• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

BAB V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

5.2 Saran

1. Dengan terbuktinya adanya hubungan antara angiogenesis dengan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan endometriosis, perlu adanya penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mengetahui manfaat dan efek terhadap pemberian anti-angiogenesis sebagai salah satu terapi alternatif pada penanganan endometriosis. Meskipun penelitian tersebut sudah pernah dilakukan dengan menggunakan model hewan,

namun perlu dilakukan penelitian yang lebih lanjut untuk mengetahui efek terhadap manusia.

2. Perlunya penelitian-penelitian lain yang berhubungan dengan faktor inflamasi yang banyak berperan pada endometriosis. Oleh karena seperti diketahui bahwa VEGF dapat dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor inflamasi.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Eskenazi B and Warner ML. Epidemiology of Endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1997 Jun; 24(2): p. 235-258.

79

2. Baziad A. Endometriosis. In Endokrinologi Ginekologi. Jakarta: Penerbit Media Aesculapius Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia; 2008. p. 1-31.

3. Baldi A, Campioni M, and Signorile PG. Endometriosis: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy and association with cancer (review). Oncology Reports. 2008 Apr; 19(4): p. 843-846.

4. Comiter CV. Endometriosis of Urinary Tract. Urol Clin North Am. 2002 Aug; 29(3): p. 625-635.

5. Giudice LC and Kao LC. Endometriosis. Lancet. 2004 Nov; 364(9447): p. 1789-1799.

6. Bulun SE. Mechanism of Disease Endometriosis. N Eng J Med. 2009; 360(3): p. 268-279.

7. Sundqvist J. Pathophysiological Factors and Genetic Association in Endometriosis. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet; 2011.

8. Gosselin D, et al. Insight into the physiopathology of endometriosis.Novel diagnosis and therapeutic approches. Curr Opin Oncol Endocr Metab Invest. 1999;: p. 131-143.

9. Mclaren J. Vascular endothelial growth factor and endometriotic angiogenesis. Hum Reprod Update. 2000 Jan-Feb; 6(1): p. 45-55.

10. Taylor RN, Lebovic DI and Mueller MD. Angiogenic factors in endometriosis. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2002 Mar; 955: p. 89-100.

11. Moeloek F. Endometriosis: Some Clinical Epidemiologic Studies Presented at the Scientific Annual Meeting. Palembang: Indonesian Obstetric and Gynecology Association; 2001.

12. Kuohung W, Jones GL, Vitonis AF, Cramer DW, Kennedy SH, et al. Characteristics of patients with endometriosis in the United States and the United Kingdom. Fertil Steril. 2002 Oct; 78(4): p. 767-772.

13. Hediger ML, Hartnett HJ and Louis GM. Association of endometriosis with body size and figure. Fertil Steril. 2005 Nov; 84(5): p. 1366-1374.

14. Fritz MA and Speroff L. Endometriosis. In Clincal Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. 8th ed. North Caroline: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. p. 1103-1125.

15. Gagnea D, Page M, Robitaile G, Hugo P, Gosselin D. Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in serum of patients with endometriosis. Hum Reprod. 2003 Aug; 18(8): p. 1674-1680.

16. Smith S. Regulation of angiogenesis in the endometrium. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2001 May-Jun; 12(4): p. 147-151.

17. McLaren J, Prentice A, Charnock-Jones DS, Smith SK. Endothelial growth factors (VEGF) concentration are elevated in peritoneal fluid of woman with endometriosis. Hum Reprod. 1996 Jan; 11(1): p. 220-223.

18. Donnez J, Smoes P, Gillerot S, Casanas-Roux F and Nisolle M. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in endometriosis. Huam Reprod. 1998 Jun; 13(6): p. 1686-1690.

19. Wang H, Gorpudolo N, Li Y, Feng D, Wang Z, et al. Elevated Vascular Endothelia Growth Factor A in the Serum and Peritoneal Fluid of Patients with Endometriosis. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2009 Oct; 29(5): p. 637-641.

20. Overton C, Davis C, McMillan L, Shaw RW. An Atlas of Endometriosis. 3rd ed. London: Informa Healthcare; 2007.

81

21. Jacoeb TZ and Baziad A. Endometriosis. In Endokrinologi Ginekologi. Jakarta: KSERI; 1993. p. 107-124.

22. Guzick DS, Siliman NP, Adamson GD, Buttram VC Jr, Canis M, et al. Prediction of pregnancy in infertile women based on the American Society for Reproductive Medicine's Revised Classification of Endometriosis. Fertil Steril. 1997 May; 67(5): p. 822-829.

