BAB I : PENDAHULUAN
BAB 6 : PENUTUP
6.2 Saran
Beberapa saran untuk perbaikan penelitian ini di masa mendatang adalah : 1. Pada simulasi menggunakan COMSOL Muiltiphysics perlu dilakukan
permodelan tiga dimensi dan peningkatan jumlah mesh untuk meningkatkan keakurasian hasil.
3. Untuk tahap selanjutnya perlu dilakukan penelitian tentang hubungan karakteristik sinyal akustik terhadap spesifikasi jenis keabnormalan jaringan.
DAFTAR REFERENSI
Allyn, Welch. “Physician Office Ultrasonic Imaging.” Thesis, Syracuse University Coolege of Law Technology Transfer Reseach Center, 2004. Brown, BH, RH Smallwood, D C Barber, P V Lawford, D R Hose. Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering. Medical Science Series. Bristol and
Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing, 1999.
Burns, Peter N. “Introduction To The Physical Principles of Ultrasound Imaging and Doppler.” Sunnybrook Health Science Centre 2075 Bayview Avenue S660. Canada
Bushberg, Jerrold T,J.Anthony Seibert, Edwin M. Leidholdt, and John M.Bhoone.
The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 2001.
Cotin, S. And D.N Metaxas, eds. “Proceedings of Medical Simulation : International Symposium – ISMS 2004, Cambridge, MA, June 17-18,2004, Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. 3078, Springer-Verlag, pp. 67-76.
Erikson, Kenneth R., Francis J. Fry, Joie P. Jones. Ultrasound in Medicine – A Review. IEEE Transaction on Sonic and Ultrasonic, Vol. Su-21, No. 3 July 1974.
Everest, F. Alton. The Master Handbook of Acoustic. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2001.
Falou, Omar, J. Carl Kumaradas, and Michael C. Kolios. “A Study of FEMLAB for Modeling High Frequency Ultrasound.” COMSOL Multiphysics User's Conference. Boston, 2005.
---. “Modeling Acoustic Wave Scattering from Cells and Microbubbles.” COMSOL Multiphysics User's Conference. Boston, 2006
Giancoli, Douglas C. Physics (Principles With Application). Fifth Edition. Prentice-Hall International, Inc, 1998. Translated in Indonesian Language by Yuhilza Hanum. Fisika. Edisi 5. Jakarta : Erlangga, 2001.
Halliday, David and Robert Resnick. Physics. Third Edition. John Wiley & Sons,Inc, 1978. Translated in Indonesian Language by Pantur silaban. Fisika. Edisi kelima. Jakarta : Erlangga, 1985.
Hellier, Charles. Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2003.
Hongxia Yao. “Synthetic Aperture Methods for Medical Ultrasonic Imaging Thesis.” IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics (1971) Vol. SU-21, No. 3.
Huisman, Hendrikus Johannes. In Vivo Ultrasonic Tissue Characterization of Liver Metastases. Rotterdam, 1966.
Hutton, David V. Fundamental of Finite Element Analysis. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2004.
Markelin, René, Prashanth Kumar Chinta. “Numerical Modelling of Ultrasonic NDT of a Wheel Shaft of an ICE Train.” Fundamentals in Medical
Biophysics MBP1007/1008 (2005). Germany
Mimbs, J.W., R. D. Bowens, R. D. Coben, M. O’Donnel, J. G. Miller, and B. E. Sobel. “Effects of Myocardial Ischemia on Quantitative Ultrasonic Backscatter Identification of Responsible Determinants.” Circ. Res. 49, 89-96 (1981).
Seghal, C. M. “Quantitative Relationship Between Tissue Composition and Scattering of Ultrasound.” Journal Acoustic Soc Am. 94 (4) (1993).
Shung, K. Kirk. Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging and Blood Flow Measurement. New York: Taylor and Francis, 2006.
S.S. Yang, and J.K. Lee. FEMLAB and its applications Plasma Application Modeling Lab. 2005
<http://www.ndted.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Ultrasoni cs/Introduction/history.htm>
Sprawls, Perry Jr.. Physical Principles of Medical Imaging. Madison. Wisconsin: Medical Physics Publishing, 1995.
