• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

BOGOR

2011

Agustina. 2006. Penapisan bakteri kandidat probiotik untuk pengendalian penyakit infeksi Aeromonas hydrophilapada ikan lele dumbo (Clariassp.) [tesis]. Bogor: Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Alexander M. 1977. Introduction to soil microbiology. 2nd Ed. John Wiley and Sons. New York. 467p.

Alifuddin M. 1996. Sistem ketahanan tubuh ikan. Bogor: Laboratorium Kesehatan Ikan. Jurusan Budidaya Perairan. Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan. Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Amin NE, Abdallah IST, Elallawy, and Ahmed SM. 1985. Motile Aeromonas Septicemia among Tilapia nilotica (Sarotherodon niloticus) in Upper Egypt. Fish Pathol 20:93-97

Anderson DP. 1990. Immunological indicators: effects of environmental stress on immune protection and disease outbreaks. Di dalam: Adams SM, editor.

Biological Indicators of Stress in Fish. American Fisheries Symposium 8. Bethesda; Maryland. Hlm 38-66.

Anderson WL. 1999. Imunology. Madison. Frence Creek Publishing.

Anderson DP, Siwicki AK. 1993. Basic haemotology and serology for fish health programs. Paper Presented in Second Symposium on Disease in Asian Aquaculture “Aquatic Animal Health and The Environment”. Phuket, Thailand. 25 – 29th October 1993. Hlm 185 – 202.

Angka SL, Sumawidjaja K, Eidman M, Hardjosworo S. 1981. Wabah penyakit bercak merah ikan. Laporan penanggulangan epidemi penyakit ikan. Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Angka SL. 1990. The pathology of walking catfish, Clarias batrachus infected intraperitoneally with Aeromonas hydrophila. Asian Fish. Sci:3:343-351.

Angka SL. 2001. Studi karakterisasi dan patologi Aeromonas hydrophila pada ikan lele dumbo (Clarias gariepinus). Makalah Falsafah Sains. Program Pasca Sarjana. Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Angka SL. 2005. Kajian penyakit Motile Aeromonad Septicemia (MAS) pada ikan lele dumbo (Clarias sp.); patologi, pencegahan dan pengobatannya dengan fitofarmaka. [disertasi]. Bogor: Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Aoki 1999. Motile Aeromonas (Aeromonas spp). J Laboratory of Genetic and Biochemistry 11:427-435.

Aung O, Aung K and Yu SS. 2008. Assessment of beneficial bacteria (probiotic) as biological control in giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) hatchery system. GMSARN International Conference on Sustainable Development: Issues and Prospects for the GMS.

Austin B, and Adams C. 1996. Fish pathogens. In: The Genus Aeromonas. Austin B, Altiwegg M, Gosling PJ, and Joseph SW. Eds. Singapore. Wiley.

Austin B, Stuckey PLF, Robertson IAW, Effendi and Griffith DRW. 1995. A probiotic strain of Vibrio alginolyticus effective in reducing diseases caused by Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio ordalii.

J. Fish Dis. 18:93–96.

Austin B and Austin DA. 2007. Bacterial fish pathogens disease of farmed and wild fish. Fourth Edition. Springer. Published in Association with Praxis Publishing. Chichester, UK.

Blaxhall PC. 1972. The haematological assessment of the health of fresh water fish. A review of selected literature. J of Fish Biology 5:593-604.

Blaxhall PC, Daisley KW. 1973. Routine haematological methodes for use with fish health. J of Fish Biology5:577-581.

Bond CE 1979. Biology of fishes. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia. Boyd CE. 1982. Water quality in ponds for aquaculture. Auburn: International

Centre for Aquaculture Experiment Station. Auburn University.

Botterelli, Ossiprandi. 1999. Aeromonas infection: AN UPDATE. University of

Parma, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.

http://unipr.it/arpa/facvet/annali/1999/bottarelli 2/bottarelli.htm. [22 Okt 2010].

Brener DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT. 2005. Bergey`s manual of systematic bacteriology. Second Edition. Volume Two: The Protebacteria. Springer.

Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics. Michigan State University. USA

Burton JR and Lanza GR. 1986. Aeromonas hydrophila densities in thermally-altered reservoir water and sediments. University of Texas at Dallas. D Reidel Publishing Company. USA

Camus AC, Durborow RM, Hemstreet WG, Thune RL, and Hawke JP. 1998.

