Simpulan
Populasi Lactobacillus sp. di usus pada perlakuan probiotik dan sinbiotik berkisar antara 101 sampai 106 (CFU/gram). Tingkat kelangsungan hidup (SR) ikan uji mencapai 100% pada perlakuan Sin, Pre, Pro serta K(-), sedangkan pada perlakuan K(+) sebesar 43,33%. Tingkat pertumbuhan harian terbaik dicapai pada perlakuan sinbiotik sebesar 3,370±0,14. Nilai FCR perlakuan probiotik, prebiotik dan sinbiotik masing-masing sebesar 1,414±0,13; 1,431±0,08 dan 1,305±0,08. Respon imun pada parameter total eritrosit, hemoglobin, hematokrit, serta total leukosit, menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan Sin lebih baik dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya.
Saran
Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, disarankan perlakuan sinbiotik yang digunakan, dan diperlukan penelitian lanjutan untuk penerapannya dalam skala lapangan, antara lain dengan menggunakan metoda mikroenkapsulasi.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Anderson DP and Siwicki AK. 1993. Basic hematology and serology for fish health programs. Paper presented in second symposium on diseases in Asean Aquaculture “Aquatic Animal Health and The Environment”. Phuket, Thailand. 25 – 29th October 1993. 17hlm.
Angka SL. 2004. Penyakit Motil Aeromonad Septicaemia pada ikan lele dumbo Clarias sp. Forum Pascasarjana, 27: 339-350.
Antenor Aguiar Santos, Maria José T, Ranzani-Paiva, Marcelo Leite da Veiga, Lucas Faustino, Mizue I. Egami. 2012. Hematological parameters and phagocytic activity in fat snook (Centropomus parallelus) bred in captivity. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 33:953-961.
AOAC (Assosiation of Official Agricultural Chemist). 1999. Official Methods of Analysis. 16th ed Volume II. Maryland. USA.
Barbara Grisdale, Helland HJ, Ståle J, and Gatlin DM. 2008. The effects of dietary supplementation with mannanoligosaccharide, fructooligosaccharide or galactooligosaccharide on the growth and feed utilization of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 283:163-167. Bauer AW, Kirby WMM, Sherris JC, and Turck M. 1966. Antibiotic
susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol 36:493-496.
Bergljót Magnadóttir. 2006. Innate immunity of fish (overview). Fish & Shellfish Immunology 20:137–151.
Bernardeau M, Vernoux JP, Dubernet SH and Guéguen M. 2008. Safety assessment of dairy microorganisms: The Lactobacillus genus. Food Microbiology 126: 278-285.
Blaxhall PC and Daisley KW. 1973. Routine haematologycal methods for use with fish blood. J. Fish Biology 5: 577 – 581.
Bratawidjaja KG. 2006. Imunologi Dasar. Edisi keenam. Balai Penerbitan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta.
Buentello JA, Neil WH and Galin III DM. 2010. Effects of dietary prebiotics on the growth, feed efficiency and non-specific immunity of juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus fed soybean based diets. Aquaculture Research 41: 411 – 418.
Bucio A, Hartemink R, Shciama JW, and Rombuts FM. 2004. Screening of Lactobacilli from fish intestines to select a probiotic for warm freshwater fish. Bioscience microflora 23:21-30.
Bücker R, Krug SM, Rosenthal R, Günzel D, Fromm A, Zeitz M., Chakraborty T, Fromm M, Epple HJ, and Schulzke JD. 2011. Aerolysin from Aeromonas hydrophila perturbs tight junction integrity and cell lesion repair in intestinal epithelial HT-29/B6 cells. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 204:1283–92.
Castro R, Bernard D, Lefranc MP, Six A, Benmansour A, and Boudinot P. T cell diversity and TcR repertoires in teleost fish. 2011. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 31: 644-654.
Chao Li, Benjamin Beck, Baofeng Su, Jeffery Terhune, Eric Peatman. 2013. Early mucosal responses in blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) skin to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 34:920-928.
Charalampopoulos D and Rastall RA. 2012. Prebiotiks in foods. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 23:187–191.
Cobas AC, Corzo N, Olano A, Peláez C, Requena T and Ávila M. 2011. Galactooligosaccharides derived from lactose and lactulose: Influence of structure on Lactobacillus, Streptococcus and Bifidobacterium growth.
International Journal of Food Microbiology 149: 81–87.
Cook MT, Tzortzis G, Charalampopoulos D and Khutoryanskiy VV. 2012. Review: Microencapsulation of probiotics for gastrointestinal delivery.
