5. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.2. Saran
Mengacu pada hasil dan pembahasan serta kesimpulan di atas, maka disarankan beberapa hal sebagai berikut :
1. Berdasarkan daya dukung perairan maka tambak Holtekam dapat ditingkatkan teknologi pengelolaanya menjadi tradisional plus seluas 1.125 ha atau semi intensif 563 ha dan/atau intensif 104.5 ha.
2. Produktivitas kawasan tambak Holtekam dapat dimaksimal dengan menerapkan pola budidaya terpadu (polikultur udang bandeng, kepiting, ikan nila).
3. Pengembangan pengelolaan tambak tambak holtekam diharapkan menerapkan cara budidaya ikan yang baik (best management practices) untuk memaksimalkan produksi dan mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan lahan serta meminimalisir dampak buangan limbah terhadap lingkungan.
4. Kawasan mangrove (green belt) di sepanjang pantai Holtekam dan pinggir saluran Kali Buaya diharapkan tetap dijaga dan dipertahankan sehingga fungsi ekologisnya sebagai filter alami dapat terpelihara.
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Lampiran 1. Titik Koordinat Stasiun Pengamatan dan Pengambilan sampel Parameter Kualitas Airdi Pesisir Holtekam Kota Jayapura
1 1 02⁰37.619" Lintang Selatan 140⁰46.818" Bujur Timur 2 02⁰37.523" Lintang Selatan 140⁰47.150" Bujur Timur 3 02⁰37.812" Lintang Selatan 140⁰47.334" Bujur Timur
Tambak 4 02⁰37.456" Lintang Selatan
140⁰47.776" Bujur Timur 5 02⁰37.413" Lintang Selatan 140⁰47.862" Bujur Timur 6 02⁰38.124" Lintang Selatan 140⁰47.106" Bujur Timur 2 1 02⁰37.604" Lintang Selatan 140⁰46.818" Bujur Timur 2 02⁰37.996" Lintang Selatan 140⁰46.875" Bujur Timur 3 02⁰38.447" Lintang Selatan 140⁰46.417" Bujur Timur
Saluran 4 02⁰38.053" Lintang Selatan
140⁰47.336" Bujur Timur 5 02⁰37.838" Lintang Selatan 140⁰47.042" Bujur Timur 6 02⁰37.535" Lintang Selatan 140⁰447.241" Bujur Timur 3 1 02⁰37.419" Lintang Selatan 140⁰46.863" Bujur Timur 2 02⁰37.298" Lintang Selatan 140⁰46.764" Bujur Timur 3 02⁰37.155" Lintang Selatan 140⁰46.601" Bujur Timur
laut 4 02⁰37.601" Lintang Selatan
140⁰46.051" Bujur Timur
5 02⁰36.804" Lintang Selatan
140⁰46.863" Bujur Timur
6 02⁰37.177" Lintang Selatan
140⁰47.201" Bujur Timur
No Stasiun Substasiun Titik
Lampiran 2. Hasil Pengamatan rata-rata nilai parameter kualitas air pada stasiun pengamatan Tambak, Saluran Kali Buaya dan Laut di Pesisir Holtekam Kota Jayapura
Parameter Baku
Kualitas Air Mutu
1 Suhu (⁰C) 31,27 ± 0,36 31,27 ± 0,52 31,1 ± 0,24 28-32* 2 KCRH (cm) 24 ± 0,89 24,67 ± 7,12 78,33 ± 29,27 >5* 3 KKRH NTU 3 ± 0,45 7,02 ± 1,11 2,13 ± 0,71 <5* 4 TSS mg/l 47,83 ± 8,98 196,17 ± 48,68 162,17 ± 56,54 20* 5 K. Ars m/det 0,04 ± 0,02 0,53 ± 0,04 0,35 ± 0,05 - 6 Salinitas ‰ 10,5 ± 4,23 12,33 ± 7,55 31,83 ± 0,75 5-34*, 7 pH 7,55 ± 0,29 7,58 ± 0,26 8,13 ± 0,05 7-8.5* 8 DO mg/l 4,47 ± 0,61 4,33 ± 0,51 7,23 ± 0,10 >5* 9 BOD5 mg/l 3,28 ± 0,64 3,15 ± 0,78 4,96 ± 0,19 20* 10 COD mg/l 10,78 ± 2,73 11,53 ± 4,09 33,53 ± 6,65 <20** 11 Nitrat mg/l 0,0017 ± 0,0005 0,0027 ± 0,0008 0,0022 ± 0,0008 0.008* 12 Nitrit mg/l 0,0013 ± 0,0005 0,0013 ± 0,0005 0,0018 ± 0,0004 0.06** 13 N-Total mg/l 0,2752 ± 0,1461 1,29 ± 1,7271 4,19 ± 0,4116 0.3* 14 PO4-P mg/l 2,08 ± 0,66 1,33 ± 0,93 0,41 ± 0,16 0.015* 15 TOM mg/l 3,86 ± 1,52 9,77 ± 5,31 22,19 ± 3,36
* Baku Mutu kualitas air berdasarkan Kepmen LH No. 51 Tahun 2004
** UNESCO/WHO/UNEP (1992)
No. Satuan Stasiun
