• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

BAB V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

B. Saran

a. Untuk mempermudah penatalaksaan terapi penyakit AIHA oleh tenaga medis sebaiknya perlu ketersediaan protokol pengobatan untuk pasien AIHA khususnya pasien lansia agar pelayanan terhadap pasien AIHA lebih

baik dan terapi yang diterima pasien lebih optimal. Selain itu dapat dengan adanya protokol terapi dapat mempermudah proses evaluasi kesesuaian terapi pasien.

b. Saat penegakan diagnosis AIHA pada pasien sebaiknya lebih spesifik termasuk jenis AIHA warm atau cold, karena terdapat perbedaan terapi untuk wAIHA dan cAIHA.

2. Saran untuk peneliti selanjutnya

Perlu dilakukan penelitan terkait AIHA sekunder dan penyakit penyerta yang paling banyak dialami pasien AIHA seperti AIHA dengan penyakit autoimun lain karena kasus AIHA sekunder cukup banyak terjadi khususnya pada lansia.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Arikunto, S., 2006, Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Praktek, Rineka Cipta, Jakarta.

American Pharmacists Association, 2007, Drug Information Handbook, 17th edition, Lexi-Comp’s Drug References Handbooks, United States of America.

Baratawidjaja, K, G., 2012, Imunologi Dasar, Edisi 10, Fakultas kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta.

Baum, M., and Moe, O, W., 2008, Glucocorticoid-MediatedHypertension: Does theVascular Smooth Muscle HoldAll the Answers?, J Am Soc Nephrol 19: 1251–1253.

Becerra, J., Martinez, F., Bohorquez, M., Guevara, M. L., and Ramirez, E., 2012, Validation of Methodology for Inpatient Pharmacotherapy Follow-up, Vitae, 19 (3).

Becker, D, E., 2010, Nausea, Vomiting, and Hiccups: A Review of Mechanisms and Treatment, Anesth Prog, 57, 150-157.

Berentsen, S., 2011, How I Manage Cold Agglutinin Disease, Br J Haematol, 153, 309–317.

Berentsen, S., 2013, Therapy For Chronic Cold Agglutinin Disease: Perspective For Further Improvements, Blood Transfus,11: 167-8.

Berentsen, S., and Sundic, T., 2015, Red Blood Cell Destruction in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia:Role of Complement and Potential New Targets for Therapy, Biomed Res Int, 1-11.

Botting, R. M., 2000, Mechanism of Action of Acetaminophen: Is There a Cyclooxygenase 3?, (31): 202.

Bussone, G., Ribeiro, E., Dechartres, A., Viallard, J., Bonnotte, B., Fain, O, Godeau, B., and Michael, M., 2009, Efficacy and Safety of Rituximab in Adults’ Warm Antibody Autoimmune Haemolytic Anemia: Retrospective Analysis of 27 Cases,Am. J. Hematol, 84, 153-157.

Cadili, A., and de Gara, C., 2008, Complications of Splenectomy, Am J Med, 121(5):371-5.

Chaudhary, R. K., and Das, S. S., 2014, Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: From Lab to Bedside,Asian J Transfus Sci, 8(1):5-12.

Cipolle, R.J., Strand, L., Morley, P., 2004, Pharmaceutical Care Practice: The Clinician’s Guide, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, New York. DeLoughery, T, G., 2013, Hospital Physician Hematology Board Review Manual,

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia, Hematology, 8 (1), 1-12.

Dhaliwal, G., Cornett, P, A., and Tierney, L, M, Jr., 2004, Hemolytic Anemia, Am Fam Physician, 69 (11), 2599-2606.

Dipiro, J, T., Talbert, R, L., Yee, G, C., Matzke, G, R., Wells, B, G., and Posey, L, M., 2008, Pharmacotherapy A Pathophysiologic Approach, 7th edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, United States of America, pp.155-156.

Director Departemen of Health Information and Research, 2008, Health Status of the Elderly, Departemen of Health Information and Research of Malta, 10. Dobkin, A, B., Kilduff, C, J., Wyant, G., 1957, Indications for Chlorpromazine

(Largactil(R); Thorazine(R)) in Clinical Anesthesia, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 36 (2), 38-47.

Gehrs, B. C., and Friedberg, R. C., 2002, Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia, Am J Hematol, 69, 258-271.

Goldman, L., and Schaffer, A, I., 2015, Goldman-Cecil Medicine, 25th Edition, Elsevier, Philadelphia.

Gutthann, S, P., Rodriguez, L, A, G., and Raiford, D, S., 1996, Individual Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Other Risk Factors for Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Perforation, Epidemiology, 8 (1), 18-24. Hillyer, C, D., Strauss, R, G., and Luban, N, L, V., 2004, Handbook of Pediatric

Transfusion Medicine, Elsevier, United States of America.

Hoffbrand, V., Higgs, D, R., Keeling, D, M., Mehta, A, B., 2016, Postgraduate Haematology, John Willey & Sons, United Kingdom, p.144.

Hoffman, R., Benz , E, J, Jr., Silberstein, L, E., Heslop, H. , Weitz, J., Anastasi, J., 2014, Hematology: Diagnosis and Treatment, Elsevier, United States. Howard, J., Hoffbrand, V., Prentice, G., and Mehta, A., 2002, Mycophenolate

Mofetil For The Treatment of Refractory Auto-Immune Haemolytic Anaemia and Auto-ImmuneThrombocytopenia Purpura, Br J Haematol, 117, 712–715.

Kikawada, M., Watanabe, D., Kimura, A., Hanyu, H., 2005, Auto-immune Hemolytic Anemia in an Elderly Patient with Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome, Intern Med, 44(12), 1312-1315.

