BAB V : KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.2. Saran
1. Pada pasien hipertensi perlu dilakukan pemeriksaan rasio albumin kreatinin urin untuk memperkirakan terjadinya HVK.
2. Perlunya penatalaksanaan yang lebih intensif dengan menggunakan beberapa jenis obat anti hipertensi, terutama pada pasien hipertensi dengan albumin kreatinin urin yang tinggi apalagi disertai gambaran elektrokardiografi LVH dan MI, untuk mencegah morbiditas dan mortalitas kardiovaskuler.
3. Perlu penelitian lebih lanjut dengan metode kohort dengan sampel yang lebih besar untuk memastikan apakah nilai rasio albumin kreatinin urin dapat dipakai sebagai prediktor terjadinya HVK
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Yogiantoro M. Hipertensi Esensial. Dalam Sudoyo AW, Setiyohadi B, Alwi I dkk,editor. Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam,Edisi IV, 2006; 610- 4.
2. Irawan B. Peran Penting Perindopril Dalam Mengurangi Resiko Penyakit Kardiovaskuler. Dalam Syam AF, editor. Kumpulan Naskah Pertemuan Ilmuah Nasional V PB PAPDI 2007:12-22.
3. Prodjosudjadi W. Masa Depan Hipertensi dan PGK di Indonesia. Dalam Lubis HR dkk,editor. Hipertensi dan Ginjal dalam Rangka Purna Bakti Prof.dr Harun Rasyid Lubis, SpPD-KGH. USU Press 2008; 123-31.
4. Wachtell K, et al. Microalbuminuria in Hypertensive Patients with Electrocardiographic Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: the LIFE study. J Hypertens 2002; 20:405-12.
5. Sciacqua A, Borrello F, Vatrano M, Grembiale RD, Perticone F. Effect of Interaction Between Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Endothelial Function in Hypertension. Current Hypertension Reports 2006; 8:212–18.
6. Hoseini VN, Taziki O. Relationship Between Microalbuminuria and
Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in Non-Diabetic Patients. Iranian Cardiovascular Research Journal 2008; 1(4):234-7.
7. Garcia JAD, Incerpand EK. Factors and Mechanisms Involved in Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and the Anti-Hypertrophic Role of Nitric Oxide. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(6): 409-16.
8. Salles GF. Relation of Ventricular Hypertrophy with Systemic Inflamation and Endothelial Damage in Resistant Hypertension. Hypertension 2007;50:723-8.
9. Redon J et al. Microalbuminuria is Correlated with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Male Hypertensive Patients. J Hypertens 1991;(suppl 6):S148-9.
10. Palatini P, FGraniero GR, Mormino P, Mattarei M, Sanzuol. Prevalence and Clinical Correlates of Microalbuminuria in Stage 1 Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9: 334-41.
11. Chobanian AV, bakris GL, Cushman WC, Green LA. Seventh Report of The Joint National Committe On Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003;42:1206-52.
12. Derhaschnig U, Kittler H, Woisetschlager, Bur A, Herkner H, Hirschl MM. Microalbumin Measurement Alone or Calculation of the Albumin / Creatinine Ratio for the Screening of Hypertension Patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002 ;17: 81-5.
13. Mattix HJ, Hsu CY, Shaykevich S, Curhan G. Use of the
Albumin/Creatinine Ratio to Detect Microalbuminuria: Implications of Sex and Race. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13: 1034–9
14. Panggabean M. Patogenesis dan Penatalaksanaan Penyakit Jantung
Hipertensi. Dalam Alwi I, Setiati S, Kasjmir YI dkk, editor. Naskah Lengkap Pertemuan Ilmiah Ilmu Penyakit Dalam 2002; 130-4.
15. Hameed W. Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy : Comparison With Echocardiography. Pak J Physiol 2005;1(2): 1-4.
16. Suhardjono. Proteinuria Pada Penyakit Ginjal Kronik: Mekanisme Dan Pengelolaanya. Dalam: Tessy A, Susalit E, Sukandar E, Dharmeizar, Lubis HR, Effendi I, editor. Peranan Stress Oksidatif dan Pengendalian Faktor Resiko Pada Progresi Penyakit Ginjal Kronik Serta Hipertensi. Jakarta. PERNEFRI, 2006, 1-7.
17. Dworkin LD, Shemin DG. The Role of Hypertension in Progression of Chronic Renal Disease. J Hum Hypertens 2004;18:61-3.
18. Yogiantoro M. Efek Renoprotektif dari ACE Inhibitor Pada Nefropati Non Diabetik. Dalam: Adi S, Tjokroprawiro, Sutjahjo A, Nasronudin dkk, editor. Naskah Lengkap Pendidikan Kedokteran Berkelanjutan XXII Ilmu Penyakit Dalam 2007. Surabaya. Pusat Penerbitan Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga, 2007,15-32
19. Susalit E. Hipertensi dan Progresivitas Penyakit Ginjal. Dalam
Prodjosudjadi W, Suhardjono, editor. The 2nd Jakarta Nephrology and Hypertension Course, JNHC 2002, Hypertension and The Kidney: Therapeutic Rationale. Jakarta. PERNEFRI, 2002,74-9
20. Blumenfeld JD, Laragh JH. Essential Hypertension. In: Brenner’s & Rectors. The Kidney, Seventh Edition. Philadelphia. Saunders, 2004; 2023-65.