Szabo, Thomas L. Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging : Inside Out. United States of America: Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.
Vollmers, Tony Stanley. “Surface Impedance Measurement.” Thesis, College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in the Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, 2005.
Walidainy, Hubbul dan Nazlun. “Simulasi Menghapus Derau Pada Sinyal Suara.” Jurnal Rekayasa Elektrika 1 (2004) Volume 3 No. 2.
<http://www.ndted.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Ultrasoni cs/Introduction/history.htm>
Webb, Steve. The Physics of Medical Imaging. Medical Science Series. London: Institute of Physics Publishing, 2000.
Xiangtao Yin. “The Study of Ultrasound Pulse-Echo Subwavelength Defect detection Mechanism.” Thesis, Departemen of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2003.
Yi Liul, Amy E. Kerdok, and Robert D. Howel. A Nonlinear Finite Element Model of Soft Tissue.
<kerdok@fas.harvard.edu>
Z. H. Cho, Joie P. Jones, Manbir Singh. Foundation of Medical Imaging. A Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1993.
Zimmerman, William B. J. Process Modelling and Simulation with Finite Element Methods. World Science Publishing Co. Ptc. Ltd. Singapore, 2004.
LAMPIRAN
Lampiran A COMSOL Multiphysics 3.4
COMSOL Multiphysics is a
powerful interactive environment for modeling
and solving all kinds of scientific and engineering problems based on partial differential equations (PDEs). With this software you can easily extend conventional models for one type of physics into multiphysics models that solve coupled physics phenomena—and do so simultaneously. Accessing this power does not require an in-depth knowledge of mathematics or numerical analysis. Thanks to the built-in physics modes it is possible to build models by defbuilt-inbuilt-ing the relevant physical quantities—such as material properties, loads, constraints, sources, and fluxes— rather than by defining the underlying equations. COMSOL Multiphysics then internally compiles a set of PDEs representing the entire model. You access the power of COMSOL Multiphysics as a standalone product through a flexible graphical user interface, or by script programming in the COMSOL Script language or in the MATLAB language.
As noted, the underlying mathematical structure in COMSOL Multiphysics is a system of partial differential equations. We provide three ways of describing PDEs through the following mathematical application modes:
• Coefficient form, suitable for linear or nearly linear models
• General form, suitable for nonlinear models
• Weak form, for models with PDEs on boundaries, edges, or points, or for
models using terms with mixed space and time derivatives. (The weak form provides many additional benefits, and we review them in the context of specific models in other books in this documentation set.)
Using these application modes, you can perform various types of analysis including:
(Lanjutan) • Stationary and time-dependent analysis
• Linear and nonlinear analysis • Eigenfrequency and modal analysis
When solving the PDEs, COMSOL Multiphysics uses the proven finite element
method (FEM). The software runs the finite element analysis together with
adaptive meshing and error control using a variety of numerical solvers. A more detailed description of this mathematical and numerical foundation appears in the
COMSOL Multiphysics User’s Guide and in the COMSOL Multiphysics Modeling Guide.
PDEs form the basis for the laws of science and provide the foundation for modeling a wide range of scientific and engineering phenomena. Therefore you can use COMSOL Multiphysics in many application areas, just a few examples being: • Acoustics • Bioscience • Chemical reactions • Diffusion • Electromagnetics • Fluid dynamics
• Fuel cells and electrochemistry • Geophysics
• Heat transfer
• Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) • Microwave engineering
• Optics • Photonics
• Porous media flow • Quantum mechanics • Radio-frequency components • Semiconductor devices • Structural mechanics • Transport phenomena • Wave propagation
Many real-world applications involve simultaneous couplings in a system of PDEs —multiphysics. For instance, the electrical resistance of a conductor often varies with temperature, and a model of a conductor carrying current should include resistive-heating effects. This book provides an introduction to multiphysics modeling in the section “Thermal Effects in Electronic Conductors”
on page 33. In addition, the COMSOL Multiphysics Modeling Guide covers
multiphysics modeling techniques in the section “Creating Multiphysics Models”
on page 270. The “Multiphysics” chapter in the COMSOL Multiphysics Model
(Lanjutan)
Along these lines, one unique feature in COMSOL Multiphysics is something we refer to as extended multiphysics: the use of coupling variables to connect PDE models in different geometries. This represents a step toward system-level modeling.