Aeromonas bacterial infections - Motile Aeromonad Septicemia. SRAC Publication No. 478

Chapman D. 1992. Water quality assessment. A guide to use of biota, sediment, and water in environmental monitoring. Chapman & Hall. London 585 hal.

Chinabut S, Limsuwan C, Kitsawat P. 1991. Histology of the walking catfish,

Clarias batrachus. Thailad: International Development Research Center (IDRC).

Cipriano RC, Bullock GL, Pyle SW. 2001. Aeromonas hydrophila and Motile Aeromonad Septicemiasof fish. United States Departement of The Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Fishery Research Washington DC. Dana D. 1996. Sistem pertahanan tubuh ikan. Bogor: Jurusan Budidaya Perairan

Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan. Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Darmanto, 2003. Respon kebal ikan mas koki (Carassius auratus L) melalui vaksinasi dan imunostimulasi terhadap infeksi bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila[tesis]. Bogor: Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Debnath D, Sahu NP, Pal AK, Baruah K, Yengkokpam S and Mukherjee1 SC.

2005. Present scenario and future prospects of phytase in aquafeed (Review). Asian-Aust. J. Anim.Sci. Vol 18, No. 12 : 1800-1812

Ebeling JM and Michael BT. 2007. Recirculating aquaculture, Cayuga. NRAC Publication

Ellsaesser CF, Miller MW, Cuchens MA, Lobb CJ, Clem LW. 1985. Analysis of channel catfish peripheral blood leukosit by brightfield microscopy and flow cytometry. J Transaction of the American Fisheries Society 114: 179-185.

Farzanfar Ali. 2006. M i n i r e v i e w, The use of probiotics in shrimp aquaculture. Iranian Fisheries Research Organization, Tehran, Iran

Feliatra, Efendi Irwan, Suryadi Edwar. 2004. Isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri probiotik dari ikan kerapu macan (Ephinephelus fuscogatus) dalam upaya efisiensi pakan ikan. Jurnal Natur Indonesia 6(2): 75-80 (2004). ISSN 1410-9379

Ferguson HW. 1989. Systemic pathology of fish. A text and atlas of comparative tissues responses in diseases of teleosts. First Edition. Iowa State University Press / Ames.

Frerichs GN., Millar SD. 1993. Manual for the isolation and identification of fish bacterial pathogens. Pisces Press. Stirling. University of Stirling. Scotland. Fujaya, Y. 2004. Fisiologi ikan. Penerbit Rineka Cipta. 256 hlm.

Gatesoupe, F J. 1999. The use of probiotics in aquaculture. (Review).

Aquaculture:147-165.

Gomez-Gil B, Roque A, Turnbull JF. 2000. The use and selection of probiotic bacteria for use in the culture of larval aquatic organism. Aquaculture 191: 259-270.

Ghufran MH, Kordi K. 2004. Penanggulangan hama dan penyakit ikan. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta dan PT. Bina Aksara.

Grizzle JM and Kirya Y. 1993. Histopathology of gill, liver and pancreas and serum enzyme levels of channel catfish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila complex. J of Aquatic Animal Health. 5: 36 –50.

Hardi EH. 2003. Kondisi perairan Teluk Bontang: Pendekatan imunologi dan histologi ikan [tesis]. Bogor; Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Hardi EH. 2011. Kandidat vaksin Streptococcus agalactiae untuk pencegahan

penyakit Streptococcosis pada ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) [disertasi]. Bogor; Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C. 2005. Modern trends in Aeromonas hydrophila

disease management with fish. Reviews in Fisheries Science; 13, 4;

ProQuest Biology Journalspg. 281. Taylor & Francis Copyright.

Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C, Moon YG, Kim MC, Kim SJ, Heo MS. Use of herbal concoction in the therapy of goldfish (Carassius auratus) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Marine Applied Microbes and Aquatic Organism Disease Control Laboratory, Faculty of Marine Sciences, College of Ocean Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690 756, South Korea.

Hatmanti A, Ruyitno N, dan Julinasari D. 2009. Screening bakteri penghambat untuk bakteri penyebab penyakit pada budidaya ikan kerapu dari perairan Banten dan Lampung. Jurnal Makara Sains,Vol. 13, No. 1, April 2009: 81-86.

Hayes J. 2000. Aeromonas hydrophila. Oregon State University.