23. Benson RC and Pernoll MI. Endometriosis. In Handbook of OBGYN. London: McGraw Hill Inc; 1994. p. 649-660.

24. Sinaii N, Plumb K, Cotton L, Lambert A, Kennedy S, et al. Differences in characteristics among 1,000 women with endometriosis based on extent of disease. Fertil Steril. 2008 Mar; 89(3): p. 538-545.

25. Schorge, Schaffer, Halvorson, et al. Endometriosis. In William's Gynecology.: McGraw Hill Company; 2008. p. 268-279.

26. Olive DL and Pritts EA. Treatment of Endometriosis. N Eng J Med. 2001 Jul; 345(4): p. 266-275.

27. Lockhat FB, Emembolu JO and Konje JC. The efficacy, side-effect and continuation rates in women with symptomatic endometriosis undergoing treatment with an intra-uterine administered progestogen (levonorgestrel): A 3 years followup. Hum Reprod. 2005 Mar; 20(3): p. 789-793.

28. John AR, Howard JW. Endometriosis. In Te Linde's Operative Gynecology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.

29. D'Hooge TM, Hill JA. Endometriosis. In Berek JS, Novak's Gynecology.: Williams and Wilkins; 1996. p. 887-914.

genetic polymorphism and female reproductive disorders: Part II-endometriosis. Hum Reprod Update. 2009; 15(1): p. 97-118.

31. Berek JS. Endometriosis. In Berek and Novak's Gynecology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2007. p. 1137-1184.

32. Berbic M and Fraser IS. Regulatory T cells and other leucocytes in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. J Reprod Immunol. 2011 Mar; 88(2): p. 149-155.

33. Roskoski R Jr. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in tumor progression. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2007 Jun; 62(3): p. 179-213.

34. Zhao ZZ, Nyholt DR, Thomas S, Treloar SA and Montgomery GW. Polymorphisms in the vascular endothelial growth factor and the risk of familial endometriosis. Mol Hum Reprod. 2008 Sep; 14(9): p. 531-538.

35. Hoeben A, Landuyt B, Highley MS, Wilders H, Van Oosterom AT et al. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Angiogenesis. Pharmacol Rev. 2004 Dec; 56(4): p. 549-580.

36. Bourlev V, Volkov N, Pavlovitch S, Lets N, Larsson A, et al. The relationship between microvessel density, proliferative activity and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A and its receptors in eutopic endometrium and endometriotic lesions. Reproduction. 2006 Sep; 132(3): p. 501-509.

37. Fraser HM and Lunn SF. Angiogenesis and its control in the female reproductive. Br Med Bull. 2000; 56(3): p. 787-797.

38. Hyder SM and Stancel GM. Regulation of angiogenic growth factors in the female reproductive tract by estrogens and progestins. Mol Endocrinol. 1999 Jun; 13(6): p. 806-811.

83

39. Kimura H, Weisz A, Ogura T, Hitomi Y, Kurashima Y, et al. Identification of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 ancillaty sequence and its function in vascular endothelial growth factor gene induction by hypoxia and nitric oxide. Biol Chem. 2001 Jan; 276(3): p. 2292-2298.

40. Enholm B, Paavonen K, Ristimaki A, Kumar V, Gunji Y, et al. Comparison of VEGF, VEGF-B, VEGF-C and Ang-1 mRNA regulation by serum, growth factors, oncoproteins and hypoxia. Oncogene. 1997 May; 14(20): p. 2475-2483.

41. Mohamed ML, El Behery MM, and Mansour SA. Comparative study between VEGF-A and CA-125 in diagnosis and follow-up of advanced endometriosis after conservative laparoscopic surgery. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2013 Jan; 287(1): p. 77-82.

42. Liang S, Huang Y and Fan Y. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene Polymorphisms and endometriosis risk: a meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012 Jul; 286(1): p. 139-146.

43. Vanaja MC, Rozati R, Nassaruddin K and Vishnupriya S. Association of VEGF +405G>C polymorphism with endometriosis. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2013 Jan; 5: p. 748-754.

44. Emamifar B, Salehi Z, Mehrafza M and Mashayekhi F. The vascular endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) polymorphisms and the risk of endometriosis in Northtern Iran. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2012 Jun; 28(6): p. 447-450.

45. Reese KA, Reddy S and Rock JA. Endometriosis in an adolescent population: the Emory experience. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 1996 Aug; 9(3): p. 125-128.

