BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
B. Saran
1. Perlu dilakukan penelitian dengan rancangan desain faktorial untuk melihat pengaruh interaksi antara dua faktor dengan jumlah sampel yang lebih representatif.
2. Perlu dilakukan uji extrudability untuk memastikan bahwa sediaan bisa dikeluarkan melalui kemasan dengan baik.
3. Perlu pemastian efficacy (khasiat) formula dengan uji daya antibakteri secara in vivo dan pemastian efek antiinflamasi dengan uji antiinflamasi topikal.
64
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Aulton, M. E., 1990, Pharmaceutical Practice, Churchill Livingstone, United Kingdom, pp. 109-110.
Baibhav, J., Gurpreet, S., Rana, A. C., Seema, S., and Vikas, S., 2011, Emulgel: A Comprehensive Review on the Recent Advances in Topical Drug Delivery, International Research Journal of Pharmacy (ISSN), 2 (11), 66-70.
Benson, H. A. E., and Watkinson, A. C., 2012, Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery: Principles and Practice, John Wiley & Sons. Inc., Hoboken Bhoyar, N., Giri, T. K., Tripathi, D. K., Alexander, A., and Ajazuddin, 2012,
Recent Advances in Novel Drug Delivery System Through Gels: Review. Journal of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, 2: 21-39.
Cowan, 1999, Plant Product as Antimicrobial Agents, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 12 (4), 564-582.
Dahlan, M. S., 2011, Statistik untuk Kedokteran dan Kesehatan, Edisi V, Salemba Medika, Jakarta, hal. 55, 79, 89, 107.
DiPiro, J. T., Talbert, R. L., Yee, G. C., Matzke, G. R., Wells, B. G., Posey, L. M., 2005, Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, 6th ed., The Mc Graw Hill Companies Inc., New York, pp. 1755.
DirJen POM, 1995, Farmakope Indonesia, Edisi IV, Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, hal. 1030.
Fu, Y., Chen, L., Zu, Y., Liu, Z., Liu, X., Liu, Y., et al., 2009, The Antibacterial Activity of Clove Essential Oil Against Propionibacterium acnes and Its Mechanism of Action, Arch Dermatol, 145 (1), 86-88.
Garg, A., Aggarwal, D., Garg, S., and Singla, A. K., 2002, Spreading of Semisolid Formulations: An Update, Pharmaceutical Technology, 84-102.
Griffin, J. H., 2009, The Textbook of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 6th ed., Wiley- Blackwell, New Jersey, pp. 124.
Gupta, C., Garg, A. P., Uniyal, R. C., and Kumari, A., 2008, Antimicrobial Activity of Some Herbal Oils Against Common Food-Borne Pathogens, African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2, 258-261.
Hada, T., Inoue, Y., Shiraishi, A., Hamashima, H., 2004, Leakge of K+ ions from
Staphylococcus aureus in response to tea tree oil, J of Microbiology Methods, 53: 309-312.
Istyastono, E. P., 2012, Mengenal Peranti Lunak R-2.14.0 for Windows: Aplikasi Statistika Gratis dan Open Source, Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta, hal. 28.
Jain, A., Gautam, S. P., Gupta, Y., Khambete, H., and Jain, S., 2010, Development and Characterization of Ketoconazole Emulgel for Topical Drug Delivery, Der Pharmacia Sinica, 1 (3), 221-222.
Jones, M., 2011, The Complete Guide to Creating Oils, Soaps, Creams, and Herbal Gels for your Mind and Body : 101 Natural Body Care Recipes, Atlantic Publishing Group, Inc., Florida, pp. 80.
Joseph B., and Sujatha, S., 2010, Bioactive Compounds and its Autochthonous Microbial Activities of Extract and Clove Oil (Syzygium aromaticum L.) on Some Food Borne Pathogens, Asian Journal of Biological Sciences, 1-8. Kamkaen, N., Phuntuwate, W., Samee, W., Boonrod, A., and Treesak, C., 2007,
The Investigation of the Rabbit and Human Skin Irritation of Herbal Anti- wrinkle Cream, Thai Pharm Health Sci J, 2 (1), 20-25.
Kumar, G. S., Jayaveera, K. N., Kumar, Ashok C. K., Sanjay, Umachigi P., Swamy, Vrushabendra B. M, and Kumar, Kishore D. V, 2007, Antimicrobial Effects of Indian Medicinal Plants Against Acne-Inducing Bacteria, Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 6 (2), 717-718. Kusuma, D., 2010, Perbandingan Daya Antibakteri Krim Antiacne Minyak
Cengkeh dengan Emulgel Antiacne Minyak Cengkeh Terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis, Skripsi, 30-31, Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta
Lestari, A. B. S., 2012, Pengaruh Proses Pencampuran dalam Formulasi Sediaan Emulgel Ekstrak Teh Hijau (Kajian dari Aspek Suhu dan Kecepatan Pencampuran), Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Komunitas, 9 (1), 6.