Journal of Controlled Release 162: 56–67.
Davis LM, Martinez L, Walter J, Hutkins R. 2010. A close dependent impact of prebiotic galactooligosaccharides on the intestinal microbiota of healty adults. International Journal of Food Microbiology 144: 85 – 292.
Delgado GTC, Tamashiro WMSC, Maróstica Junior MR, Moreno YMF and Pastore GM. 2011. The putative effects of prebiotiks as immunomodulatory agents. Food Research International 44: 3167–3173. Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan Budidaya. 2013. Statistik menakar target ikan air
tawar tahun 2013. KKP. Jakarta.
Douglas LC, Sanders ME. 2008. Perspectives in practice probiotics and prebiotics in dietetics practice. Am Siet Assoc 108 : 510-521.
Dušan Palić, Claire B. Andreasen, Dawn M. Herolt, Bruce W. Menzel, James A. Roth. 2006. Immunomodulatory effects of β-glucan on neutrophil function in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, 1820).
Developmental & Comparative Immunology 30 : 817-830.
Effendie MI. 1979. Metode biologi perikanan. Yayasan Dewi Sri. Bogor. Eric R Hoffmayer, Jill M Hendon, Glenn R Parsons. Seasonal modulation in the
secondary stress response of a carcharhinid shark, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae . 2012. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 162 : 81-87.
Findrik Z, Šimunović I, Vasić-Rački Đ. 2008. Coenzyme regeneration catalyzed by NADH oxidase from Lactobacillus brevis in the reaction of L-amino acid oxidation. Biochemical Engineering Journal 39 :319-327. Franck A and Leenher LD. 2005. Inulin in Polysaccharides and Polyamides in
the Food Industry. Volume I. Steinbuchel A. dan SK Rhee (eds). Wiley VCH.Weinheim.
Fraser TWK, Rønneseth A, Haugland GT, Fjelldal PG, Mayer I and H.I. Wergeland HI. 2012. The effect of triploidy and vaccination on neutrophils and B-cells in the peripheral blood and head kidney of 0+ and 1+ Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolts. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 33: 60-66.
Furné M, Hidalgo MC, López A, García-Gallego M, Morales AE, Domezain A, Domezainé J, Sanz A. 2005. Digestive enzyme activities in Adriatic sturgeon Acipenser naccarii and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. A comparative study. Aquaculture 200 :391-398.
Gibson GR and Roberfroid MB. 1995. Dietary modulation of human colonic microbiota: Introducing the concept of prebiotiks. Nutrition 125: 1401-1412.
Gibson GR Angus F. 2000. LFRA Ingredients handbook of prebiotics and probiotics. Leatherhead food RA publishing limited. UK.
Giri SS, Sen SS and Sukumaran V. 2012. Effects of dietary supplementation of potential probiotic Pseudomonas aeruginosa VSG-2 on the innate immunity and disease resistance of tropical freshwater fish ,Labeo rohita.
Fish & Shellfish Immunology 32: 1135-1140.
Gopalakannan A and Arul V. 2006. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary intake of chitin, chitosan and levamisole on the immune system of Cyprinus carpio and control of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in ponds. Aquaculture 255: 179–187.
Gropper SS, Jack LS and James LG. 2009. Advanced nutrition and human metabolism. 5thEd. Pre-Press PMG. Canada.
Harikrishnan R, Kim M.-C, Kim J.S, Balasundaram C and Heo M.-S. 2011. Immunomodulatory effect of probiotics enriched diets on Uronema marinum infected olive flounder. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 30: 964-971.
Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C and Heo M.-S. 2012. Effect of Inonotus obliquus enriched diet on hematology, immune response, anddisease protection in kelp grouper, Epinephelus bruneus against Vibrio harveyi.
Hernandez OH, Muthaiyan A, Moreno FJ, Montilla A, M.L. Sanz ML and Ricke SC. 2012. Effect of prebiotik carbohydrates on the growth and tolerance of Lactobacillus. Food Microbiology 30: 355 – 361.
Hideaki Toda, Yasutaka Saito, Takuhito Koike, Fumio Takizawa, Kyosuke Araki, Takeshi Yabu, Tomonori Somamoto, Hiroaki Suetake, Yuzuru Suzuki, Mitsuru Ototake, Tadaaki Moritomo, Teruyuki Nakanishi. 2011. Conservation of characteristics and functions of CD4 positive lymphocytes in a teleost fish. Developmental & Comparative Immunology 35:650-660. Holen E, Winterthun S, Du Z-Y, A.V. Krøvel AV. 2011. Inhibition of p38 MAPK during cellular activation modulate gene expression of head kidney leukocytes isolated from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed soy bean oil or fish oil based diets. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 30:397-405.
