• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Simpulan

Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penambahan FBS dan BSA mampu mendukung tingkat maturasi dan tingkat fertilisasi yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kelompok PVA dan Kontrol.

Saran

Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut hingga tahap kultur embrio untuk melihat pengaruh penambahan serum atau komponennya (BSA), dan makromolekul PVA pada tahap lebih lanjut.

17

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Abe H, Yamashita S, Itoh T, Satoh T, Hoshi H. 1999. Ultrastructure of bovine embryos developed from in vitro matured and fertilized oocytes: comparative morphological evaluation of embryos cultured either in serum free medium or in serum supplemented medium. Mol Reprod Dev. 53:325-335.

Ali A, Sirard MA. 2002. Effect of the absence or presence of various protein supplements on further development of bovine oocytes during in vitro maturation. Biol Reprod. 66:901-905.

Bavister BD, Rose-Hellekant TA, Pinyopummintr T. 1992. Development of in vitro matured in vitro fertilized bovine embryos into morulae and blastocysts in defined culture media. Theriogenology. 37:124-46.

Bavister BD. 1995. Culture of preimplantation embryos: facts and artifacts. Hum Reprod Update. 1:1481-1491.

Bjare U. 1992. Serum-free cell culture. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 53:355– 374.

Blake D, Svalander P, Jin M, Silversand C, Hamberger L.2002. Protein supplementation of human IVF culture media. J Assist Repord Genet. 19:3-10.

Butler M, Jenkins H. 1989. Nutritional aspects of the growth of animal-cells in culture. Jour of Biotech. 12:97–110

Choi YH, Lee BC, Lim JM, Kang SK, Hwang WS. 2002. Optimization of culture medium for cloned bovine embryos and its influence on pregnancy and delivery outcome. Theriogenology. 58:1187-1197.

Cleine JH. 1996. Fertilization: Theory. In: Bras M, Lens JW, Piederiet MH, Rijnders PM, Verveld M, Zeilmaker GH. IVF Lab. NV Organon 127-145. Davis JM. 2002. Basic Cell Culture. A Practical Approach. 2nd Ed. Oxford

University Press.

Ducibella T. 2002. Egg-to-embryo transition is driven by differentian responses to Ca2+ oscillation number. Dev Biol. 250:280-291.

Dumollard R, Duchen R, Carrol J. 2007. The role of mitochondrial function in the oocyte and embryo. Dev Biol. 77:21-49.

Elhassan YM, Wu AC, Leanez RJ, Tasca AJ, Watson R, Westhusin ME. 2001. Amino acid concentrations in fluids from the bovine oviduct and uterus and in ksom-based culture media. Theriogenology.55:1907-1918.

Fallon MN, Rammell CG, Hoogenboom JL.1988. Amino acids in bovine sera. New Zea Vet Jour. 36:96-98.

Fortune JE, Rivera GM, Evans ACO, Turzillo AM. 2001. Differentiation of dominant versus subordinate follicles in cattle. Biol Reprod. 65:648-654. Francis GL. 2010. Albumin and mammalian cell culture: implications for

biotechnology applications. Cytotechnology.62:1-26.

Gandolfi F, Brevini T.A.L, Cillo F, Antonini, S. 2005. Cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating oocyte quality and the relevance for farm animal reproductive efficiency. Reprod Anim. 24 :413-423.

Gardner DK, Lane M, Spitzer A, Batt PA. 1994.Enhanced rates of cleavage and development for sheep zygotes cultured to the blastocyst stage in vitro in the

18

absence of serum and somatic cells: amino acids, vitamins, and culturing embryos in groups stimulate development. Biol Reprod. 50:390-400.

Gordon I. 2003. Laboratory Production of Cattle Embryos 2nd Edition. CABI publishing. Willingford UK.

Gstraunthaler G. 2003. Alternatives to the use of fetal bovine serum: serum-free cell culture. ALTEX. 20:275–281.

Gualtieri, R. and Talevi, R. 2000. In vitro-cultured bovine oviductal cells bind acrosome-intact sperm and retain this ability upon sperm release. Biol Reprod. 62:1754–1762.