21. Dzau VJ. Tissue Angiotensin and Pathobiology of Vascular Disease: A Unifying Hypothesis. Hypertension 2001;37:1047-52.
22. Kang PM, Landau AJ, Eberhardt RT, Frishman WH. Angiotensin II
Receptor Antagonists: A New Approach to Blockade of the Renin Angiotensin System. Am Heart J 1994;127:1388-401.
23. Unger T. The Role of the Renin Angiotensin System in the Development of Cardiovascular Disease. Am J Cardiol 2002;89(suppl):3A-10A.
24. Wolf G. Molecular Basis of Renal Disease. Molecular Mechanisms of Angiotensin II in the Kidney: Emerging Role in the Progression of Renal Disease: Beyond Hemodynamics. NDT 1998;13:1131-42.
25. Ortega MR, Ruperez M, Esteban V. Angiotensin II: a Key Factor in the Inflammatory and Fibrotic Response in Kidney Disease. NDT 2006;21:16- 20.
26. Yogiantoro M. Peranan Disfungsi Endotel pada Progresivitas Penyakit Ginjal. Dalam: Adi S, Soegiarto G, Sutjahjo A dkk, editor. Naskah Lengkap Pendidikan Kedokteran Berkelanjutan XVII Ilmu Penyakit Dalam 2002. Surabaya. Pusat Penerbitan Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga, 2002,175-95.
27. Prodjosudjadi W. RAAS Blokade and Renal Protection: ACE-Inhibitors, ARB’s or Both?. Dalam: Prodjosudjadi W, Sukandar E, Gondodiputro RS, editor. Course on Medical Emergency Treatment. Pusat Informasi Ilmiah Bagian Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Padjajaran RS. Dr. Hasan Sadikin, 2006, 1-7.
28. Pranawa. Rationale for Double Renin Angiotensin System Blockade. Dalam: Adi S, Tjokroprawiro A, Sutjahjo A,editor. Naskah Lengkap Pendidikan Kedokteran Berkelanjutan XXI Ilmu Penyakit Dalam 2006. Surabaya. Pusat Penerbitan Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga, 2006,248-52.
29. Hornig B, Arakawa N, Haussman D, Drexler H. Differential Effects of Quinaprilat and Enalaprilat on Endothelial Function of Conduit Arteries in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. Circulation 1998;98:2842-48.
30. Prasad A, Husain S, Mincemoyer R, Panza JA, Cannon RO, Quyyumi AA. Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction in Human Improves with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition. Circulation 1996;94(suppl):1-61.
31. Bravo R, Somoza B, Ruiz-Gayo M, Ruilope LM, Fernandez-Alfonso MS. Differential Effect of Chronic Antihypertensive Treatment on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Hypertension 2001;37:4-10.
32. Palmer BF. Renal Dysfunction Complicating the Treatment of
Hypertension. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:16:1256-61.
33. Pontremoli R, Leoncini G, Raven M, Viazzi F, Venorotti S, Ratte H, et al. Microalbuminuria, Cardiovascular, and Renal in Risk in Primary Hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:5169-72.
34. Boulatov VA, Stenehjem A. Association Between Albumin Creatinine Ratio and 24 Hours Ambulatory Blood pressure in Essential Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2001; 14:338-44.
35. Jalal S, Sofi Fa, Alai MS, Sidiqqi MA, Bhat MA, Khan KA et al. Prevalence of Microalbumionuria in Essential Hypertension : A Study of Patients with Mild to Moderate Hypertension. Indian J Nephrol 2001; 11: 6-11.
36. Bustami Z. Albumin Creatinine Ratio in Hypertension. Naskah Lengkap Kongres Nasional XIII Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Penyakit Dalam Indonesia, Palembang 2006; 68-9.
37. Bianchi S, Bigazzi R, Campese VM. Microalbuminuria in Essential
Hypertension: Significance, Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Implications. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 34(6): 973-95.
38. Reboldi G, Gentile G, Angeli F, Verdecchia P. Microalbuminuria and
Hypertension. Minerva Med 2005; 96(4):261-75.
39. Redon J, Williams B. Microalbuminuria in Essential Hypertension:
Redifining The Treshold. Journal of Hypertension 2002; 20: 353-5
40. Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P, Perico N. Chronic Renal Disease:
Renoprotective Benefits of Renin Angiotensin System Inhibitor. Ann Intern Med 2002;136(8):604-15.
41. De Zeeuw D. Albuminuria, Just A Marker for Cardiovascular Disease, or IsIt More?. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 1883-5.
42. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeow D, Keane WF, Mitch WE, Parving HH et al. Effect of Losartan on Renal and Cardiovaskular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001, 345:861-9.
43. Keane WF, Eknoyan G. Proteinuria, Albuminuria, Risk, Assessment, Detection, Elimination (PARADE): A Position Paper of The National Kidney Foundation. Am J Kidney Dis 1999;33(5):1004-10.
44. Derhaschnig U, Kittler H, Woisetschlager C, Bur A, Herkner H, Hirschl MM. Microalbumin Measurement Alone or Calculation of The Albumin/Creatinin Ratio for the Screening of Hypertension Patients?. NDT 2002;17:81-5.
45. Pedrinnelli R. Microalbuminuria in Essential Hypertension a Marker of Systemic Vascular Damage?. NDT 1997;12:379-81.
46. Jensen JS, Clausen P, Borch JK, Jensen G, Feldt RB. Detecting
Microalbuminuria by Urinary Albumin/Creatinin Concentration Ratio. NDT 1997;12:(Supl2):6-9.
47. Comper WD, Jerums G, Osicka TM. Differences in Urinary Albumin
Detected by Four Immunoassays and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Clin Biochem 2004;37:105-11.
48. Brinkman JW, Bakker SJL, Gansevoort RT, Hillege HL, Kema IP, Gans RO, et al. Which Method for Quantifying Urinary Albumin Excretion Gives What Outcome? A Comparison of Immunonephelometry with HPLC. Kidney Int 2004;92 S69-75.
49. Sutikno, Abdoelrochim P. Penyakit Jantung Hipertensif. Dalam Noer S, Waspadji S, Rachman AM dkk, editor. Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam,Edisi IIII, 1996; 1129-33.
50. Sanjaya W, Soerianata. Peranan Faktor- faktor Hemodinamik dan Non Hemodinamik dalam Mekanisme Patogenik Hipertrofi Ventrikel Kiri. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran 2005;143:15-8.
51. Frohlich ED, Ventura HO. The Heart in Hypertension. In An Atlas of Investigation and management Hypertension. Oxford Clinical Publishing 2009; 73-87.
52. Rosei EA, Muiesan ML. Pathophysiology and Treatment of Hypertensive Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. Dialogues in Cardiovascular Medicine 2005; 10 ( 1 ): 3-18.
53. Mansoor Ga.White WB. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Diastolic
Dysfunction. In : Weber MA (Ed). Hypertension Medicine, Humana Press New Jersey 2001; 99-107.
54. Tingleff J et al. Prevalence of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in a
Hypertensive Population. European Heart Journal 1996; 17: 143-9.
55. Wagan MA, Ali MA, Ansari MA. Hypertensive Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: Effect of Captopril. The Professional 2001; 8(4): 1-3.
56. Schillaci G, Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Cuccurullo O, Cosco C, Perticone F. Continuous Relation Between Left Ventricular Mass and Cardiovascular Risk in Essential Hypertension.Hypertension2000;35:580-6 .
57. Carr AA, Prisant LM, Watkins LO. Detection of Hypertensive Left
Ventricular Hypertrophy. Hypertension 1985;7:948-54.
58. Haider AW, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Increased Left Ventricular Mass and Hypertrophy are Associated With Increased Risk for Sudden Death JACC1998; 32( 5): 1454-9.
59. Pontremoli R et al. Microalbuminuria is an Early Marker of Target Organ Damage in Essential Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1998;11: 430-8.
60. Bulatov VA, Stenehjem AE, Valeri I, Podzolkov, Ingrid O. Continuous Relationship between Left Ventricle Mass, Albumine/Creatinine Ratio and 24 Hours Blood Pressure in Newly Diagnosed Essential Hypertension. AJH 2001;14(4);350-6.
61. Lieb et al. Association of Low-grade Urinary Ulbumin Excretion with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in the General Population. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21: 2780–8.
62. Pedrinelli R, Microalbuminuria Is a Marker of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy but Not Hyperinsulinemia in Nondiabetic Atherosclerotic Patients. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1993;13:900-6.
63. Madiyono B. Perkiraan Besar Sampel. Dalam : Sastroasmoro S,Ismael S (Ed). Dasar – Dasar metode Penelitian Klinis. Edisi II, Jakarta 2002; 259- 86.
64. Lorell BH, Carabello BA. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy : Pathogenesis, Detection, and Prognosis. Circulation 2000;102;470-79.
65. Lang ML et al. Recommendation of Chamber Quantification : A Report from American Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standart Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, Developed in Conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a Branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005; 18: 1440-63.
66. Dahlan MS. Hipotesis Koperatif. Dalam: Dahlan MS. Statistika Untuk
Kedokteran dan Kesehatan. PT Arkans 2004, hal 161-77.
67. Garg JP, Bakris GL. Microalbuminuria: Marker of Vascular Dysfunction ,Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease. Vascular Medicine 2002;7: 35- 43.
LMPIRAN 1