Huisman EA. 1987. Principles of fish production. Departemen of fish culture and fisheries Wageningen Agricultural University. Wageningen/Netherland.
Irianto A. 2005. Patologi Ikan Teleostei. Gajah Mada Universitas Press, Yogyakarta. 256 hlm.
Iwama G. 1996. The fish immune system. Academic press, San Diego-London-Boston-New York-Sydney-Tokyo-Toronto. 68-95, 185-222 p.
Köllner B, Blohm U, Kotterba G and Fischer U. 2001. A monoclonal antibody recognizing a surface marker on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) monocytes. Fish Shellfish Immunol 11:127-142.
Kongnum K and Hongpattarakere T. 2012. Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum
isolated from digestive tract of wild shrimp on growth and survival of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) challenged with Vibrio harveyi.
Fish & Shellfish Immunology 32: 170-177.
Kumar S, Raman RP, Pandey PK, Mohanty S, Kumar A and Kumar K. 2013. Effect of orally administered Azadirachtin on non-specific immune parameters of goldfish Carassius auratus (Linn. 1758) and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish and Shellfish Immunology.doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.11.038.
Lamari F, Castex M, Larcher T, Ledevin M, Mazurais D, Bakhrouf A and Gatesoupe F-J. 2012. Comparison of the effects of the dietary addition of two lactic acid bacteria on the development and conformation of sea bass larvae, Dicentrarchus labrax, and the influence on associated microbiota.
Aquaculture, doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture 2012.11.016.
Li J, Beiping T, Kangsen M. 2009. Dietary probiotic Bacillus OJ and isomaltooligosaccharides influence the intestine microbial populations, immune responses and resistance to white spot syndrome virus in shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Aquaculture 291 : 35–40.
Little DC, Bush SR, Belton B, Phuong NT, Young JA and Murray FJ. 2012. Whitefish wars: Pangasius, politics and consumer confusion in Europe.
Marine Policy 36: 738–745.
Liu C-H, Chiu C-H, Wang S-W and Cheng W. 2012. Dietary administration of the probiotic, Bacillus subtilis E20, enhances the growth, innate immune responses, and disease resistance of the grouper, Epinephelus coioides.
Lv-yun Zhu, Li Nie, Guan Zhu, Li-xin Xiang, Jian-zhong Shao. 2013. Advances in research of fish immune-relevant genes: A comparative overview of innate and adaptive immunity in teleosts. Developmental & Comparative Immunology 39:39–62
Mahdhi A, Esteban MÁ, Hmila Z, Bekir K, Kamoun F, Bakhrouf A and Krifi B. 2012. Survival and retention of the probiotic properties of Bacillus sp. strains under marine stress starvation conditions and their potential use as a probiotic in Artemia culture. Research in Veterinary Science 93: 1151– 1159.
Manning TS, Rastall F, and Gibson G. 2004. Prebiotics and lactic acid bacteria.
Microbiology and functional aspects 3th edition. Revised and Expanded. P.419-430. Marcel dekker Inc. New york.
Martha Reyes-Becerril, Tania López-Medina, Felipe Ascencio-Valle, and María Ángeles Esteban. 2011. Immune response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) following experimental infection with Aeromonas hydrophila.
Fish & Shellfish Immunology 31:564-570.
Mathious AS, Gatesoupe FJ, Hervi M, Metailler R and Ollevier F.. 2006. Effect of dietary inulin and oligosaccharides as prebiotiks for weaning turbot,
Psettanational maxima. J. Aquaculture International 143: 219 – 229. Merrifield DL, Dimitroglou A, Foey A, Davies SJ, Baker RTM, Bøgwald J,
Castex M and Ringø E. 2010. Review: The Current status and future focus of probiotic and prebiotik applications for salmonids. Aquaculture 302: 1– 18.
Morelli L, Zonenschain D, Callegari ML, Grossi E, Maisano F and Fusillo M. 2003. Assessment of a new synbiotic preparation in healthy volunteers: survival, persistence of probiotic strains and its effect on the indigenous flora. J. Nutritional 2:11.
Michael T. Cook, George Tzortzis, Dimitris Charalampopoulos, Vitaliy V. Khutoryanskiy. 2012. Review. Microencapsulation of probiotics for gastrointestinal delivery. Journal of Controlled Release 162:56-67.
Na-Nakorn U and Moeikum T. 2009. Genetic diversity of domesticated stocks of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage 1878), in Thailand: Relevance to broodstock management regimes. Aquaculture
297: 70–77.