Tabel 2 Hasil Analisis Fitoplankton pada Stasiun Pengamatan Tambak, Saluran/kali Buaya dan Laut di Pesisir Holtekam Kota Jayapura Jenis Fitoplankton 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bacillariophiceae Chaetocerossp. 2455 0 0 0 945 945 25480 26580 0 58590 18980 1695 2135 58590 13250 14725 14725 62540 Biddulphiasp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 945 2655 0 945 1650 Thallassiothrixsp. 6850 68455 15890 2450 5530 0 2740 945 0 1645 1890 85050 85050 15685 14685 14485 1495 3780 Coscinodiscussp. 3480 3525 945 11685 37590 58690 3260 0 0 1890 1890 3540 4855 3280 13250 1890 1265 945 Nitzschiasp. 0 72450 0 2750 2385 4895 985 2560 0 985 0 0 0 0 3450 1680 0 2825 Naviculla sp. 0 945 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 945 14580 0 3265 0 0 0 0 945 Bacillaria sp. 0 945 1545 0 0 0 0 0 0 4285 0 0 0 0 0 945 0 0 Melosira sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1450 0 Branchiorus sp. 14560 4520 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gleotrichia sp. 0 0 0 0 1250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pleurosigma sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1450 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 945 4530 0 Merismopediasp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2685 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Crysococcus teselatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33075 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aphinozomenon flosaquae 0 0 0 0 0 0 16850 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cypridina sp. 3650 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cestum veneris 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 945 0 0 0 0 0 0 Microspora willeana (FW algae) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1785 5680 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cyanophyceae Trichodesmium sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4230 0 0 0 1280 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mycrocystis aeroeginosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5670 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dinophyceae Ceratium sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2835 0 1290 945 0 1650 Taxa 4 6 3 3 5 3 6 4 2 7 4 3 6 5 7 6 5 7 Kelimpahan 30995 150840 18380 17065 47700 64530 59530 35260 7455 109780 37340 92510 98140 78500 48580 35615 24410 74335 (H') 0,6023 0,4201 0,2113 0,3585 0,3302 0,1493 0,6995 0,2388 0,5573 0,44 0,1657 0,2483 0,3153 0,6573 0,5732 0,5366 0,1563 0,3045 (E) 0,2896 0,202 0,1924 0,2001 0,1697 0,0928 0,2815 0,1901 0,2174 0,2324 0,3174 0,0925 0,1276 0,1959 0,3378 0,239 0,258 0,0597 C 0,3023 0,4382 0,7571 0,5300 0,638 0,6380 0,2778 0,5894 0,6363 0,3811 0,4180 0,8373 0,7559 0,5989 0,2489 0,3435 0,4098 0,7132
1.
Appendix 3. Calculation of carrying capacity values of Holtekam coastal waters for ponds
Calculating the volume of sea water entering the coastal waters
Where: Vo = Volume of seawater that entering tocoastal waters h = tidal ranges
x = distance from the shoreline (at tide) to limit the intake of sea water ponds
y = length of coastline that parallel with pond areas tan θ = slope of the seabed
Results of survey data is revealed that:
h = 0.9 m with a tidal frequency 2 times per day (Navy hidro-oceanography service office, the data field)
y = 15000 m (the measurement map) where the measurement is based on point coordinates.
x = 400 (results of field measurements 2010)
tan θ = angle of slope of the coast between 0o – 3o with an average 2o
Vo = 0.5 x 0.9 x 15000 [ 2 x 400 – 0.9/0.035]
From these data, the volume of seawater entering coastal area is:
= 6750 x 774.29 = 5226457.5 m 2.
