flammability of fraction – The ____________- the boiling point, the more ______________ the fraction to burn.
(d)kuantiti jelaga – Takat didih semakin ______, semakin _______ jelaga dihasilkan dalam pembakaran pecahan.
amount of soot – The _______ the boiling point, the ____________- soot is produced in the burning of petroleum fraction.
Uses of petroleum fractions / Kegunaan pecahan petroleum
Bincangkan jenis pecahan yang dikumpulkan daripada penyulingan berperingkat ke atas petroleum dan kegunaan setiap pecahan dengan mengisi tempat kosong di bawah.
Discuss the types of fractions collected from the fractional distillation of petroleum and their uses by filling in the blanks below.
Disediakan oleh Rafida Binti Mustaffa@SMKKK- 2017
TIPS FOR CHECKPOINT AND REVIEW QUESTIONS CP/RV
1) compounds, composition
2) Lead sulphide + oxygen heat lead oxide + sulphur dioxide Magnesium carbonate heat magnesium oxide + carbon dioxide
3)
M i n e r a l Chemical name Element composition C o p p e r, carbon, oxygen H a e m a t i t e I ron oxide
G a l e n a Lead, sulphur
4) Magnesium and aluminium 5) Iron pyrite
6) ( a ) Zinc oxide ( b ) sulphur 7) second, element, compounds 8) Silica and silicates
9) It is used in making glass by heating a mixture of sand and metal carbonates 10) It is used to make concrete pillars and walls.
11) Silica, in the form of quartz, is used to make electronic chips 12) ( a ) carbon, oxygen ( b ) q u i c k l i m e
13) Marble, animal shell and coral
14) It changes to calcium oxide and gives off carbon dioxide.
15) It is used by farmers to neutralise the acidic conditions of the soil
16) It is used as a commercial alkali to make soda lime which is an efficient acid gas absorber 17) P e t roleum, natural gas and coal
18) Coal is a hydrocarbon and when heated, it burns to produce energy. Coal is formed from trees, ferns and mosses covered by swamps millions of years ago.
19) Crude petroleum contains many types of hydrocarbons mixed together. The hydrocarbons have to be separated before they can be used as fuel. Petrol is a ready to burn fuel 20)Setting the indicator of the water heater to low heat whenever possible.
21) Not using the water heater unnecessarily.
22)( a ) Elements: Gold, sulphur, copper C o m p o u n d s : Quartz, calcite, galena, haematite, cassiterite, china clay, calcium silicate (b) H a rdness of the minerals
23)( a ) M: oxygen N: sulphur
Disediakan oleh Rafida Binti Mustaffa@SMKKK- 2017
TEMA : TENAGA DALAM KEHIDUPAN
7.1 Memahami elektrostatik / Understanding Electrostatics
Pada akhir pelajaran, pelajar akan dapat
1.memerihalkan maksud elektostatik. / describe what electrostatics is
2.menyatakan jenis cas elektrik statik / state the types of static electrical charges 3.menyatakan sifat cas elektrik static / state the properties of static electrical charges 4.memerihalkan bagaimana cas elektrik statik dihasilkan dalam bahan tertentu.
describe how static electrical charges can be produced in some materials 5.memerihalkan cara mengesan cas elektrik statik.
describe ways to detect static electrical charges
6.memerihalkan fenomena harian yang disebabkan oleh cas elektrik statik. explain everyday phenomena caused by static electrical charges
7.menyatakan langkah keselamatan yang perlu diambil semasa pengendalian cas elektrik. / state the safety measures to be taken when dealing with static electricity
B2D11E1
mendefinisikan elektrostatik B3D19E1
menjelaskan jenis cas dan sifat-sifat elektrostatik B4D11E1
memerhati sifat-sifat cas elektrostatik melalui aktiviti
B3D19E2
menerangkan fenomena harian yang berkaitan dengan cas elektrik statik dan langkah-langkah keselamatan yang perlu diambil semasa mengendalikan cas elektrik
A. Elektrostatik / Electrostatic
Penghasilan dan pengesanan cas elektrik static / Production and detection of static electrical charges
1. Elektrostatik adalah kajian cas elektrik statik iaitu cas-cas yang _______________ . Electrostatic is a study of static electrical charges, that is, charges which are ________________. 2. Cas elektrik statik boleh dihasilkan melalui _______________ .
Static electrical charges are produced in ____________________ .
a. Semua atom terdiri daripada proton (bercas ______________ ) dan elektron (bercas ______________)
.All atoms are made up of proton (which charges _______________ ) and electron (which charges _______________ ).
b. Apabila geseran berlaku antara dua jenis atom yang berlainan, elektron boleh ________________ dari satu jenis atom ke satu jenis atom yang lain seperti dalam rajah berikut.
When friction happens between two different types of atoms, electrons can ________________ from one type of atom to another type of atom as shown in the following diagram.
c. Atom A bercas ______ kerana bilangan elektron di dalamnya menjadi ________ ; manakala Atom B bercas _____________ kerana bilangan elektron di dalamnya ____________
Atom A is charged up _______________ because the amount of electron in it has _____________; whereas Atom B is charged up ______________ because the amount of electron in it has __________________ .
d. Bahan _______________ mempunyai jumlah cas positif (proton) dan cas negatif (elektron) yang sama.
A _______________ object contains same amount of positive charges (protons) and negative charges (electrons).