Narges S, Hoseinifar SH, Merrifield DL, Barati M. 2012. Dietary supplementation of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) improves the innate immune response, stess resistence, digestive enzyme activitis and growth performance of Caspian roach (Rutilus rutilus) fry. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 32 : 316 – 321.
National Research Council (NRC). 1993. Nutrient requirements of fish. Sub committee on fish nutrition, National Research Council. National Academic Press (USA). 114p.
Nayak SK. 2010. Review : Probiotics and immunity: A fish perspective. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 29: 2-14.
Park CW, Youn M, Jung YM, Kim H, Jeong Y, Lee HK, Kim HO, Lee I, Lee SW, Kang KH and Park YH. 2008. New functional probiotic Lactobacillus sakei probio 65 allviats atropic symptoms in the mouse. J. Of Medicinal
Patel S and Goyal A. 2012. The current trends and future perspectives of prebiotiks research: a review. 3 Biotech 2:115–125.
Patterson JA, Burkholder KM. 2003. Aplication of prebiotics and probiotics in poultry production. Poultry science 82:627-631.
Pohlenz C, Buentello A, Criscitiello MF, Mwangi W, Smith R and Gatlin III DM. 2012. Synergies between vaccination and dietary arginine and glutamine supplementation improve the immune response of channel catfish against
Edwardsiella ictaluri. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 33: 543-551.
Putra AN. 2010. Aplikasi probiotik, prebiotik dan sinbiotik untuk meningkatkan kinerja pertumbuhan ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus). Tesis. Bogor. Sekolah Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Qin Zhang, Hongming Ma, Kangsen Mai, Wenbing Zhang, Zhiguo Liufu, Wei Xu. 2010. Interaction of dietary Bacillus subtilis and fructooligosaccharide on the growth performance, non-specific immunity of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology
29:204-211.
Rammelsberg M, Radler ` F. 1990. Antibacterial polypeptides of Lact obacillus species. Applied Microbiology 69:177-184.
Rastall RA. 2005. Mini Review: Modulation of microbial ecology of the human colon probiotics, prebiotiks, and synbiotics to enhance human health: an overview of enabling science and potential applications. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 52: 145-152.
Rastall RA. 2010. Functional oligosaccharides: application and manufacture annual review. J. of Food Science and Technology 1: 305 – 339.
Rawling MD, Merrifield DL, Snellgrove DL, Kühlwein H, Adams A and Davies SJ. 2012. Haemato-immunological and growth response of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed a tropical earthworm meal in experimental diets.
Fish & Shellfish Immunology 32: 1002-1007.
Rebeca Cerezuela, Milena Fumanal, Silvana Teresa Tapia-Paniagua, José Meseguer, Miguel Ángel Moriñigo, Ma Ángeles Esteban. 2013. Changes in intestinal morphology and microbiota caused by dietary administration of inulin and Bacillus subtilis in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) specimens. Fish & Shellfish Immunology. Available online 9 February 2013.
Reed LJ, and Muench H. 1938. A simple method of estimating fifty percent
endpotants. The American Journal of Hygiene 27: 493-497.
Reid G. 2008. Probiotics and prebiotiks – Progress and challenges.International Dairy Journal 18: 969 – 975.
Rey A, Verján N, Ferguson HW and Iregui C. 2009. Pathogenesis of Aeromonas hydrophila strain KJ99 infection and its extracellular products in two species of fish. Veterinary Record 164: 493-499.
Sánchez TP, Balcázar JL, Merrifield DL, Carnevali O, Gioacchini G, de Blas I and Zarzuela IR. 2011. Expression of immune-related genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) induced by probiotic bacteria during
Lactococcus garvieae infection. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 31: 196-201.
Shamekhi F, Shuhaimi M, Ariff A and Manap YA. 2012. Cell viability of microencapsulated Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis under
freeze-drying, storage and gastrointestinal tract simulation conditions. Folia
Microbiol DOI 10.1007/s12223-012-0183-9.
Sica MG, Brugnoni LI, Marucci PL and Cubitto MA. 2012. Characterization of probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from an estuarine environment for application in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) farming. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 101: 869–879.
SNI 01-6483.5-2002. Ikan patin siam (Pangasius hypophthalmus). Produksi kelas pembesaran di kolam. Jakarta.
SNI 7303:2009. Metode identifikasi bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila secara
biokimia. Jakarta.
SNI:01-6483.4–2000. Produksi benih ikan patin siam (Pangasius hypophthalmus) kelas benih sebar. Jakarta.