Hidayat R. 2006. Studi protektivitas imunogobulin Y (Ig-Y) anti Aeromonas hydrophila pada ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio L) dan gurame (Osphronemus gouramy L) [tesis]. Bogor: Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Holt G, Kreig NR, Sneath PHA, Stanley JT, and Williams ST. 1994. Bergey’s manual determinative bacteriology. Baltimore: Williamn and Wilkins Baltimore.

Huismann EA. 1987. Principles of fish production. Departement of Fisheries Wageningen. Agricultural University. Netherland

Inglis V, Roberts RJ, Bromage NR. 1993. Bacterial diseases of fish. Institute of Aquaculture. Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publications.

Irianto A. 2003. Probiotik akuakultur. Gajah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta. Irianto A. 2005. Patologi ikan teleostei. Gajah Mada University Press,

Yogyakarta. Hlm 83-145.

Irianto A, Austin B. 2002. Review probiotics in aquaculture. J. Fish Dis. 25. 633.

Janda M and Abbott SL. 1998. Evolution concepts regarding the genus

Aeromonas: An expanding panorama of spesies, disease presentation and unanswered question. Clin Inf. Dis27:332-344.

Janda M. 1991. Recentadvances in the study of taxonomy, pathogenicity and infectious syndromes associated with the genus Aeromonas. Cli. Microbiol, Rev 4:397-410.

Jöborn AJ, Olsson CA, Westerdahl, P. L. Conway, and S. Kjelleberg. 1997. Colonization in the fish intestinal tract and production of inhibitory substances in intestinal mucus and faecal extracts by Carnobacterium sp. strain Kl. J Fish Dis. 20:383–392.

Kabata Z. 1985. Parasites and diseases of fish cultured in the tropics. Taylor and Francis Press, London and Philadelphia. Hlm 318.

Lagler KF, Bardach JE, Miller RR, Pasino DRM. 1977. Ichthyology. John Willey and Sons Inc. New York. 295 pp.

Leung KY, Yeap IV, lam TJ, and Sin YM. 1991. Serum resistance as a good indicator for virulence in Aeromonas hydrophila strains isolated from diseased fish in South-East Asia. J Fish Dis.18:511-518.

Lilley JH, Hart D, Richards RH, Roberts RJ, Cerenius L and Soderhall K. 1997. Pan-Asian spread of single fungal clone results in large-scale fish kills.

Vet. Record. 140:653-654.

Llobrera AT, Gacutan RQ. 1987. Aeromonas hydrophila associated with ulcerative disease epizootic in Laguna de Bay, Philippines. Aquaculture. 67: 273-278.

Lomakova I, Petraskova P, Sterzl I, and Prokesova L. 2006. Immunomodulatory effects of Bacillus firmus on mouse peritoneal cells in vitro. Folia Microbiologica. Institute of Microbiology Czechoslovak Academy. Vol 51; 3: 243-247.

Lusiastuti AM. 2010. Screening dan aplikasi probiotik untuk pengendalian penyakit air tawar. Seminar Hasil Penelitian. Balai Penelitian Perikanan Air Tawar. Bogor.

Lynch JM. 1983. Soil biotechnology: Blackwell Sci. Pub. Co. London. 191p. Miyazaki T and Jo Y. 1985. A histopathological study of motile aeromonad

disease in ayu. J Fish Pathol20, 55-59.

Moriarty DJW. 1999. Disease control in shrimp aquaculture with probiotic bacteria in microbial biosystems: New Frontiers. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology, Bell CR, Brylinsky M. Johnson-Green P. (eds) Atlantic Canada Society for Microbial Ecology, Halifax, Canada, pp. 237–243.

Mones RA. 2008. Gambaran darah pada ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio Linn) strain Majalaya yang berasal dari daerah Ciampea-Bogor. [skripsi]. Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan. Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Muliyani S. 2006. Gambaran darah ikan gurame Osphronemous gouramy yang terinfeksi cendawan Achlya sp. pada kepadatan 320 dan 720. [skripsi]. Program Studi Teknologi dan Manajemen Akuakultur, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan. Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Murtiati, Elyani Y, Murtiana D dan Sunarma A. Perekayasaan teknik perbaikan kualitas air dan kesehatan ikan pada sistem resirkulasi. [Abstrak]. Balai Besar Air Tawar. Sukabumi.

Nayak SK. 2010. Probiotics and immunity: A fish perspective (Review). Laboratory of Fish Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Japan. J Fish & Shellfish Immunology29 : 2-14.

