Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang diperoleh, maka pada penelitian selanjutnya disarankan untuk :
1. Menelusuri kinerja enzim kitinase dariMucor mieheidalam mendegradasi kulit udang menjadi glukosamin.
2. Mengidentifikasi karakteristik morfologi dari isolatMucor miehei dengan SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope).
3. Membandingkan karakterisasi menggunakan spektrofotometri UV- Vis antara pereaksi ninhidrin dengan pereaksi fenil isotiosianat (PITC).
4. Melakukan tahap demineralisasi tanpa tahap deproteinasi pada kulit udang.
42
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Alves, Maria Helena, Galba M. De Campos-Takaki, Kaoru Okada, Ines Helena Ferreira Pessoa, and Adauto Ivo Milanez. 2005. Detection of extracellular protease inMucorspecies.Rev Iberoam Micol. Vol. 22, pp. 114-117.
Angka, S.L. dan M.T. Suhartono. 2000.Bioteknologi Hasil Laut. PKSPL- IPB.Bogor.
Anonim. 2007.Glukosamin Untuk Osteoartitis.http://www.halalguide.info. Diakses pada 10 Januari 2013.
Anonim. 2014.Spektrofotometri UV-Vis.
http://www.valdisreinaldo.blogspot.com. Diakses pada tanggal 21 Juni 2014.
Araki, Y. and E. Ito. 1975. A pathway of chitosan formation inMucor rouxii.Eur. J. Biochem.Vol 55, pp. 71–78.
Azmi, J. 2006. Penentuan Kondisi Optimum FermentasiAspergillus oryzae Untuk Isolasi Enzim Amilase Pada Medium Pati Biji Nangka
(Arthocarphus heterophilus Lmk).Jurnal Biogenesis. 2(2): 55-58.
Bahariah. 2005. Pengaruh Konsentrasi NaOH dan Suhu pada Proses Deproteinasi Untuk Produksi Kitin dari Limbah Kulit Udang Putih (Penaeus merguensis).Skripsi. Universitas Hasanuddin. Makassar.
Beaney, P., J Lizardi-Mendoza, and M Healy. 2005. Comparison of Chitins Produced by Chemical and Bioprocessing Methods.J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. (80): 145-150.
Caufrier, F., A. Martinou, C. Dupont, and V. Bouriotis. 2003. Carbohydrate esterase family 4 enzymes:Substrate specificity.Carbohydrate. Res.Vol 338, pp 687–692
42
Chahal, P. S., D. S. Chahal, and G. B. B. Lee. 2001. Production of Cellulose in Solid State Fermentation withTrichorderma reesiMCG 80 on Wheat Straw. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. Vol. 57-58, pp. 433-441.
Clark, K. 2007.Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi (HPLC).http://www.chem-is- try.org.Diakses pada 28 Januari 2013.
DSMZ. 2013. DSMZ: List of Media for Microorganisms.
https://www.dsmz.de/catalogues/catalogue-microorganisms/culture- technology/list-of-media-for-microorganisms.html. Diakses pada 1 Desember 2013.
EFSA [European Food Safety Authority]. 2009. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to glucosamine hydrochloride and reduced rate of cartilage degeneration and reduced risk of development of osteoarthritis pursuant. Parma, Italy.European Food Safety Authority, 7(10): 1358.
Foucher, J.P., G.K. Westbrook, A. Boetius, S. Ceramicola, S. Dupre, J. Mascle, J. Mienert, O. Pfannkuche, C. Pierre, and D. Praeg. 2009. Structure and Drivers of Cold Seep Ecosystems.Oceanography,22: 92-109. Gohel, V., P. Vyas, and H. S. Chhatpar. 2004. Activity staining method of
chitinase on chitin agar plate through polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis.African Journal of Biotechnology. Vol. 4, pp. 87-90. Gooday, G.W., W.Y. Zhu, and R.W. O'Donnell. 1994. What are the roles of
chitinases in the growing fungus.Microbiology Letters,100(3): 387-391. Gray, P., N. Hendy, and W. Dunn. 1978. Digestion by Cellulolytic Enzymes of
Alkali Pretreated Bagasse.J. Aust. Inst. Agric. Sci, pp. 210-212. Gritter, R.J., J.M. Bobbitt, and A.E. Schwarting. 1991.Intoduction to
Chromatography. Halden Day Inc Oakland. USA.