Hafez B, Hafez ESE. 2000. Reproduction in Farm Animal. Hafez B, Hafez ESE, editor. Ed-7. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Hammam AM, Whisnant CS, Elias A, Zaabel SM, Hegab AO, Abu-El Naga EM. 2010. Effect of media, sera and hormones on in vitro maturation and fertilization of water buffallos (bubalus bubalis). J Anim Vet. 9:27-31. Helmy MH, Ismail SS, Fayed H, El-Bassiouni, EA. 2000. Effect of selenium

supplementation on the activities of glutathione metabolizing enzymes in human hepatoma Hep G2 cell line. Toxicology. 144 :57–61.

Hilger C, Grigioni F, De Beaufort C, Michel G, Freilinger J, Hentges F. 2001. Differential binding of IgG and IgA antibodies to antigenic determinants of bovine serum albumin. Clin Exp Immunol. 3:387-394

Jochems CEA, Van der Valk JBF , Stafleu FR, Baumans V. (2002). The use of fetal bovine serum: ethical or scientific problem. ATLA. 30: 219 227.

Karja NWK, Otoi T, Murakami,Fahrudin M, Suzuki T. 2002. In vitro maturation, fertilization, and development of domestic cat oocytes recovered from ovaries collected at three stage of reproductive cycle. Theriogenology. 57:2289-2298.

Keenan J, Pearson D, Clynes M. 2006. The role of recombinant proteins in the development of serum-free media. Cytotechnology 50:49–56.

Kim JY, Kim SB, Park MC, Park H, Park YS, Park HD, Lee JH, KimJM. 2007. Addition of macromolecules to PZM-3 culture medium on the development and hatching of in vitro porcine embryos. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci. 20 :1820-1826.

Kochhar HP, Morris LH, Buckrell BC, Pollard JW, Basrur PK, King WA. 2002. Maturation status, protein synthesis and developmental competence of oocytes derived from lambs and ewes. Reprod Domes Anim. 37:19-25. Kroschwitz JI. 1998. Concise Encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering.

New York: John Willey & Sons Inc

Landim-Alvarenga FC, Boyazoglu SEA, Carvalho LR, Choi YH, Squires EL, Seidel JR. 2002. Effects of fetuin on zona pellusida hardening, fertilization and embryo development in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci. 71:181-191.

Lane ME, Therien I, Moreau R, Manjunath P. 1999. Heparin and high density lipoprotein mediate bovine sperm capacitation by different mechanisms. Biol Reprod. 60:169–175.

Langendonckt AV, Donnay I, Schuurbiers N, Auquier P, CarolanC.1997. Effects of supplementation with fetal calf serum on development of bovine embryos in synthetic oviduct fluid medium. J Reprod Fertil. 109:87-93.

Lee ES, Pugh PA, Allen N, Fukui Y, Thompson JG.1998. (5-3H)-glucose and (114C)- pyruvate utilization by fresh and frozen thawed Day 7 IVP bovine

19 blastocysts cultured in PVA or BSA supplemented medium. Theriogenology. 49:233-241.

Leese HJ. 1988. Formation and function of oviduct fluid. J Reprod Fertil. 82:843-856.

Lindl, T., Gstraunthaler, G., 2008. Zell- und Gewebekultur. Von den Grundlagen zur Laborbank. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg..

Liu L, Zhang HW, Qian JF, Fujihara N. 1998. Effect of cycloheximide on bovine oocyte nuclear progression and sperm head transformation after fertilization in vitro. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci. 12:22-27.

Lodde V, Modina S, Maddox-Hytell P, Franciosi F, Lauria A, Luciano AM. 2008. Oocyte morphology and trancriptional in relation to chromatin remodelling during final phase of bovine oocyte growth. Mol Reprod Dev.75:915-924. Lonergan P, O’Kearney-Flynn M, Boland MP. 1999. Effect of protein

supplementation and the presence of an antioxidant on the development of bovine zygotes in synthetic oviduct fluid medium under high or low oxygen concentration. Theriogenology. 51:1565-1576.