Palumbo S, Bencivengo MM, Williams AC, Buchanan RL, Del Corral F. 1989. Characterization of the Aeromonas hydrophila group isolated from retail foods of animal origin. J of Clinical Microbiology27: 854-859.

Palumbo S, Abeya C, Stelma G. 1992. Aeromonas hydrophila group. In: Compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of food. Asian Pasific American heritage Association. pp497-515

Pelczar MJJr, Chan ECS. 2005. Dasar-Dasar Mikrobiologi. Hadioetomo RS, Imas T, Tjitrosomo SS, Angka SL, penerjemeh. Jakarta. UI Press. Terjemahan dari: Elements of Microbiology.

Prokesova L, Novotna V, Mickova P dan Stankova L. 1998. Effect of Bacillus firmus on antibody formation after mucosal and parental immunization in mice. Immunology. Vol 64; hal.161-166

Rajesh KM, Shankar KM, Mohan CV and Mridula RM . Growth and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila of indian major carp, rohu (Labeo rohita) in cisterns treated with sugarcane bagasse as artificial substrate. Pathology and Biotechnology Laboratory Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences UniversityMangalore, India

Randall DJ. 1970. The circulatory system. In fish physiology ed: Hoar WS, Randall DJ. Vol 4 London. Academic Press.p:132-172.

Rengpipat S, W. Phianphak, S. Piyatiratitivorakul, and P. Menasveta. 1998. Effects of a probiotic bacterium on black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon

survival and growth. Aquaculture167:301–313.

Riquelme, C., R. Araya, N. Vergara, A. Rojas, M. Guaita, and M. Candia. 1997. Potential probiotic strains in the culture of the chilean scallop Argopecten purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819). Aquaculture154:17–26.

Robert RS 2000. Encyclopedia of aquaculture. John Wiley & Sons. New York. Robert JR. 2001. Fish pathology 3rd edition. Bailere, Tyndall, Cadar, Editor.

England. hlm 300-316.

Shao J, Liu J, Xiang L. 2004. Aeromonas hydrophila induces apoptosis in

Carassius auratus lymphocytes in vitro. Aquaculture229:11-23.

Short, C. 1999. The probiotic century: historical and current perspectives. Trends Food Sci Tech 10: 411 – 417.

Shotts EB. and Rimler R. 1973. Medium for the isolation of Aeromonas hydrophila. J of Applied Microbiology. 26: 550 - 553.

Sindermann CJ. 1988. Epizootic ulcerative syndrome in coastal/estuarine fish. U.S. Departement of Commerce, National Marine Fish Service. NOAA Tech Memo. NMFS-F/NEC-54

SNI. 2009. Metode identifikasi bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila secara biokimia. Badan Standarisasi Nasional/ BSN. SNI 7303:2009. ICS 65.150.

Snieszko SF. 1960. Microhaematocrit as a tool in fishery research and management. Spec. Sci. Report Fisheries 341. US. Dept. of Inter. Washington DC. 15 pp.

Snieszko SF. 1974. The effect of environmental stress on outbreaks of infectious disease of fishes. J Fish Biol 6:197-208.

Sucipto A. 2005. Broodstock manajemen ikan mas dan nila. Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan Budidaya. Sukabumi. Pp 1-13

Sucitra Z. 2011. Pengaruh penambahan bakteri probiotik (Bacillus firmus) pada media pemeliharaan terhadap ketahanan benih lele dumbo (Clarias gariepinus) yang diinfeksi bakteri A. hydrophila. [Skripsi]. Jatinangor; Program Sarjana, Univeristas Padjajaran.

Sugita H, Shibuya K, Shimooka H, Deguchi Y. 1996. Antibacterial abilities of intestinal bacteria in freshwater fishes. Biosciences, Biotecnology and Biochemistry56 : 1678-1679.

Takashima F, Hibiya T. 1995. An atlas of fish histology: normal and pathological features. Tokyo: Kodansa LTD.

Tannock G W. 1999. Probiotics a critical review. University of Otago. Horizon Scientific Press. New Zealand.

Taufik P. 1984. Faktor kualitas air dapat mempengaruhi timbulnya suatu penyakit pada ikan. Majalah pertanian no 3, tahun ke-31. Departemen Pertanian. Jakarta. Hlm 21.