Harman, G.E., Crown K.H., Mitchel L., Ray M.B., Alexander D.P., Candy P., and Andrew T.. 1993. Chitinolitic Enzyme ofTrichoderma hazianum:
Purification of Chitobiosidase and Endochitinase Phytopathology, 2(83):313-318.
Holker, U., M. Hofer, and J. Lenz. 2004. Biotechnological Advantages of Laboratory-Scale Solid State Fermentation with Fungi.Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,64:175–186.
Horton, D. and J.D. Wander. 2009.The Carbohydrates. Vol IB. Academic Press. New York.Hsu, C.P.S. 1994.Infrared Spectroscopy.Handbook of
43
Instrumental Techniques for Analytical Chemistry. Hualingan. Shanghai. Hlm. 123-126.
Hunger, M. and J. Weitkamp. 2001. In situ IR, NMR, EPR, and UV/Vis
Spectroscopy: Tool for New Insight into the Mechanisms of Heterogeneous Catalysis.Angew-Chem Int Ed Engl. Vol. 49, pp. 2954-2971.
Kannan M., Nesakumari M., Rajarathinam K., Singh AJAR. 2010. Production and Characterization of Mushroom Chitosan Under Solid-State
Fermentation Conditions.Adv Biol Res. Vol. 4(1), pp. 10-13.
Khopkar, S. M. 2002.Konsep Dasar Kimia Analitik. Penerbit Swadaya. Jakarta. Kumirska, J., M. X. Weinhold, J. Thoming, and P. Stepnowski. 2010. Biomedical
activity of chitin/chitosan based materials influence of physicochemical properties apart from molecular weight and degree of acetylation. Polymers. Vol 3, pp. 1875-1901.
Lee, J.P. and B.Y. Hwang, 2002. Diversity of Antifungal Actinomycetes in Various Vegetative Soils of Korea.Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 48(5): 407–17.
Lehninger, A.L. 2005.Dasar-Dasar Biokimia. Erlangga. Jakarta. Hlm. 84-89. Mardiana. 2002.Studi Pendahuluan Kitosans Secara Fermentasi Menggunakan
Mucor miehei pada Media Kitin dari Kulit Udang Windu (Penaeus monodon)(Skripsi). Universitas Lampung. Bandar Lampung. Mitchel, D., N. Krieger, and M. Berovic. 2006.Solid-State Fermentation
Bioreactors. Springer-Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg.
Mulja, M. dan Suharman. 1995.Analisis Instrumental. Airlangga University Press. Surabaya. Hlm.121-123.
Murray, A.T. and P.T. Sandford. 2003. Chitin and Chitosan: Sources, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physical Properties and Applications.Journal of Elsevier Applied Science, 12(6): 561.
Noviendri, D., Fauzya, Y.N., Chasanah, E. 2008. Karateristik dan Sifat Kinetika Enzim Kitinase Dari Isolat Bakteri T5a1 Asal Terasi.Jurnal Pascapanen Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan, Vol 3, no 2.
Pariera, B. M. 2004.Limbah Cangkang Udang menjadi Kitosan. http://www.chem-is-try.org. Diakses pada 24 Oktober 2013.
Pandey, A., C. Soccoll, and D. Mitchell.2000.New Developments in Solid-State Fermentation: I–Bioprocesses and Products.Journal of Process
44
Patil, R.S., V. Ghormade, and M.V. Deshpande. 2000. Chitinolytic Enzymes: An Exploration.Journal of Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 26: 473-483. Poedjiadi, A. 1994.Dasar-Dasar Biokimia. UI Press. Jakarta. Hlm. 472. Pujaningsih, R. 2005.Teknologi Fermentasi dan Peningkatan Kualitas Pakan
(Skripsi). Universitas Diponogoro. Semarang.