Young Women: The Experience of GISE. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2010 Aug; 23(4): p. 223-225.

47. Mahmood TA and Templeton A. Prevalence and Genesis of endometriosis. Hum Reprod. 1991 Apr; 6(4): p. 544-549.

48. Barnhart K, Dunsmoor-Su R and Coutifaris C. Effect of Endometriosis on in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 2002 Jun; 77(6): p. 1148-1155.

49. Garcia-Manero M, Alcazar JL and Toledo G. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and ovarian endometriosis: correlation between VEGF serum levels, VEGF cellular expression, and pelvic pain. Fertil Steril. 2007 Aug; 88(2): p. 513-515.

50. Tran LV, Tokushige N, Berbic M, Markham R and Fraser IS. Macrophages and nerve fibres in peritoneal endometriosis. Hum reprod. 2009 Apr; 24(4): p. 835-841.

51. Machado DE, Berardo PT, Palmero CY and Nasciutti LE. Higher express of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor VEGFR-2 (Flk-1) and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in a rat model of peritoneal endometirosis is similar to cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Jan; 29(4).

52. Di Carlo C, Bonifacio M, Tommaselli G, Bifulco G, Guerra G, et al. Metalloproteinases, vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin 1 and 2 in eutopic and ectopic endometrium. Fertil Steril. 2009 Jun; 91(6): p. 2315-2323.

53. Barcz E, Milewski L, Dziunycz P, Kaminski P, Ploski R, et al. Peritoneal cytokines and adhesion formation in endometriosis: an inverse association with vascular endothelial growth factor concentration. Fertil steril. 2012 Jun; 97(6): p. 1380-1386.

85

54. Kim JG, Kim JY, Jee BC, Suh CS, Kim SH, et al. Association between endometriosis and polymorphisms in endostatin and vascular endothelial growth factor and their levels in Korean women. Fertil Steril. 2008 Jan; 89(1): p. 243-245.

55. Othman ER, Hornung D, Salem HT, Khalifa EA, El-Metwally TH, et al. Serum cytokines as biomarkers for nonsurgical prediction of endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008 Apr; 137(2): p. 240-246.

56. Eisenberg VH, Zolti M, and Soriano D. Is there an association between autoimmunity and endometriosis? Autoimmun Rev. 2012 Sep; 11(11): p. 806-814.

57. Ilie I and Ilie R. Cytokines and Endometriosis – the Role of Immunological Alterations. Biothecnology, Molecular biology and Nanomedicine. 2013 Dec; 1(2): p. 8-19.

58. Valentine JE. Macrophage Involvement In The Remodelling Of An Extracelluler Matrix Scaffold. In Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida; 2003. p. 11-16.

59. Murdoch C, Giannoudis A and Lewis CE. Mechanisms regulationg the recruitment of macrophages into hypoxic areas of tumor and other ischemic tissue. Blood. 2004; 104(8): p. 2224-2234.

60. Coussens, LM,Tinkle CL,Hanahan D and Werb Z. MMP-9 supplied by bone marrow-derived cells contributes to skin carcinogenesis. Cell. 2000; 103(3): p. 481-490.

61. Matalliotakis IM, Goumenou AG, Koumantakis GE, Neonaki MA, Koumantakis EE, et al. Serum concentration of growth factors in women with and without endometriosis: the action of

anti-endometriosis medicines. Int Immunopharmacol. 2003 Jan; 3(1): p. 81-89.

62. Pellicer A, Albert C, Mercader A, Bonilla-Musoles F, Remohi J, et al. The Follicular and endocrine environment in women with endometriosis: local and systemic cytokine production. Fertil Steril. 1998 Sep; 70(3): p. 425-431.

63. Ricci AG, Olivares CN, Bilotas MA, Meresman GF and Baranao RI. Effect of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition on endometrial implant development in a murine model of endometriosis. reprod Sci. 2011 Jul; 18(7): p. 614-622.

87

STATUS PENELITIAN

“KADAR VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) SERUM PADA WANITA DENGAN ENDOMETRIOSIS”

1. REGISTRASI

a. Nomor penelitian : b. Nomor Rekam Medik : c. Asal Rumah Sakit :

2. IDENTITAS PASIEN a. Nama : b. Umur : c. Paritas : d. Alamat : e. Suku : 3. DERAJAT NYERI

4. SKOR ASRM ENDOMETRIOSIS / STADIUM ENDOMETRIOSIS: A. 1 (Minimal)

B. 2 (Ringan)

C. 3 (Sedang)

D. 4 (Berat)

Dokumen terkait