DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
B. Luas Daerah Jelajah
VI. SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
6.1 Simpulan
Rata-rata jarak jelajah harian harimau sumatera translokasi bervariasi antara 2,8 km-4,0 km. Jarak pergerakan ini ada kaitannya dengan kondisi topografi medan dan tipe tutupan vegetasi yang mendominasi wilayah jelajahnya. Pola pergerakan dan penjelajahannya tidak dilakukan secara acak, namun umumnya mengikuti batas (edge) antara dua tipe tutupan lahan, terutama pada batas antara hutan dataran rendah dan belukar (hutan sekunder muda). Waktu yang paling disukai untuk melakukan aktivitas pergerakan dan perburuan hewan mangsa adalah pada petang hingga menjelang tengah malam (antara pukul 18.00 sampai dengan 22.00 WIB).
Terdapat variasi baik pada bentuk maupun ukuran daerah jelajah harimau sumatera yang ditranslokasikan. Luas daerah jelajah jantan berkisar antara 37,5 km2 – 188,1 km2 sedangkan luas daerah jelajah betina 376,8 km2. Ukuran daerah jelajah ini dibangun berdasarkan ketersediaan hewan mangsa utama di lokasi pelepas-liaran. Karakteristik areal yang disukai harimau sumatera translokasi adalah batas-batas hutan, yang berada pada ketinggian elevasi dibawah 1.000 meter dpl serta bertopografi datar hingga landai, yang terdapat di dalam wilayah jelajahnya.
Harimau translokasi membutuhkan waktu antara 8-17 minggu untuk membangun daerah jelajah tetapnya. Keberadaan harimau lokal yang sudah lebih dahulu mendiami kawasan pelepas-liaran, terbukti berpengaruh terhadap lamanya waktu dalam penetapan daerah jelajah mereka. Walaupun tidak terbukti secara signifikan, ada kecenderungan bahwa umur harimau ketika dilepas-liarkan serta kelimpahan hewan mangsa di areal pelepas-liaran turut mempengaruhi lamanya waktu penetapan daerah jelajah. Selain itu, perbedaan karakteristik daerah jelajah harimau di tempat asal dengan karakteristik di areal translokasi, mungkin juga turut berpengaruh pada lamamnya waktu penetapan daerah jelajah tersebut.
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Meski ada kecenderungan bahwa harimau translokasi memilih tipe vegetasi alami dominan (mayoritas) yang tersedia pada lansekap sebagai habitat utamanya, namun mosaik hutan dataran rendah dan vegetasi belukar (hutan sekunder muda) merupakan tipe vegetasi yang paling disukainya. Harimau sumatera translokasi menggunakan habitat utama dengan proporsi yang sama baik pada siang maupun malam hari.
Di kawasan hutan Ulu Masen, kehadiran harimau translokasi pada satu areal secara signifikan ditentukan oleh beberapa faktor lingkungan, antara lain ketinggian tempat/elevasi, jarak dari sungai, jarak dari tepi hutan, NDVI serta kelerengan.
Model regresi logistik yang tersusun bagi kesesuaian habitat harimau translokasi di kawasan hutan Ulu Masen adalah sebagai berikut:
Z = -1,149 - (1,563*elv)-(0,205*jsg)-(1,021*jth)+(3,724*ndv)+(0,062*slp)
Peluang kehadiran (presence) harimau sumatera translokasi pada wilayah studi di kawasan hutan Ulu Masen adalah:
1 P =
1 + e-(-1,149 - (1,563*elv)-(0,205*jsg)-(1,021*jth)+(3,724*ndv)+(0,062*slp)) Dimana, P= probabilitas; e adalah bilangan alam = 2,7182818
Berdasarkan model kesesuaian habitat, 95% kawasan hutan Ulu Masen (sekitar 7.500 km2) memiliki kriteria sesuai dan sangat sesuai sebagai habitat harimau sumatera. Model regresi logistik yang dibangun berdasarkan pendekatan titik kehadiran (presence), ternyata hasilnya kurang memuaskan atau kurang layak (validitas 46,6%). Model tersebut tersusun atas variabel- variabel lingkungan yang hanya dapat menjelaskan kesesuaian habitat harimau sebesar 30,2%.
Kriteria lokasi yang baik bagi translokasi harimau sumatera adalah suatu lansekap dimana terdapat mosaik perpaduan antara hutan dataran rendah dengan vegetasi belukar (hutan sekunder muda), bertopografi datar
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hingga landai, serta pada ketinggian dibawah 1.000 meter dpl. Areal tersebut juga sebaiknya terbebas dari perburuan dan perambahan, serta jauh dari pemukiman penduduk. Di kawasan hutan Ulu Masen terdapat 388,1 km2 (5,2% luas total kawasan) areal yang diduga sangat sesuai, dan 2.135,67 km2 (28,5%) areal yang sesuai untuk lokasi translokasi harimau sumatera.
6.2 Saran
Saat ini, kalung GPS merupakan satu alat yang paling akurat, yang mulai banyak digunakan dalam mempelajari ekologi perilaku satwaliar. Oleh sebab itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian terkait ekologi perilaku pada harimau sumatera liar, terutama pada harimau sumatera yang hidup pada lansekap campuran di luar kawasan konservasi, agar pengelolaannya dapat diperbaiki/ditingkatkan.
Sebaiknya dilakukan kajian yang komprehensif pada areal kawasan hutan yang akan dijadikan lokasi translokasi, termasuk ketersediaan hewan mangsa, struktur demografi harimau lokal, intensitas gangguan manusia (perburuan dan jerat), serta kajian sosial masyarakat yang hidup berdampingan dengan calon lokasi translokasi, agar tingkat keberhasilannya dapat sesuai dengan harapan. Selain itu, tidak disarankan untuk melakukan translokasi harimau ke kawasan-kawasan hutan yang terpencil di tengah pegunungan, karena selain sudah pasti berbiaya sangat mahal, ada kecenderungan harimau yang ditranslokasikan juga akan kembali mencari lansekap hutan dataran rendah yang berpadu dengan vegetasi belukar/hutan sekunder muda.
Mempertimbangkan harimau memiliki wilayah jelajah luas, tidak mengenal batas-batas administratif serta dapat melintas pada berbagai jenis lansekap, maka sudah saatnya mengembangkan kemitraan dengan para pemangku kepentingan lain di luar Kementerian Kehutanan dalam upaya konservasi harimau sumatera, agar semua pihak dapat berpartisipasi dan berkontribusi sehingga visi manajemen konservasi yang berkelanjutan dapat tercapai.
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Mengingat harimau merupakan satwa yang memiliki jelajah luas dan selalu bergerak, maka perlu dilakukan pengulangan pemodelan kesesuaian
habitat harimau dengan pendekatan “grid” menggunakan data serupa
sehingga komponen-komponen lingkungan yang penting pada lansekap (misalnya panjang tepi hutan, jenis tepi hutan, struktur lansekap dan lain-lain) dapat dikutsertakan dalam membangun model, agar model yang terbangun menjadi lebih akurat.
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