Lv L, Wenbin Y, Wenzhong L, Youshe R, Fuzhong L, Kyung-Bon L, Goerge W S. 2010. Effect of oocyte selection, estradiol and antioxidant treatment on in vitro maturation of oocyte collected from prepubertal boer goats. Italian J Anim Sci. 9:50-53.

Mandl EW, Jahr H, Koevoet JL, Van Leeuwen JP, Weinans H, Verhaar JA, Van Osch GJ. 2004. Fibroblast growth factor-2 in serum-free medium is a potent mitogen and reduces dedifferentiation of human ear chondrocytes inmonolayer culture. Matrix Biology. 23:231–241.

Mc Dowall, M L S, Gilchrist R B and Thompson J G. 2004. Cumullus expansion and glucose utilization by bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes during in vitro maturation, the influence of glucosamine and follicle stimulating hormone. J Reprod 128: 313-319.

Masters, JRW. 2000. Animal Cell Culture. A Practical Approach. 3rd Ed. Oxford University Press.

Mingoti GZ, Castro VS, Meo SC, Sa Barretto LS, Garcia JM. 2001. The effects of macromolecular and serum supplements and oxygen tension during bovine in vitro procedures on kinetics of oocyte maturation and embryo development. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 47:361-367.

Orsi NM, Leese HJ. 2004. Amino acid metabolism of preimplantation bovine embryos cultured with bovine serum albumin or polyvinyl alcohol. Theriogenology. 61:561-572.

Price PJ, Gregory EA. 1982. Relationship between in vitro growth promotion and biophysical and biochemical properties of the serum supplement. In Vitro 18:576-584.

Ptak G, Loi P, Dattena M, Tischner M, Cappai P. 1999. Offspring from one-month-old lambs: studies on the developmental capability of prepubertal oocytes. Biol Reprod. 61:1568-1574

Puri G, Chaudhary SS, Singh VK, Sharma AK. 2015. Effects of fetal bovine serum and estrus buffalo serum on maturation of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) oocytes in vitro. Vet World. 8:143-146.

Rahman MA, Abdullah RB, Wan Khadijah WE. 2008. In vitro maturation of oocyte with special reference to goat: A review. Biothecnology. 7:599-611.

20

Rizos D, Lonergan P, Ward F, Wade M, Boland MP. 2001. Implications of culturing bovine zygotes in vivo or in vitro for blastocyst development and quality. Reproduction.27:38-39.

Saeki K, Hoshi M, Leibfried-Rutledge ML, First NL. 1991. In vitro fertilization and development of bovine oocytes matured in serum-free medium. Biol Reprod. 44(2):256-60.

Shah G. 1999. Why do we still use serum in the production of biopharmaceuticals. Dev. Biol. Stand. 99:17-22.

Shirazi A, Soleimani M, Karimi M, Nazari H, Ahmadi E, Heidari B. 2010. Vitrification of in vitro produced ovine embryos at various developmental stages using two methods. Cryobiology. 60:204-10.

Shirazi A, Ardali MA, Ahmadi E, Nazari H, Mamuee M, Heidari B. 2012. The effect of macromolecule source and type of media during in vitro maturation of sheep oocytes on subsequent embryo development. J Reprod Infertil. 13:13-19.

Schneider M, Marison IW, Vonstockar U. 1996. The importance of ammonia in mammalian cell culture. Jour of Biotech. 46:161–185.

Schroeder AC, Schultz RM, Kopf GS,Taylor FR, Becker RB, Eppig JJ. 1990. Fetuin inhibits zona pellusida hardening and conversion of ZP2 to ZP2f during spontaneous mouse oocyte maturation in vitro in the absence of serum. Biol Reprod. 43:891-897.

Sturmey RG, Leese HJ. 2008. Role of glucose and fatty acid metabolism in porcine early embryo development. Reprod Fertil Dev. 20:149-152.