3
Calculating Volume of Water Available
If volume of water in coastal waters is knew, then the calculation volume of available water using the formula:
Vs = Vo x F Where Vs = volume of water available
Vo = The volume of water that enter waters F = Frequency of daily tidal
So that Vs = 5226457.5 x 2 = 10.452.915 m3
3. Calculation the maximum capacity of waste
0.01x 10.452.915 m
The assumption of a maximum capacity of waste by Racocy & Alison (1981) in Widigdo & Suwardi (2002) that the maximum of waste that could be assimilated or degraded by natural environment is 1% of volume water available. Data volume water available (Vs) is the maximum acceptable.
3
= 104.529.15 m 4.
3
Calculation the maximum pond area
0.1x 10.452.915 m
Maximum pond volume is 0.1 from the volume of water available. From the data available water volumes (Vs) as mentioned above, the maximum pond volume are:
3 = 1.045.292 m3
If the pond water depth 1 m on average (resulting in a volume of 10 000 m3 ha-1
1.045.292 m
of ponds), the maximum pond area are:
3
/10000 m3 = 104.5 ha
Calculation the sustainable productivity of ponds
1.
Basic assumption made in the calculation of productivity is as follows:
2.
For maximal intensive pond production of environmentally friendly is still 7 tons / ha / MT (Boyd & Musig 1992.
3.
For semi-intensive pond, the maximum production of environmentally friendly is 1.3 tons / ha / MT (Sumagaysay & Diego 2003)
For traditional farms, which can be obtained from the maximum production is 500 kg / ha / MT (Sumagaysay 1998)),
From the extensive data from the calculation of the maximum pond, if all production is considered intensive pond then the maximum that can be obtained and still is environmentally friendly
Appendix 4. Aquaculture Waste Load Estimates
1. Calculating the volume of pond water for 1 ha of pond area
Results obtained by measuring an average depth of pond water is 0,35 m. Pond area is already producing 350 ha, production period is 6 months. Stocking density 20/100 m2
10000 m
. For maintenance is not done running water. So the pond water volume (V) which is discharged into the environment is:
2 x 0.35 m = 3500 m3ha-1crop-1 3500 m or 3 x 350 ha = 1.225.000 m3350 ha-1crop-1
2. Calculating the concentration of waste discharged into the environment
- 3.86 mg/l x 3500 m
TOM concentration measurement results, the N-Total and PO4-P, respectively, are 3.86 mg / l, 0.28 mg / l and 2.67 mg / l, then the total amount of waste into the environment of coastal waters is:
3 = 27.02 m3ha-1crop-1 - 0.28 mg/l x 3500 m , 3 = 1.96 m3ha-1crop - 2.67 mg/l x 3500 m -1 3 = 18.69 m3ha-1crop While for the area of 350 ha can be calculated by:
-1 - 3.86 mg/l x 1225000 m3 = 9457 kg crop - 0.28 mg/l x 1225000 m -1 3 = 686 kg crop - 2.67 mg/l x 1225000 m -1 3 = 6541,5 kg crop-1
Lampiran 6. Karakteristik Sosial ekonomi Petambak di Pesisir Holtekam Kota Jayapura
Nomor Umur Tingkat Pekerjaan Pengalaman Jumlah Anggota
Responden Pendidikan Lain Bertambak Keluarga
(tahun) (orang) 1 45 SMU ‐ 7 4 2 31 SD* ‐ 3 5 3 50 SD ‐ 3 5 4 45 SD ‐ 5 5 5 32 SD* ‐ 2 3 6 32 SMP ‐ 5 4 7 35 SMP ‐ 3 5 8 35 SMP ‐ 12 6 9 26 SMK ‐ 3 4 10 43 SMU ‐ 4 1 11 40 SD* ‐ 6 4 12 31 SMK ‐ 3 3 13 50 SMU ‐ 12 15 14 49 SMU ‐ 10 5 15 65 SMU ‐ 3 9 16 40 SMK ‐ 10 ‐ 17 45 SMP ‐ 5 5 18 52 SMU ‐ 13 4 19 42 SMU ‐ 13 5 20 56 SMU ‐ 20 5 21 45 SMP ‐ 4 5 22 50 SMU ‐ 8 4 23 56 SMU ‐ 14 7 24 58 SMP ‐ 25 6 25 45 SMU ‐ 15 6