Teresa R. de Kievit and Iglewski BH. 2000. Minireview. Bacterial quorum sensing in pathogenic relationships. infection and immunity. University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York. p. 4839–4849

Thampuran N and Surendran PK. 1995. Incidence of motile aeromonads in marine environment, fishes and processed fishery products. pp. 352-358. Thune RL, Stanley LA, Cooper RK. 1993. Pathogenesis of gram negative

bacterial infections in warmwater fish. Di dalam: Faisal M, Hetrich FM, editor Annual review of fish disease. Pergamon Press. New York. p 37-68. Tripathi NK, Latimer KS, Burnley VV. 2004. Haematologic reference interval for

koi (Cyprinus carpio), including blood cell morphology, cytochemistry and ultrastructure. J Veterinary Clinical Pathology33:74-83.

Verschuere L, Rombaut G, Sorgeloos P, Verstraete W. 2000. Probiotics bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. J Microbiology and Molecular Biology Review. Dec. 64:655-671.

Vonti O. 2008. Gambaran darah ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio Linn) strain Sinyonya yang berasal dari daerah Ciampea-Bogor. [Skripsi]. Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan. Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Wedemeyer GA and Yasutake WT.1977. Clinical methods for the assessement of the effect environmental stress on fish health. Technical Papaers Of The U.S. Fish and Wildfield Service. US.Depart. Of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service.89:1-17.

Wedemeyer GA, Barton BA, Mc Leay DJ.1990. Stress and acclimation. Di dalam: Schreck CB, Moyle PB, editor.Methods for fish biology. Bethesda, USA: American Fisheries Society hlm:45-477.

Widanarni, Elly DT, Soelityowati dan Suwanto A. 2008. Pemberian bakteri probiotik skt-b pada larva udang windu (Penaeus monodon) melalui pengkayaan artemia. Jurnal Akukultur Indonesia 7:129-137.

Widanarni, Suwanto A, Sukenda, dan Lay BW. 2003. Potency of vibrio isolates for biocontrol of vibriosis in tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) Larvae.

Biotropia20:11-23

Widdel F. 2007. Theory and measurement of bacterial growth. Grundpraktikum Mikrobiologie, 4. Sem. (B.Sc). Germany: Universitat Bremen.

Winarti. 2010. Kerentanan ikan jelawat Leptobarbus hoevenii Blkr terhadap infeksi bakteri patogen [Tesis]. Bogor; Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

ke- tanpa penyiponan (PA) dengan penyiponan (KS) A. hydrophila (PK)

Perlakuan PA Perlakuan KS Perlakuan PK

0 Norm, Rspc Norm, Rspc Norm, Rspc

1 Norm, Rspc Norm, Rspc Norm, Rspc

2 Norm, Bdp, Bds, Sol Norm, Rspc Norm, Bdp, Bds, Sol 3 Bdp, Bds, Lmh, Sol Norm, Rspc Bdp, Bds, Lmh, Sol 4 Bdp, Bds, Lmh, Sol Norm, Rspc Bdp, Bds, Lmh, Sol 5 Bdp, Bds, Lmh, Sol Norm, Rspc Bdp, Bds, Lmh, Sol 6 Bdp, Tb, Lmh, Gasp, Sol Norm, Rspc Bdp, Tb, Lmh, Gasp, Sol 7 Bdp, Tb, Lmh, Gasp, Sol Norm, Rspc Bdp, Tb, Lmh, Gasp, Sol 8 Bdp, Tb, Lmh, Gasp, Sol Norm, Rspc Bdp, Tb, Lmh, Gasp, Sol 9 Bdp, Tb, Lmh, Gasp, Sol Norm, Rspc Bdp, Tb, Lmh, Gasp, Sol 10 Bdp, Tb, Lmh, Gasp, Sol Norm, Rspc Bdp, Tb, Lmh, Gasp, Sol 11 Norm, Lmh, Sol, Norm, Rspc Norm, Lmh, Sol

12 Norm Norm, Rspc Norm

13 Norm Norm, Rspc Norm

14 Norm Norm, Rspc Norm

Keterangan:

Norm : Berenang teratur di dasar dan kolom air Lmh : Berenang lemah

Bdp : Berenang di permukaan air Bds : Berkumpul disudut akuarium

Agr : Agresif Gasp : Megap – megap

Sol : Soliter Rspc : Respon cepat

ke- tanpa penyiponan (PA) dengan penyiponan (KS) A. hydrophila (PK)