Robiah Nur. 2015. Mapping Aktivitas Enzim Kitinase Dan Kitin Deasetilase Dari Isolat Actinomycetes ANL-4 Dalam Degradasi Kitin Selama 24 Jam Waktu Inkubasi(Skripsi). Universitas Lampung. Bandar Lampung
Rohman, A. 2007.Kimia Farmasi Analisis : Spektrofotometri UV dan Tampak (visibel). Pustaka Pelajar. Yogyakarta.
Sadava, Purves. 2003. Life The Science of Biology Seventh Edition,Taylor and Francis Group LLC. USA.
Shantosh, S., and P.T. Mathew. 2007. Preparation of glucosamine and carboxymethylchitin from shrimp shell.Journal of Applied Polymer Science,107: 280-285.
Silverstein, R.M., G.C. Bassler, dan T.C. Morril. 1986.Penyelidikan
Spektromerik Senyawa Organik. Edisi keempat. Alih bahasa A.J. Hartono dan Purba A.V. Erlangga. Jakarta. Hlm. 17-33.
Singleton, Paul dan Diana Sainsbury. 2006.Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology Third Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. England. Suhartono, M.T. 1989. Enzim dan Bioteknologi. Antar Universitas Bioteknologi.
IPB. Bogor.
Suryanto, D. dan Yurnaliza. 2005.Eksplorasi Bakteri Kitinolitik : Keragaman Genetik Gen Penyandi Kitinase pada Berbagai Jenis Bakteri dan
Pemanfaatannya.[http:repository.usu.ac.id] diakses pada 25 februari 2013 Syahmani dan A. Slohahuddin. 2009.Interaksi Cd (II) dengan Kitin dan Kitosan
Isolat Limbah Kulit Udang.http://ptp2007.wordpress.compemanfaatan- kitosan.Diakses pada 25 Januari 2013.
Synowiecki, J. and Al-Khateeb, N. A. 2003. Production, Properties, and Some New Applications of Chitin and its Derivatives. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 43,no. 2, 145-171.
Tomokazu, K., S. Saito, S. Sato, K. Kanai, F. Fujii, N. Nikaidou, and W. Watanabe. 2004. Distribution and Phylogenetic Analysis of Family 19 Chitinases in Actinobacteria.Journal of American Society for Microbiology, 70(2) : 1135-1144.
45
Ton, N.M.N., M.D. Nguyen, T.T.H. Pham and V.V.M. Le. 2010. Influence of initial pH and sulfur dioxide content in must on wine fermentation by immobilized yeast in bacterial cellulose.International Food Research Journal, 6(3): 743-749.
Weites, A.M., D.R. Gondim, and L.R.B. Gonçalves. 2001. Ethanol production by fermentation using immobilized cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaein cashew apple bagasse.Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 1(8): 209–217.
Widodo, A., Mardiah, dan Prasetyo, A., (2006), Potensi Kitosan Dari Sisa Udang Sebagai Koagulan Logam Berat Limbah Cair Industri Tekstil, Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Institut Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya. Yolanda, Chintia. 2014.Penetapan Waktu Inkubasi Optimum Degradasi Kitin
Secara Enzimatik Oleh Mucor Miehei Dengan Metode Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry(Skripsi). Universitas Lampung. Bandar Lampung. Yunqi, W., Munnir, H., and Reza, F,. 2005. Development of a simple analytical
methodology for determination of Glucosamine release from modified release matrix tablets.Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, pp 263-269.
Yurnaliza. 2002.Senyawa Kitin dan Kajian Aktivitas Enzim Mikrobial Pendegradasinya. (Skripsi). Universitas Sumatera Utara. Medan. Yuwono, Triwibowo. 2010.Biologi Molekular. Erlangga. Jakarta. Hlm 19. Zhao, Yong., Ro-Dong Taman, and Riccardo A. A. Muzzarelli. 2010. Chitin