SNI 7551:2009. Produksi ikan patin pasupati (Pangasius sp) kelas pembesaran di kolam. Jakarta.
Tanbiyaskur. 2011. Efektivitas pemberian probiotik, prebiotik dan sinbiotik melalui pakan untuk pengendalian infeksi Streptococcus agalactiae pada ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus). Tesis. Bogor. Sekolah Pascasarja. Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Tort L, Balasch C, and Mackenzie S. 2003. Fish immune system. A crossroads between innate and adaptive responses. Revision. J. Immunologia 22:277-286.
Touraki M, Karamanlidou G, Karavida P and Chrysi K. 2012. Evaluation of the probiotics Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus plantarum bioencapsulated in Artemia nauplii against vibriosis in European sea bass larvae (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.). World J Microbiol Biotechnol 28: 2425–2433. Vendrell D, Balcázar JL, de Blas I, Zarzuela A, Gironés O and Muzquiz A. 2008. Protection of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from
lactococcosis by probiotic bacteria. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis
31(4): 337-345.
Verschuere L, Rombaut L, Sorgeloos P, Verstraete W. 2000. Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 64:655-671.
Vincenti JE. 2010. Research article: The influence of cell-free Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supernatant on the phagocytic activity of macrophages.
Bioscience Horizons 3(2): 105-112.
Viswanath kiron V. 2012. Fish immune system and its nutritional modulation for preventive health care. Animal Feed Science and Technology 173 : 111-133
Wang BY. 2009. Prebiotiks: Present and future in food science and technology.
Food Res Int 42: 8-12.
Wartono Hadie, Lies Emmawati, Angela Mariana Lusiastuti. 2010. Peningkatan produksi benih ikan patin di unit pembenihan rakyat (UPR) melalui penerapan kekebalan bawaan (Maternal immunity). Prosiding forum inovasi teknologi akuakultur. Pusat Riset Perikanan Budidaya.
Wedemeyer GA and Yasutake WT. 1977. Clinical methods for the assessment of the effect environment stress on fish health. Technical papers of the US.fish and wildfield services. US. Depart. of the interior fish and
Yuexin Ma, Zhiming Liu, Zhiping Yang, Ming Li, Jiao Liu, Jian Song. 2013. Effects of dietary live yeast Hanseniaspora opuntiae C21 on the immune and disease resistance against Vibrio splendidusinfection in juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 34:66-73.
Ziskowski J, Mercaldo-Allen R, Pereira JJ, Kuropat C, Goldberg R. 2008. The effects of fin rot disease and sampling method on blood chemistry and hematocrit measurements of winter flounder,Pseudopleuronectes americanus from New Haven Harbor (1987–1990). Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:740–750.
Zhou QC, Buentello JA and Gatlin III DM. 2010. Effects of dietary prebiotiks on growth performance, immune response and intestinal morphology of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Aquaculture 309: 253-257.
Lampiran
Lampiran 1. Uji karakteristik L. brevis dengan metode API 50 CH
Parameter uji Hasil uji Parameter uji Hasil
uji
GLY (Glycerol) - AMY (Amygdaline) +
ERY (Erytrisol) - ARB (Arbotin) +
