BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
B. Saran
1. Dilakukan optimasi jumlah siklus untuk pembuatan nanokrim dengan
emulsifikasi energi tinggi agar dihasilkan ukuran droplet yang seragam.
2. Perlu dilakukan uji aktivitas untuk mengetahui seberapa besar daya
antioksidan dari kojic acid dipalmitate yang terkandung dalam sediaan
nanokrim KAD.
3. Perlu dilakukan uji penetrasi nanokrim kojic acid dipalmitate melewati
46
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abdulkarim, M. F., Abdullah, G. Z., Chitneni, M., Mahdani, E. S., Yam, M. F., Faisal, A., et al., 2010, Formulation and Characterization of Palm Oil Esters Based Nano-cream for Topical Delivery of Piroxicam, International Journal of Drug Delivery, 2, 333-339.
ACCSQ-PPWG, 2005, Asean Guideline on Stability Study of Drug Products, 9th Edition, Philippines.
Affandi, M. M. M., Julianto, T., and Majeed, A., 2011, Development and Stability Evaluation of Astaxanthin Nanoemulsion, Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 4 (1), 142-148.
Al-Edresi, S. and Baie, S., 2009, Formulation and Stability of Whitening VCO In Water Nano-cream. Internation Journal of Pharmaceutics, 73 (2009), 174- 178.
Al-Edresi, S. and Baie, S., 2010, In-vitro and In-vivo Evaluation of a Photo- protectective Kojic Dipalmitate Loaded Into Nano-creams, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5 (6), 251-265.
Ali, S. M. and Yosipovitch, G., 2013, Skin pH: From Basic Science to Basic Skin Care, Acta Derm Venereol, 93 (1), 261.
Allen, L. V., Popovich, N. G., and Ansel, H. C., 2011, Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, 9th Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, USA, pp. 383, 394.
American Pharmaceutical Association, 1994, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 2end Edition, The Pharmaceutical Press, London, pp.2114- 2117.
Aulton, M. E., 2002, Pharmaceutics The Science of Dosage Form Design, Second Edition, Churchill Livingstone, London, pp. 49-50.
Balaguer, Salvador, and Chisvert, 2008, A Rapid and Reliable Size-exclusion Chromatographic Method for Determination of Kojic Dipalmitate In Skin- whitening Products, Talanta, 75 (2008), 407-411.
Depkes RI., 1995, Farmakope Indonesia, Edisi IV, Departemen Kesehatan RI, Jakarta, p.6.
Dizaj, S. M., 2013, Preparation and Study of Vitamin A Palmitate Microemulsion Drug Delivery System and Investigation of Co-surfactant Effect, Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 3 (59), 2-6.
Faizatun, Kartiningsih, and Liliyana., 2008, Formulasi Sediaan Krim Ekstrak Bunga Chamomile dengan Hidroksi Propil Metil Selulosa sebagai Pengental, Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 6 (1), 18-19.
Fletcher, J., 2012, Making the connection-particle Size, Size distribution and Rheology, www.chemeurope.com/en/whitepapers/61207/making-the- connection-particlesize-size-distribution-and-rheology.html, di akses tanggal 1 November 2015.
Firoz, A., Afzal, M., and Imran, K., 2012, Preparation and Evaluation of Antifungal Micro-Emulsion / Gel using reduce Dose of Silver, Supported by Ciprofloxacin, Indian Patent Journal, 2 (3), 75.
Gadhave, A.D., 2002, Nanoemulsions: Formation, Stabilityand Applications, IJRSAT, 2 (3), 38-43.
Goncalez, M. L., Marcussi, D. G., Calixto, G. M. F., Correa, M. A., and Chorilli, M., 2015, Structural Characterization and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Kojic Dipalmitate Loaded W/O/W Multiple Emulsions Intended for Skin Disorders, Biomed Research International, 2015, 1-8.