Lanzkowsky, P., 2005, Manual of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Elsevier, United States.

Lechner, K., and Jager, U., 2010, How I Treat Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemias in Adults, Blood, 116(11), 1831-1837.

Liu, D., Ahmet, A., Ward, L., Krishnamoorthy, P., Mandelcorn, E, D., Leigh, R., Brown, J, P., Cohen, A., and Kim, H., 2013, A Practical Guide To The Monitoring And Management of The Complications of Sistemic Corticosteroid Therapy, Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol, 9:30.

Lockrey, G., and Lim, L., 2011, Peptic Ulcer Disease in Older People, J Pharm Pract Res, 41 (1), 58-61.

Luo, J, C., Chang, F, Y., Lin, H, Y., Lu, R, H., Lu, C, L., Chen, C, Y., and Lee, S, D., 2002, The Potential Risk Factors Leading to Peptic Ulcer Formation in Autoimmune Disease Patients Receiving Corticosteroid Treatment, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 16, 1241–1248.

Mahmood, L., 2014, The Metabolic Processes of Folic Acid And Vitamin B12 Deficiency, J Health Res Rev,1 (1), 5-9.

March, M., 2014, Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: Advances on Pathophysiology and Treatment, La Presse Médicale, e1-e8.

Maryam, R. S., Ekasari, M. F., Rosidawati, Jubaedi, A., Batubara, I., 2008, Mengenal Usia Lanjut dan Perawatannya, Penerbit Salemba Medika, Jakarta, hal.32.

Medscape, 2015, Drug Interaction Checker, http://reference.medscape.com/drug- interactionchecker, diakses tanggal 3 Januari 2016.

Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2013, Formularium Nasional, Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Nomor 328.

Miller, S.W., 2012, Clinical Pharmacokinetics :Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in the Lansiac Patient, 5th Edition, American Society of Health-Sistem Pharmacist, United States, pp.45-71.

Norfolk, D., 2013, Handbook of Transfusion Medicine, 5th Edition, TSO Information and Publishing, United Kingdom, p. 52.

Oliva, A., Partemi, S., Arena, V., De Giorgio, F., Colecchi, C., Fucci, N., Pascali, V, L., 2008, Fatal Injection Of Ranitidin: A Case Report, J Med Case Reports, 2:232.

Olsson, M., Hagnerud, S., Hedelius, D.U.R., and Oldenborg, P., 2006, Hematologic Diseases: Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia and Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura,Landes Bioscience,135-143.

Olsson, M, L., and Hellberg, A., 2015, P1PK Blood Group System, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gv/mhc/xslcgi.cgi?cmd=bgmut/systems_info& system=p, diakses tanggal: 10 April 2016.

Peñalver, F,J., Alvarez-Larrán, A, Díez-Martin, J, L., Gallur, L., Jarque, I., Caballero, D., et al, 2010, Rituximab Is An Effective and Save Thera-peutic Alter-native in Adults with Refractory and Severe Auto-immune Hemolytic Anemia, Annals of Hematology, 89 (11), 1073-1080.

Permono, B., Sutaryo, Ugrasena, I, D, G., Windiastuti, E., Abdulsalam, M., 2005, Buku Ajar Hematology-Onkology Anak, Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia, Indonesia.

Petz, L, D., 2004, A Physician’s Guide To Transfusion In Autoimmune HaemolyticAnaemia, Br J Haematol, 124, 712–716.

Salama, A., 2015, Treatment Options for Primary Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: A Short Comprehensive Review, Transfus Med Hemother, 42:294–301.

Sharma, C, V., and Mehta, V., 2013, Paracetamol: Mechanism and Update, Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain, 1-6.

Shoolin, J., Ozeran, L.,Hamann, C., and Bria, W., 2013, Association of Medical Directors of Information Systems Consensus on Inpatient Electronic Health Record Documentation, (2013): 293-301.

Sills, R, H.,2003, Practical Algorithms in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Karger.

Strom, B. L. and Kimmel, S. E. 2006, Texbook of Pharmacoepidemiology, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., England, pp. 18.

Van Mil, F., 2005, Drug-Related Problems: A Cornerstone for Pharmaceutical Care, J Malta College of Pharmacy Practice, 10, 5-8.

Wedemeyer, R, S., and Blume, H., 2014, Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction Profiles of Proton PumpInhibitors: An Update, Drug Saf, 37, 201–211. Westhoff, C, M., 2007, The Structure and Function of the Rh Antigen Complex,

Semin Hematol, 44(1), 42-50

World Health Organization, 2011, Haemoglobin Concentrations For The Diagnosis Of Anaemia And Assessment of Severity, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development, 1-6.

World Health Organization, 2013, Pocket Book of Hospital Care for Children: Guideline for the management of common childhood illness, 2nd ed, World Health Organization.

World Health Organization, 2014, Definition of An Older or Elderly Person, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/, diakses tanggal 2 September 2015.

Yu, L, C., and Lin, M., 2011, I Blood Group System, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gv/mhc/xslcgi.cgi?cmd=bgmut/syste ms_info&system=i, diakses tanggal: 10 April 2016.

Zanella, A., and Barcellini, W., 2012, Treatment of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemias, Haematologica, 99(10),1547-1554.

Zeerleder, S., 2011, Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia: A Practical Guide To Cope With A DiagnosticAnd Therapeutic Challenge, Neth J Med, 69(4), 177-84.

Zoorob, R, J., and Cender, D., 1998, A Different Look at Corticosteroids, Am Fam Physician, 58(2), 443-450.

Dokumen terkait