Another unique feature is the ability of COMSOL Multiphysics to mix domains of different space dimensions in the same problem. This flexibility not only simplifies modeling, it also can decrease execution time.
In its base configuration, COMSOL Multiphysics offers modeling and analysis power for many application areas. For several of the key application areas we also provide optional modules. These application-specific modules use terminology and solution methods specific to the particular discipline, which simplifies creating and analyzing models. The COMSOL 3.2 product family includes the following modules:
• Chemical Engineering Module • Earth Science Module
• Electromagnetics Module • Heat Transfer Module • MEMS Module
• Structural Mechanics Module
The CAD Import Module provides the possibility to import CAD data using the following formats: IGES, SAT (Acis), Parasolid, and Step. Additional add-ons provide support for CATIA V4, CATIA V5, Pro/ENGINEER, Autodesk Inventor, and VDA-FS.
You can build models of all types in the COMSOL Multiphysics user interface. For additional flexibility, COMSOL also provides its own scripting language, COMSOL Script, where you can access the model as a Model M-file or a data structure. COMSOL Multiphysics also provides a seamless interface to MATLAB. This gives you the freedom to combine PDE-based modeling, simulation, and analysis with other modeling techniques. For instance, it is possible to create a model in COMSOL Multiphysics and then export it to Simulink as part of a control-system design.
Lampiran B
Karakteristik Transduser PTS5
Velocity : 1000 – 9999 m/s
Measurement Range : 1.0 mm to 200.00 mm in carbon steel, this is dependent upon the transducer used and the material measured
Diameter : 1 cm
Length : 8 cm
Weight : 50 g
Lampiran C
Karakteristik osiloskop Tektronix TDS2024
Gambar C. Osiloskop Tektronix TDS2024 Features:
60 MHz, 100 MHz and 200 MHz Bandwidths Sample Rates up to 2 GS/s
2 or 4 channels
2.5 k Points Record Length
Color or Monochrome LCD Display Auto-set Menu with Waveform Selection
Probe Check Wizard to Ensure Correct Probe Usage Context-Sensitive Help
Dual Time Base Advanced Triggering
11 Automatic Measurements Multi-language User Interface Waveform and Setup Memories FFT Standard on All Models
(Lanjutan)
Optional RS232, GPIB and Centronics Printer Interfaces with TDS2CMAX Module
Optional CompactFlash Memory Storage, RS232 and Centronics Printer Interfaces with TDS2MEM Module
Only 12.75"W x 5.96"H x 4.9"D, 4.4 lbs.
Description
The TDS1000 and TDS2000 Series digital storage oscilloscopes deliver an unbeatable combination of superior performance, unmatched ease-of-use, and affordability in an ultra lightweight, portable package. These new products extend the performance and ease-of-use features in the former TDS200 Series, the benchmark for low-cost oscilloscopes.
Affordable Digital Performance
With up to 200 MHz bandwidth and 2 GS/s maximum sample rate, no other color digital storage oscilloscope offers as much bandwidth and sample rate for the price. The TDS1000 and TDS2000 Series oscilloscopes provide accurate real-time acquisition up to their full bandwidth. These instruments offer advanced triggering, such as pulse width triggering and line-selectable video triggering, and 11 standard automatic measurements on all models. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) math function allows the user to analyze, characterize and troubleshoot circuits by viewing frequency and signal strength (standard).
Ultra-fast Setup and Use
The simple user interface with classic, analog-style controls makes these instruments easy to use, reducing learning time and increasing efficiency. Innovative features such as the autoset menu, probe check wizard, context-sensitive help menu and color LCD display (TDS2000 Series) optimize instrument setup and operation.
(Lanjutan)
OpenChoice® solutions deliver simple, seamless integration between the oscilloscope and the personal computer, providing you with multiple choices to easily document and analyze your measurement results. Choose from optional communication modules, CompactFlash mass storage capability, OpenChoice software or integration with third-party software.