Gupta, P.K., Pandit, J.K., Kumar, A., Swaroop, P., and Gupta S., 2010, Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Novel Nano-cream on High Energy Emulsification preparation , Evaluation, and Application, T. Ph. Res, 3, 117-138.
Hindritiani, Dhianawaty, Sujatno, Sutedja, E., and Setiawan, 2013, Penurunan Aktivitas Tirosinase dan Jumlah Melanin oleh Fraksi Etil Asetat Buah Malaka (Phyllantus emblica) pada Mouse Melanoma B16 Cell-Line, MKB,
45 (2), 118-124.
Junquiera, L. C., Carneiro, J., and Kelly, R.O., 2003, Basic Histology, 10th edition, Washington, Lange, pp. 316-319.
Kelmann, R.G., Kuminek, G., Teixeira, H.F., and Koester, L.S., 2007, Carbamazepine Parenteral Nanoemulsion Prepared by Spontaneous Emulsification Prosess. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 342, 231- 239.
Koroleva, M. Y. and Yurtove, E. V., 2012, Nanoemulsions: The Properties, Methods of Preparation and Promising Applications, Russ. Chem. Rev., Vol. 81 (1), pp. 21-43.
Kumar, K. K., Sasikanth, K., Sabareesh, M., and Dorarabu, N., 2011, Formulation and Evaluation of Diacerein Cream, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 4 (2), 1-6.
Lawrence, M.J. and Rees, G.D., 2000, Microemulsion-based Media as Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev., 45 (1), 89-121.
Maestro, A., Sole, I., Gonzalez, C., Solans, C., and Gutierrez, J.M., 2008, Influence of The Phase Behavior on The Properties of Ionic Nanoemulsions Prepared by The Phase Inversion Composition Method, Journal og Colloid Interface Science, 327 (2008), 433-439.
Mahdi, E. S., Noor, A. M., Sakeena, M. H., Abdullah, G. Z., Abdulkarim, M. F., Sattar, M. A. et al., 2011, Formulation and In Vitro Release Evaluation of Newly Synthesized Palm Kernel Oil Esters-Based Nanoemulsion Delivery System for 30% Ethanolic Dried Extract Derived From Local Phyllanthus urinaria for Skin Antiaging, International Journal of Nanomedicine, 6, 2499-2512.
Marina, A. M., Man, Y. B. C., and Amin, I., 2009, Virgin Coconut Oil : Emerging Functional Food Oil, Trend in Food Science and Technology, 20 (2009), 481-487.
Marina, A. M., Man, Y. B. C., Nazimah, S. A. H., and Amin, I., 2009, Chemical Properties of Virgin Coconut Oil, J Am Oil Chem Soc, 86 (2009), 301-307. Martin, A., Swarbrick, J., and Cammarata, A., 2008, Farmasi Fisik: Dasar-Dasar
Farmasi Fisik Dalam Ilmu Farmasetika, Edisi 3, Jilid 2, Universitas Indonesia Press, Jakarta, pp. 91, 724-725.
Mohamad, R., Mahamed, M. S., Suhaili, N., Salleh, M. M., and Ariff, A. B., 2010, Kojic acid : Applications and Development of Fermentation Process for Production, Biotecnology and Molecular Bilogy Review, 5 (2), 24-37. Niwa, Y. and Akamatsu, H., 1991, Kojic Acid Scavenges Free Radical While
Potentiating Leukocyte Functions Including Free Radical Generation, Indlammation, 15, 303-315.
Parchuri, D. B., Kumar, GS. S., Goli, D., and Karki, R., 2013, Formulation and Evaluation of Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery System of Acyclovir for Topical Drug Delivery, World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, 2 (6), 5602-5617.
Park, H.Y. and Yaar. M., 2012, Biology of melanocytes, edisis 8, New York : McGraw-Hill, pp. 781-795.
Pathnan, M., Zikriya, A., and Quazi, A., 2012, Microemulsion: As Excellent Drug Delivery System, IJPRS, 1 (3), 199-210.