Perlakuan A Perlakuan KS Perlakuan K

0 Pakan normal, Cepat Pakan normal, Cepat Pakan normal, Cepat

1 Pakan normal, Cepat Pakan normal, Cepat Pakan normal, Cepat

2 Pakan normal, Normal Pakan normal, Cepat Pakan normal, Normal

3 Pakan normal, Normal Pakan normal, Cepat Pakan normal, Normal

4 Pakan normal, Normal Pakan normal, Cepat Pakan normal, Normal

5 Pakan normal, Lambat Pakan normal, Cepat Pakan normal, Lambat

6 Pakan sedikit, Lambat Pakan normal, Cepat Pakan sedikit, Lambat

7 Pakan sedikit, Lambat Pakan normal, Cepat Pakan sedikit, Lambat

8 Pakan sedikit, Lambat Pakan normal, Cepat Pakan sedikit, Lambat

9 Pakan sedikit, Lambat Pakan normal, Cepat Pakan sedikit, Lambat

10 Pakan sedikit, Lambat Pakan normal, Cepat Pakan sedikit, Lambat

11 Pakan sedikit, Lambat Pakan normal, Cepat Pakan sedikit, Lambat

12 Pakan normal, Cepat Pakan normal, Cepat Pakan normal, Cepat

13 Pakan normal, Cepat Pakan normal, Cepat Pakan normal, Cepat

14 Pakan normal, Cepat Pakan normal, Cepat Pakan normal, Cepat

Keterangan:

Normal : 3-4 detik waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mengambil pakan berikutnya. Cepat : < 3 detik waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mengambil pakan berikutnya.

Lambat : 5 detik atau lebih waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mengambil pakan berikutnya. Jumlah pakan normal : 4-7 g /akuarium

jam ke- 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

A.hydrophila 0.01 5.15 6.15 7.15 8.15 9.15 9.59 10.69 10.89 14.38 16.23 19.17 18.15

B. Kepadatan A. hydrophila pada media budidaya penelitian tahap 1 PERLAKUAN

BAKTERI 0 1 2 3 4 KEPADATAN 5 6 A.hydrophila7 8(Log 10 cfu/ml)9 10 11 12 13 14 PA1 (TA, TP) 2.00 1.95 1.40 1.45 1.30 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.20 1.10 1.30 1.30 1.10 0.00

PA2 (A,TP) 2.00 2.18 2.18 1.80 2.14 1.10 1.10 1.80 1.50 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.10 0.00 0.00 PA3 (A, P) 2.00 2.12 3.50 5.40 9.10 7.30 7.10 6.30 8.11 7.40 7.30 7.20 7.10 6.09 6.12 PA4 (TA,P) 2.00 3.21 5.36 7.13 8.84 10.23 12.24 12.81 13.40 16.28 14.15 13.40 11.34 10.30 10.16 PA5 (TA,P) 2.00 2.56 5.43 6.75 8.21 10.66 12.42 11.10 11.40 14.43 14.05 14.03 14.02 12.09 12.08

C. Kepadatan A. hydrophila pada media budidaya penelitian tahap 3 PERLAKUAN

BAKTERI 0 2 KEPADATAN 4 6A.hydrophila 8 (Log 10 cfu/ml)10 12 14 PA 2.00 6.75 8.12 7.91 8.50 5.21 5.97 7.17 PK 2.00 5.48 7.20 6.82 9.17 5.48 6.20 7.30 KS 2.48 5.00 5.40 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.77 5.29 D. Kepadatan A. hydrophila pada media budidaya penelitian tahap 4 hari ke 7

PERLAKUAN

BAKTERI (Log 10 cfu/ml)A. hyrophila

PAP 7.45

PC 6.31

PK 7.25

jam ke- 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 B.firmus 0.01 4.93 5.20 6.15 7.15 8.15 9.05 9.10 11.61 13.40 15.30 17.12 17.10 B. Kepadatan bakteri probiotik B. firmus pada media budidaya penelitian tahap 2

PERLAKUAN

BAKTERI KEPADATAN BAKTERI (Log 10 cfu/ml)0 1 2 3 4 PP1 (TA, TP) 2 2.48 2.32 1.10 2.16 PP2 (A,TP) 2 4.41 6.18 6.14 4.11 PP3 (TA, P) 2 5.24 10.12 11.10 12.31

Dokumen terkait