Lieberman, H. A., Rieger, M. M., and Banker, G. S., 1996, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Disperse Systems, 2nd ed., Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp. 69, 74-76.
Lis-Balchin, M., 2006, Aromatherapy Science: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals, Pharmaceutical Press, London, pp. 171.
Magdy, I. M., 2004, Optimization of Chlorphenesin Emulgel Formulation, The American Association of Pharmaceutical ScientistsJournal, 6 (3), 1.
Marchaban, 2005, kemampuan Solubilisasi Surfaktan karena Perbedaan Panjang Rantai Lipofil dan Hidrofil, Majalah Farmasi Indonesia, 16 (2), 105.
Marriott, J. F., Wilson, K. A., Langley, C. A., and Belcher, D., 2006, Pharmaceutical Compounding and Dispensing, Pharmaceutical Press, London, pp. 76.
Muenchen, R. A., 2009, R for SAS and SPSS Users, Springer, New York, pp. 424. Nester, E. W., Anderson, D. G., Roberts Jr., C. E., Pearsall, N. N., Nester, M. T.,
et al., Microbiology A Human Perspective, 2004, 4th ed., The Mc Graw Hill Companies, Inc., New York, pp. 535.
Nielloud, F., and Mestres, G. M., 2000, Pharmaceutical Emulsions and Suspensions, pp. 561, 590.
Noveon, 1997, Applications Technology for Carbopol®*Polymers and Cosmetic Formulations, Noveon, Inc., 3.
Noveon, 2002, Neutralizing Carbopol® and Pemulen® Polymers in Aqueous and Hydroalcoholic Systems, Noveon, Inc., 1-2.
Panwar, A. S., Upadhyay, N., Bairagi, M., Gujar, S., Darwhekar, G. N., and Jain, D. K., 2011, Emulgel: A Review, Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1 (3), 335.
Parthasarathy, V. A., Chempakam, B., and Zachariah, T. J., 2008, Chemistry of spices, CAB International, UK, pp. 149.
Peter, K.V., 2007, Horticulture Science Series 5 Spices, New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi, pp.153-154.
Pratiwi, S. T., 2008, Mikrobiologi Farmasi, Erlangga, Jakarta, pp. 188, 190-191. Price, S. A., and Wilson, L. M., 1985, Patofisiologi : Konsep Klinik Proses-proses
Penyakit, Edisi 2, Bagian 2, Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC, Jakarta, pp. 456.
Reineccius, G., 1994, Source Book of Flavors, 2nd ed., Aspen Publishers, Inc., Maryland, pp. 286.
Riwidikdo, H., 2010, Statistik untuk Penelitian Kesehatan dengan Aplikasi Program R dan SPSS, Pustaka Rihama, Yogyakarta, hal. 80.
Rowe, R.C., Sheskey, P. J., and Quinn, M.E., 2009, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Exipients, 6th ed., pp. 110, 283, 441-442, 549-551, 596, 675-676, 754. Schramm, L. L., 2005, Emulsions, Foams, and Suspensions: Fundamentals and
Shahin, M., Hady, S. A., Hammad, M., and Mortada, N., 2011, Novel Jojoba Oil- Based Emulsion Gel Formulations for Clotrimazole Delivery, American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists PharmSciTech, 12(1), 241.
Sharma, R., 2006, Common Diseases and Cure, Lotus Press, New Delhi, pp. 168. Sikkema, J., Bont, J. A. de., Poolman, B., 1995, Mechanism of membrane toxicity
of hydrocarbons. Microbiological Reviews,59 (2),201-222.
Sinko, J. P., 2005, Martin: Farmasi Fisika dan Ilmu Farmasetika, edisi 5, EGC, Jakarta
Speight, J. G., 2011, Handbook of Industrial Hydrocarbon Processes, Elsevier Inc., Oxford, pp. 472.
Suhaime, I. H. B., Tripathy, M., Mohamed, M. S., and Majeed, A. B. A., 2012, The Pharmaceutical Applications of Carbomer, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2 (2), 1, 3.
Suryarini, S., 2011, Pengaruh Tween 80 dan Span 80 sebagai Emulsifying Agent terhadap Sifat Fisik dan Stabilitas Fisik Emulgel Antiacne Minyak Cengkeh (Oleum caryophylli): Aplikasi Desain Faktorial, Skripsi, 26, 27, 48, 50, Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta
Troy, D. B., and Remington, J. P., 2006, Remington The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp. 332. V Jr., A. L., 1997 Featured Excipient: Carbopols (Carbomers), International
Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding, 1(4), 265-266.
Voigt, R., 1995, Buku Pelajaran Teknologi Farmasi, edisi 5, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta, hal. 11.
West, G., Heard, D., Caulkett, N., 2008, Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia, Blackwell Publishing, Iowa, pp. 190.
Wijayakusuma, H. M. H., 2006, Atasi Asam Urat dan Rematik Ala Hembing, Puspa Swara, Jakarta, pp. 24-25.