Tatemoto H, Horiuchi T.1995. Requirement for protein synthesis during the onset of meiosis in bovine oocytes and its involvement in the autocatalytic amplification of maturation-promoting factor. Mol Reprod Dev. 41:47-53. Tatemoto H, Terada T. 1995. Time dependent effects of cycloheximide and alpha

amanitin on meiotic resumption and progression in bovine follicular oocytes. Theriogenology. 43:1107-1113.

Taub M. 1990. The use of defined media in cell and tissue culture. Toxicology in Vitro. 4:213–225.

Tienthai P, Johannisson A,Rodriguez MH. 2004. Sperm capacitation in the porcine oviduct. Anim Reprod Sci. 80:131-146.

Thompson JG, GardnerDK, PughPA, McMillanWH, TervitHR. 1995. Lamb birth weight is affected by culture system utilized during in vitro pre-elongation development of ovine embryos. Biol Reprod. 53:1385-1391.

Thompson JG, MitchellM, KindK. 2007. Embryo culture and long-term consequences. Reprod Fertil Dev. 19:43-52.

VanWinkle LJ. 2001. Amino acid transport regulation and early embryo development. Biol Reprod.64:1-12.

Wani NA. 2002. In vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization of sheep oocytes. Small Rumin Res. 44:89-95.

Wrenzycki C, Herrman D, Keskintepe L, Martins A, Sirisathien S, Brackett B, Niemann H. 2001. Effects of culture system and protein supplementation on mRNA expression in pre-implantation bovine embryos. Hum Reprod. 16:893-901

21 Yanagimachi R. 1994. Mammalian fertilization. In: The Physiology of Reproduction (Ed. E. Knobil and J. D. Neill). Eds New York: Raven Press. 189-131.

Young L, Sinclair, K, Wilmut I.1998. Large offspring syndrome in cattle and sheep. ReprodDev. 3:155-163.

Zhang L, Jiang S, Wozniak PJ, Yang X, Godke R. 1995. Cumulus cell function during bovine oocyte maturation, fertilization and embryo development in vitro. MolRep Dev. 40:338-344.

23

24

Lampiran 1 Komposisi media transportasi ovarium

Komponen Jumlah

Sodium chloride (Sigma Aldrich, USA) 9.0 g

Milli Q water 1000 mL

Penicilin-streptomycin (100IU/mL) 1000 μL Lampiran 2 Komposisi media koleksi

Komponen Jumlah

PBS 100 mL

Penicilin-streptomycin (100 IU/mL) 1000 μL Fetal Bovine Serum 10% (v/v) mL

Stok PBS : 9.6 g (Dulbecco’s Nissui, Japan) / 1000 mL milli - Q water Stok penicillin-streptomycin

Dosis penicillin: 0.06 g/L = 100.000 IU/L Dosis streptomycin :0.1 g/mL

Untuk membuat stok Penicillin 0.0006 g (Sigma-Aldrich. Inc, P-4687) dan streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich. Inc, S-9137) 0.001 g dilarutkan dalam 10 mL milli-Q water.

Fetal Bovine Serum 10% (v/v) mL (untuk stok 50 mL PBS, 5 mL FBS yang digunakan)

Lampiran 3 Komposisi media dasar TCM-199 untuk maturasi oosit

Komponen Jumlah Larutan TCM-199 5 mL PMSG 50 μL hCG 50 μL Gentamycin 5 μL Stok PMSG

Untuk membuat stok, maka 1000 IU PMSG dilarutkan dalam 1 mL TCM 199 Stok hCG

25 Lampiran 4 Komposisi media fertilisasi in vitro

Komponen mM mg/100 mL NaCl 90 525.96 KCl 12 89.46 NaHCO3 25 210.03 NaH2PO4 anhydrous 0.5 6.00 MgSO4 7H2O 0.5 12.33 Sodium lactat 10 112.10 60% syrup 0.19 mL Hepes 10 238.30 CaCl2 2H20 8 117.60 Sodium piruvat 2 22.00 Caffeine anhydrous 2 38.44

BSA (Fatty acid free) 5 mg/mL 500.00

Suzuki et al. (2000). Effect of hyaluron on monospermic penetration of procine oocyte fertilized in vitro. Int J Androl 23:13-21.

26

Dokumen terkait