DARA (D-Arabinosa) - ESC (Esculine feric citrte) +
LARA (L-Arabinosa) + SAL (Salicine) +
RIB (D-Ribosa) + CEL (D-Cellobiose) +
DXYL (D-Xylose) + MAL (D-Maltose) +
LXYL (L-Xylose) - LAC (D-Rafinose) +
ADO (D-Adonisol) - MEL (D-Melisidase) +
MDX (Methyl-β-D-Xylophiranosida) - SAC (Sacarose) +
GAL (D-Galactosa) + TRE (Trehalosa) +
GLU (D-Glucosa) + INU (Inulin) -
FRU (D-Fructosa) + MLZ (D-Melisidase) -
MNE (D-Manosa) + RAF (D-Rfinosa) -
SBE (L-Sorbose) - AMD (Amidon) -
RHA (L-Rhamnosa) - GLYG (Glycogen) -
DUL (Dulsitol) - XLT (Xylitol) -
INO (Inusitol) - GEN (Genisobiosa) +
MAN (D-Manitol) - TUR (D-Turanosa) -
SOR (D-sorbitol) - LYX (D-Lycosa) -
MDM (Methyl-α-D-Manopiranoside) - TAG (D-Tagarosa) -
MDG (Methyl-α-D-Glucopiranoside) - DFUC (D-Fucosa) -
NAG (N-Asethyl Glucosiamine) + LFUC (L-Fucosa) -
DARL (D-Arabisol) -
LARL (L-Arbisol) -
GNT(Potasium gluconat) +
2KG (Potasium 2 ketogluconat) - 5KG (Potasium 5 ketogluconat) -
Lampiran 2. Uji karakteristik A. hydrophila dengan API 20 E
Parameter uji Hasil uji Parameter uji Hasil uji
ONPG (β Galaktosidase) + RHA (Rhamnose) -
ADH (Arginine dehidrolisis) + SAC (Sacrose) +
LDC (Lysine dehidrolisis) - MEL (Melbiose) -
ODC(Ornitine dekarboksilase) - AMY (Amygdalin) +
CIT (Citrase) - ARA (Arabinosa) +
H2S - OX (Oxidase) +
URC (Urea) - NO2 +
TDA (Tryptophase deaminase) - N2 -
IND (Indol) - MOB ( Motil) +
VP - McC (Mc Conkey) +
GEL (Gelatin) + OF/O +
GLU (Glucosa) + OF/F +
MAN (Manitol) +
INO (Inositol) -
Lampiran 3. Hasil pengukuran FOS dan GOS dari prebiotik yang digunakan dalam penelitian
Lampiran 4. Uji LD50 A. hydrophila terhadap ikan uji Konsentrasi Bakteri (CFU) Persentase 109 94,33 108 84,33 107 66,67 106 48,00 105 24,00 104 6,82
Lampiran 5. Diameter zona hambat uji aktivitas antagonistic L. brevis terhadap
A. hydrophila
Hasil pengukuran Diameter zona hambat (mm) Rata-rata 5.87 ± 0.43
Lampiran 6. Uji aktivitas antagonistik L. brevis terhadap A. hydrophila, (K = Kontrol, L = Lactobacillus brevis)
Lampiran 4. Total bakteri dalam usus (log CFU/gram)
Perlakuan Total Bakteri (sel/gram) hari ke-
30 32 40
K(+) 2.40E+04 TBUD 1.70E+06
K(-) 1.10E+06 7.30E+06 8.70E+06
Pro 1.10E+06 4.10E+06 6.30E+06
Lampiran 5. Total Lactobacillus sp dalam usus (log CFU/gram)
Perlakuan Total Lactobacillus sp (sel/gram) hari ke-
30 32 40
K(+) 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
K(-) 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
Pro 1,13E+01 3.00E+04 1.30E+05
Pre 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
Sin 7.00E+03 4.30E+04 5.80E+05
Lampiran 6. Hasil uji Duncan terhadap total eritrosit ikan uji pada berbagai perlakuan
Hari Perlakuan
K(+) K(-) Pro Pre Sin
Awal 1.14±0.00a 1.14±0.00a 1.14±0.00a 1.14±0.00a 1.14±0.00a 30 1.95±0.04c 1.91±0.06c 2.14±0.12b 2.11±0.03b 2.33±0.10a 31 1.98±0.04d 2.02±0.07d 2.13±0.06c 2.24±0.06b 2.39±0.06a 34 1.79±0.07c 2.17±0.06a 1.94±0.02b 1.94±0.02b 2.20±0.01a 36 1.66±0.10c 2.10±0.02b 2.10±0.02b 2.11±0.03b 2.26±0.05a 38 1.25±0.06c 2.09±0.02b 2.10±0.02b 2.13±0.03b 2.25±0.05a Lampiran 7. Hasil uji Duncan terhadap nilai hemoglobin ikan uji pada berbagai perlakuan
Hari Perlakuan
K(+) K(-) Pro Pre Sin