Porras, M., Soran, C., Gonzales, C., Martinez, A., Guinart, A., Gutierrez, J.M., et al., 2004, Studies Of Formation of W/O Nano-Emulsions, Colloid Surf A,
249, 115-118.
Radomska, A.S. and Wojciechowska, J., 2005, Microemulsion as Protential Ocular Drugs Delivery Systems: Phase Diagram and Physical Properties Depending on Ingredient, Acta Pol. Pharm, 62 (1), 465-471.
Rowe, R.C., Sheskey, P.J., and Quinn, M.E., 2009, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 6th Edition, Pharmaceutical Press, London, pp. 675-678, 766- 770.
Schmidt, W. and Roessling, G., 2006, Novel Manufacturing Process of Hollow Polymer Microspheres, Chemical Engineering Science, 61 (15), 4973- 4981.
Sinko, P.J., 2011, Farmasi Fisika dan Ilmu Farmasetika, Edisi 5, diterjemahkan oleh Joshita Djajadisastra dan Amalia Hadinata, EGC, Jakarta.
Sinko, P. J. and Singh, Y., 2011, Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences: Physical Chemical and Biopharmaceutical Principles in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6th Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, USA, pp. 469-473.
Sole, I., Maestro, A., Gonzales, C., Solans, C., and Gutierrez, J.M., 2006, Optimization of Nano-emulsion Prepartation by Low-Energy Methods in an Ionic Surfactan System, Langmuir, 22, 8326-8332.
Sole, I., Pey, C.M., Maestro, A., Gonzalez, C., Porras, M., Solans, C. et al., 2010, Nano-emulsions Prepared by The Phase Inversion Composition Method : Preparation Variables and Scale Up, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 344 (2010), 417 – 423.
Spec-Chem, 2013, Kojic Acid Dipalmitate, Spec-Chem Ind., https://www.in- cosmetics.com/__novadocuments/2888 diakses tanggal 19 Mei 2015.
Swarbrick, J., 2007, Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, 3rd Edition, Informa Healthcare USA, 1, 1561-1564.
Tadros, T.F., 2005, Applied Surfactant: Principles and Aplications, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA, Weinheim, pp. 115-155.
Timoti and Hana., 2005, Aplikasi Teknologi Membran Pada Pembuatan Virgin Cocout Oil (VCO), PT Nawapanca Adhi Cipta.
Yadav, N. P., Rai, V. K., Mishra, N., Sinha, P., Bawankule, D. U., Pal, A., et al., 2014, A Novel Approach for Development and Characterization of Effective Mosquito Repellent Cream Formulation Containing Citronella Oil, BioMed Research International, 2014, 11.
Yulianti, N. L., Lestari, C. D., Aksarina, D. P., Simorangkir, F. R., Kusuma, A., and Banaimun, A. S., 2009, Viskositas dan Rheologi I, www.scribd.com/doc/49672770/Viskosita-dan-Rheologi-oggix, di akses tanggal 29 Desember 2015.
Villers, M. M., Aramwit, P., and Kwon, G. S., 2009, Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Springer, New York, pp.464-465.
Voight, R., 1994, Buku Pelajaran Teknologi Farmasi, UGM Press, Yogyakarta, hal. 88, 1142-1144.
Volker, A., 2009, Dynamic Light Scattering : Measuring the Particle Size Distribution,http://www.Isinstruments.ch/technology/dynamic_light_scatte ring_dlls/, diakses tanggal 17 Mei 2015.
Wooster, T.J., Golding, M., and Sanguansari, P., 2008, Impact of Oil Type on Nano-cream on Formulation and Ostwald Ripening Stability, Food Science Australia (CSIRO), 24, 12758-12765.
50
Lampiran 1. Sertifikat analisis kojic acid dipalmitate dari PT. Cortico Mulia Sejahtera
Lampiran 2. Perhitungan HLB nanokrim KAD