Appendix 7 Analysis of 1 hectare Milkfish Cultivation
A Investation cost
1 Physical development of ponds
1,1Liberation farm 10.000 m² 400 4.000.000
1,2Opening and Printing Pond Farm 10.000 m² 1.500 15.000.000
1,3 Sluice 1 unit 2.000.000 2.000.000
1,4 Guard house 1 unit 4.000.000 4.000.000
Sub Total 25.000.000
2 Procurement of pond equipment
2,1Nets for harvest 2 piece 200.000 400.000
2,2 Hoe 2 piece 50.000 100.000
2,3 Spade 2 piece 50.000 100.000
2,4 Machete 2 piece 45.000 90.000
2,5 harvest container 2 piece 100.000 200.000
2,6 Water pump 1 unit 6.000.000 6.000.000
Sub Total 6.890.000
Total cost investation 31.890.000
B Capital cost 1 Fixed cost
Depreciation cost
1,1 Sluice (5 years) 1 unit 200.000 200.000
1,2 Guard house (10 years) 1 unit 400.000 400.000
1,3Nets for harvest (4 years) 2 piece 20.000 40.000
1,5 Hoe (5 Years) 2 piece 5.000 10.000
1,6 Spade (5 years) 2 piece 5.000 10.000
1,7 Machete (5 years) 2 piece 4.500 9.000
1,9 Container to harvest (10 years) 2 piece 10.000 20.000
1,10 Water pumps (10 years) 1 unit 600.000 600.000
Sub total 1.289.000 2 Unfixed cost 2,1Labor costs a. Preparation 3 days 50.000 150.000 b. Cultivation 4 m 500.000 2.000.000 c. Harvesting - 100.000 100.000 2,2 Production cost
a. Milkfish seedling 2200 tails 500 1.100.000
b. Manure - Urea 250 kg 1.700 425.000 - TSP 250 kg 2.300 575.000 - Ursal 5 botles 25.000 125.000 c. Drugs 1 botles 30.000 30.000 d. Fuel 100 litres 5.000 500.000
Sub total cost of no fixed (2.1 and 2.2) 5.005.000
Total cost of capital cost (1 + 2) 6.294.000
Investment and total cost of capital cost (A + B) 38.184.000
Total cost of working capital every year 12.588.000
Note :
1. The entire cost of own funds
2. 2 cycles production a year
Liberation Farm
Opening and Printing Pond Farm
Sluice
Guard house
Nets For Harvest
Nets to harvest fish / shrimp wild
Hoe
Spade
Machete
Kerosene lamp lights
To harvest container
Water pump
Sluice (5 years)
Guard house (10 years)
Nets For Harvest (4 years)
Nets to harvest fish / shrimp wild (4 years)
Hoe (5 Years)
Spade (5 years)
Machete (5 years)
Container to harvest (10 years)
Water Pumps (10 years)
Labor Costs Production Cost a. Milkfish seedling b. Manure ‐ Urea ‐ TSP ‐ Ursal c. Drugs d. Fuel
Sub Total Cost of No Fixed (2.1 and 2.2)
Total Cost of Working Capital (1 + 2)
Investment and Total Cost of Working Capital (A + B)
Appendix 8 Analysis of 5 hectares Milkfish Cultivation
A Investation cost
1 Physical constructions of ponds
1,1 Liberation farm m²50.000 400 20.000.000 1,2 Opening and printing pond farm m²50.000 1.500 75.000.000
1,3 Sluice 5 unit 3.000.000 15.000.000
1,4 Guard house 1 unit 6.000.000 6.000.000
Sub total 116.000.000
2 Procurement of Pond Equipment
2,1 Nets for harvest 2 pieces 200.000 400.000 2,2 Nets to harvest fish / shrimp wild 2 pieces 200.000 400.000
2,3 Hoe 2 pieces 50.000 100.000
2,4 Spade 2 pieces 50.000 100.000
2,5 Machete 2 pieces 45.000 90.000
2,6 Kerosene lamp lights 1 pieces 250.000 250.000 2,7 harvest container 2 pieces 100.000 200.000
2,8 Water pump 1 unit 8.000.000 8.000.000
Sub total 9.540.000
Total Investation Cost 125.540.000