Awal 6.80±0.00a 6.80±0.00a 6.80±0.00a 6.80±0.00a 6.80±0.00a 30 9.93±0.12b 10.04±0.20b 11.87±0.69a 11.27±0.31a 11.92±0.83a 31 0,87±0.12b 10,04±0.12b 11.87±0.12a 11.27±0.64a 11.92±0.76a 34 8.13±0.58b 9.87±0.12a 8.60±0.72b 8.67±0.23b 8.87±0.42b 36 8.07±0.23c 9.53±0.64a 8.60±0.72bc 8.93±0.12b 10.00±0.20a 38 6.60±1.65c 10.20±0.69a 8.93±0.12b 9.93±0.12a 10.33±0.61a Lampiran 8. Hasil uji Duncan terhadap nilai hematokrit ikan uji pada berbagai perlakuan
Hari Perlakuan
K(+) K(-) Pro Pre Sin
Awal 16.00±0.00a 16.00±0.00a 16.00±0.00a 16.00±0.00a 16.00±0.00a 30 28.27±1.34b 27,98±3.01b 31,77±2.36a 32,86±1.79a 32.11±1.47a 31 29,02±1.20b 29,88±1.98b 32.85±3.77a 32.99±1.10a 33.02±1.65a 34 25.76±0.80a 29.06±2.13a 28.39±2.63a 26.85±0.59a 29.45±2.64a 36 24.78±1.51b 30.14±1.34a 28.54±0.69a 29.57±0.47a 28.26±0.78a 38 21.59±2.07c 31.17±1.20a 28.48±2.18ab 27.94±0.58b 31.03±0.78a
Lampiran 9. Hasil uji Duncan terhadap total leukosit ikan uji pada berbagai perlakuan
Hari Perlakuan
K(+) K(-) Pro Pre Sin
Awal 0.93±0.00a 0.93±0.00a 0.93±0.00a 0.93±0.00a 0.93±0.00a 30 1.44±0.03b 1.43±0.08b 1.48±0.01b 1.56±0.02a 1.57±0.01a 31 1.51±0.01cd 1.50±0.03d 1.55±0.02bc 1.61±0.04a 1.60±0.03ab 34 1.86±0.02b 1.51±0.04c 1.87±0.01b 2.00±0.03a 2.05±0.04a 36 1.51±0.05c 1.52±0.06c 1.55±0.03c 1.66±0.04b 1.78±0.02a 38 1.52±0.04a 1.50±0.05a 1.55±0.02a 1.53±0.04a 1.55±0.07a Lampiran 10. Hasil uji Duncan terhadap nilai monosit ikan uji pada berbagai perlakuan
Hari Perlakuan
K(+) K(-) Pro Pre Sin
Awal 3.00±0.00a 3.00±0.00a 3.00±0.00a 3.00±0.00a 3.00±0.00a 30 3,33±0,57b 3,41±0.54b 4.54±0.53b 4.44±0,59ab 4,67±0,59a 31 3,67±1,15b 4.67±0.50b 5.33±0.58b 5.00±0.00b 5.67±0,52a 34 5,01±0.58b 5,07±0,55b 6.33±0.58a 6,00±0.58ab 6,87±0.58a 36 1,33±1,15b 3.67±1.53a 4.00±1.00a 2.33±0.58ab 2,67±0,58ab 38 1.00±0.58a 0.67±0.58a 2.00±1.00a 0.67±0.58b 1.67±0,58a Lampiran 11. Hasil uji Duncan terhadap nilai limfosit ikan uji pada berbagai perlakuan
Hari Perlakuan
K(+) K(-) Pro Pre Sin
Awal 65.00±0.00a 65.00±0.00a 65.00±0.00a 65.00±0.00a 65.00±0.00a 30 65.33±0.58b 65.00±1.73b 68.67±1.15a 69.67±1.53a 70.67±2.08a 31 64.33±0.58c 64.67±0.58c 65.67±1.15bc 67.33±1.15a 66.67±0.58ab 34 67.67±1.53a 67.33±1.15a 67.00±1.00a 68.67±1.15a 68.67±1.15a 36 69.00±1.00a 68.67±1.15a 69.33±1.15a 70.33±0.58a 70.67±2.52a 38 69.33±1.15a 71.00±1.73a 69.00±1.00a 69.67±0.58a 70.00±1.00a Lampiran 12. Hasil uji Duncan terhadap nilai neutrofil ikan uji pada berbagai perlakuan
Hari Perlakuan
K(+) K(-) Pro Pre Sin
Awal 4.00±0.00a 4.00±0.00a 4.00±0.00a 4.00±0.00a 4.00±0.00a 30 5.00±0.73a 5.67±0.58a 5,72±1.00b 5,69±1.00b 5,94±1.00b 31 5.21±0.53ab 6.33±0.58ab 6,52±0.58a 6,81±2.52a 6,92±0.58a 34 5,35±0,58b 6,32±1.00ab 6,54±0.58a 6,97±0.52a 6,98±0.58a 36 2.67±1.15a 2.33±0.58a 2.00±1.00a 2.00±1.00a 2.33±0,58a
Lampiran 13. Hasil uji Duncan terhadap nilai aktivitas fagositik ikan uji pada berbagai perlakuan
Hari Perlakuan
K(+) K(-) Pro Pre Sin
Awal 70.00±0.00a 70.00±0.00a 70.00±0.00a 70.00±0.00a 70.00±0.00a 30 72.33±3.79c 72.67±2.31c 75.33±1.15bc 82.00±6.93ab 83.33±2.31a 31 70.67±3.06b 71.33±2.52b 78.67±6.43ab 81.67±1.53a 83.00±6.08a 34 90.33±4.51a 72.33±3.06b 90.67±8.33a 92.67±3.06a 95.33±3.06a 36 90.00±6.93a 73.67±4.73b 88.00±5.29a 89.33±6.43a 92.67±1.15a 38 88.67±5.77a 75.33±1.15b 82.67±4.16ab 81.33±3.21ab 85.33±6.43a Lampiran 14. Hasil uji Duncan terhadap nilai Kelangsungan hidup ikan uji pada berbagai perlakuan
Perlakuan Rataan Perbedaan K(-) 100.00±0.00 a
Pre 100.00±0.00 a Sin 100.00±0.00 a Pro 100.00±0.00 a
K(+) 43.33±11.55 b
Lampiran 15. Hasil uji Duncan terhadap nilai laju pertumbuhan harian ikan uji berdasarkan bobot pada berbagai perlakuan
Perlakuan Rataan Perbedaan Sin 3,370±0.14 a
Pre 3,047±0.10 b
Pro 3,001±0,20 b
K(+) 2,578±0,13 C
K(-) 2,505±0,07 C
Lampiran 16. Hasil uji Duncan terhadap pertumbuhan ikan uji berdasarkan panjang pada berbagai perlakuan
Perlakuan Rataan Perbedaan Sin 3,80±0,35 a
Pre 3,13±0,50 ab
Pro 3,03±0,25 b
K(+) 2,10±0,44 c
Lampiran 17. Hasil uji Duncan terhadap nilai Nilai FCR ikan uji pada berbagai perlakuan
Perlakuan Rataan Perbedaan
K(-) 1.731±0.06 a
K(+) 1.664±0.10 a
Pre 1.431±0.08 b
Pro 1.414±0.13 b
RIWAYAT HIDUP
Penulis dilahirkan di Purwakarta pada tanggal 6 Juni 1970 dari Bapak Elom Zaenul Alam dan Ibu Entin Sumartini. Penulis merupakan putri ketiga dari tiga bersaudara.
Pendidikan yang diselesaikan penulis untuk Sekolah Dasar pada tahun 1983 di SD Latihan Sukabumi, Sekolah Menengah Pertama pada tahun 1986 di SMP Negeri 2 Sukabumi dan Sekolah Menengah Atas tahun 1989 di SMA Negeri 1 Sukabumi. Tahun 1994 penulis telah menyelesaikan program sarjana pada Program Studi Budidaya Perairan, Institut Pertanian Bogor, dan pada tahun 2011 penulis melanjutkan studi di Program Studi Ilmu Akuakultur, Sekolah Pasca Sarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor.
1. PENDAHULUAN
Latar Belakang
Ikan patin siam (Pangasionodon hypophthalmus) merupakan salah satu jenis patin yang banyak dibudidayakan di Indonesia, serta menjadi salah satu komoditas unggulan sektor perikanan. Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (KKP) terus memacu peningkatan produksi patin, dimana target produksi nasional pada tahun 2012 sebesar 651 ribu ton akan ditingkatkan menjadi 1107 ribu ton pada tahun 2013 (Dirjen Budidaya, 2013). Berbagai langkah terus dilakukan mulai dari perbaikan sarana dan prasarana, penyediaan induk serta benih berkualitas, serta pengelolaan komponen–komponen budidaya dalam setiap tahapan kegiatan.
Keberhasilan setiap tahapan kegiatan budidaya patin dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, antara lain manajemen kesehatan ikan seperti tindak pencegahan dan penanggulangan penyakit. Salah satu penyakit pada budidaya patin adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila dan dikenal dengan motil aeromonad septicaemia (MAS). Wartono et al., (2010) menyatakan bahwa tingkat kematian benih patin akibat MAS dapat mencapai 40-80%. Bakteri
A.hydrophila memproduksi faktor–faktor virulensi berupa eksotoksin yang penting dalam patogenitas, salah satunya adalah enzim proteolitik yang dapat merusak dinding intestin inang hingga terjadi oedema.Gejala serangan bakteri ini adalah penimbunan cairan dalam rongga perut (abdominal dropsy), luka pada kulit dan otot (Rey et al., 2009).
Berbagai langkah pencegahan dan penanggulangan telah dilakukan untuk mengatasi penyakit ini, salah satunya adalah penggunaan antibiotika. Namun demikian pada pelaksanaan ditingkat pembudidaya, seringkali ditemukan kasus penggunaan dosis dan waktu pemakaian antibiotika tersebut yang tidak tepat.