B Capital Cost 1 Fixed Cost
Depreciation Cost
1,1 Sluice (5 years) 5 unit 300.000 1.500.000
1,2 Guard house (10 years) 1 unit 600.000 600.000 1,3 Nets For Harvest (4 years) 2 pieces 20.000 40.000 1,4 Nets to harvest fish / shrimp wild (4 years 2 pieces 20.000 40.000 1,5 Hoe (5 Years) 2 pieces 5.000 10.000 1,6 Spade (5 years) 2 pieces 5.000 10.000 1,7 Machete (5 years) 2 pieces 4.500 9.000 1,9 Container to harvest (10 years) 2 pieces 10.000 20.000 1,10 Water Pumps (10 years) 1 unit 800.000 800.000
Sub Total 3.029.000
2 Unfixed cost
2,1 Labour cost 12 days 500.000 6.000.000
2,2 Production Cost
a. Milkfish seedling 10000 tails 500 5.000.000 b. Manure - Urea 1000 kg 1.700 1.700.000 - TSP 1250 kg 2.300 2.875.000 - Ursal 25 bottle 25.000 625.000 c. Drugs 5 bottle 30.000 150.000 d. Fuel 500 litres 5.000 2.500.000
Sub Total Cost of No Fixed (2.1 and 2.2) 18.850.000
Total Cost of Capital cost (1 + 2) 21.879.000
Investment and Total Cost of Capital cost (A + B) 147.419.000
Total cost of working capital every year 43.758.000
Note :
1. The entire cost of own funds 2. 2 cycles production a year
Units Amount
Lampiran 9. Struktur Biaya Usaha Tambak dan Analisa Penjualan Bandeng (1 ha)
Nilai Sub Total Biaya Total
(Rp/Ha/Th) (Rp/Ha/Th)
1 Biaya Investasi 31.890.000
2 Biaya modal kerja per tahun 6.294.000
A. Biaya Tetap 1.289.000
B. Biaya Tidak Tetap 5.005.000
3 Total Biaya Usaha per hektar per tahun 38.184.000
1. Biaya dari dana sendiri 38.184.000
2. Kredit Bank (0%) ‐
Analisa Penjualan Bandeng
No Komponen Analisis Penjualan Satuan Jumlah
1 Luas Petak tambak ha 1
2 Jumlah Tebar benih bandeng per 100 m² ekor 22 3 Jumlah Bandeng yang hidup selama pemeliharaan % 80
4 Ukuran bandeng yang dipanen ekor/kg ‐
5 Berat hasil panen bandeng yang dipanen kg ‐ 6 Harga jual ikan bandeng di tingkat petambak Rupiah 28.000 7 Penjualan ikan bandeng hasil panen Rupiah ‐ 8 Total Penjualan per siklus produksi Rupiah ‐
9 Total penjualan per tahun Rupiah ‐
No. Komponen Analisis Satuan Nilai
1 Total biaya/tahun (Rp.) Rp. 36.895.000,00 2 Jual/MT (Rp.) Rp. 12.320.000,00 3 Biaya operasional Rp. 5.005.000,00 4 laba operasional Rp. 7.315.000,00 5 laba bersih Rp. 6.026.000,00 6 laba bersih 1 thn Rp. 12.052.000,00 7 arus kas Rp. 12.320.000,00 8 RE kali 19,83 9 R/C kali 1,96
10 Payback period (Thn) Tahun 3
11 BEP Produksi (Kg) kg 225
12 BEP Harga (Rp.) Rp. 3.576
Lampiran 10. Struktur Biaya Usaha Tambak dan Analisa Penjualan Bandeng (5 ha)
Nilai Sub Total Biaya Total (Rp/Ha/Th) (Rp/Ha/Th)
1 Biaya Investasi 125.540.000
2 Biaya modal kerja per tahun 21.879.000
A. Biaya Tetap 3.029.000
B. Biaya Tidak Tetap 18.850.000
3 Total Biaya Usaha per per tahun 147.419.000
1. Biaya dari dana sendiri 147.419.000
2. Kredit Bank (0%) ‐
Analisa Penjualan Bandeng
No Komponen Analisis Penjualan Satuan Jumlah
1 Luas Petak tambak ha 5
2 Jumlah Tebar benih bandeng per 100 m² ekor 20 3 Jumlah Bandeng yang hidup selama pemeliharaan % 85
4 Ukuran bandeng yang dipanen ekor/kg 4
5 Berat hasil panen bandeng yang dipanen kg ‐ 6 Harga jual ikan bandeng di tingkat petambak Rupiah 28.000
7 Penjualan ikan bandeng hasil panen Rupiah ‐
8 Total Penjualan per siklus produksi Rupiah ‐
9 Total penjualan per tahun Rupiah ‐
Total biaya/tahun (Rp.) 144.390.000 Jual/MT (Rp.) 59.500.000