TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
Simpulan
Tanaman obat yang diteliti seluruhnya berasosiasi dengan cendawan endofit yang beragam. Sebanyak 28 isolat cendawan endofit yang berbeda koloninya diperoleh dari organ fungsional tanaman jahe merah, jati belanda, pegagan lokal, pegagan malaysia, dan temulawak. Hasil identifikasi menggunakan metode kombinasi morfologi dan molekuler menunjukkan bahwa ke 28 isolat terdiri dari 15 spesies, yaitu A. versicolor, A. sydowii, A terreus, C gloeosporioides dan fase teleomorfnya G. cingulata, C. higginsianum, C. affinis, D. phaseolorum, E. album, F. solani, L. theobromae, L. australis, M. indicus, P. cruenta, S. cucurbitacearum, dan T. assiutensis dan. C. gloeosporioides dan fase teleomorfnya G. cingulata merupakan cendawan yang banyak diperoleh dan ditemukan pada tiga dari empat tanaman yang diteliti. Setiap cendawan yang berhasil diisolasi mempunyai aktivitas penghambatan terhadap pertumbuhan cendawan patogen F. oxysporum denganpersentase penghambatan berkisar antara 6.0 sampai 78.9%. T. trachyspermus JBd10 dan F. solani JMd14 mempunyai kemampuan aktivitas penghambatan nyata lebih tinggi. Cendawan M. indicus
PMd1 dan E. album JBd13 mempunyai kemampuan penghambatan yang paling rendah.
Pada tanaman jahe merah yang digunakan sebagai model untuk mempelajari keragaman dan penyebaran endofit pada seluruh organ tanaman, diperoleh sebanyak 30 isolat cendawan endofit. C. gloeosporoides danfase teleomorfnya G. cingulata merupakan cendawan endofit yang paling ditemukan, sama halnya
dengan keempat tanaman. Cendawan R. vagum dan P. macrospinosa merupakan cendawan yang spesifik pada akar; L. kalimantanese dan M. verrucaria hanya diperoleh dari batang; dan Beltraniella sp. hanya terdapat di rimpang tanaman jahe merah. Cendawan endofit C. affinis dan fase teleomorfnya C. geniculatus
ditemukan hidup di daerah tajuk sedangkan A. macroclavatum dan N. punicea
pada sistem perakaran. Cendawan endofit mempunyai kemampuan aktivitas penghambatan terhadap cendawan patogen F. oxysporum dengan persentase penghambatan berkisar antara 1.4 sampai 68.8%. Cendawan C. affinis JMbt7, F. solani JMd14, dan G. cingulata JMr2 mempunyai aktivitas penghambatan yang tinggi sedangkan R. vagum (JMa4) dan C. geniculatus (JMbt9) mempunyai aktivitas penghambatan yang rendah. Kemampuan penghambatan cendawan endofit terhadap cendawan patogen F. oxysporum tidak dipengaruhi oleh organ tanaman di mana cendawan endofit tersebut berasal. Setiap organ tanaman baik fungsional maupun non-fungsional merupakan habitat bagi cendawan yang memiliki kemampuan daya hambat dari rendah sampai tinggi.
Identifikasi dengan cara karakteristik spesi kimia menggunakan FTIR terhadap cendawan endofit dapat mendukung data identifikasi secara molekuler terutama dalam mengidentifikasi cendawan endofit dalam tingkat strain. Kombinasi identifikasi molekuler, spesi kimia menggunakan FTIR, dan kemampuan penghambatan terhadap cendawan patogen dapat membantu identifikasi cendawan ke tingkat spesies dan bahkan ada yang ke tingkat strain. Contoh spesies yang sama tetapi berbeda strain adalah spesies F. solani JMa5 dan
F. solani JMd14; spesies G. cingulata JMr2, G. cingulata JMd4, G. cingulata
JMd5 dan G. cingulata JMd12, C. lunatus JMbt7, C. lunatus JMbt9, dan C. lunatus JMd13. Contoh spesies dengan strain yang sama ialah G. cingulata
JMbt13 dan G. cingulata JMd4 yang tersebar di daun dan batang jahe merah, dan
A. macroclavatum JMa6 dan A. macroclavatum JMr7 yang tersebar di akar dan rimpang jahe merah. Pada organ tertentu tanaman jahe merah dapat dihuni oleh berbegai cendawan dengan spesies yang sama tetapi berbeda strain dan cendawan dengan spesies dan strain yang sama dapat tersebar di berbagai organ tanaman jahe merah.
Saran
Analisis lebih lanjut untuk menentukan senyawa metabolit yang dihasilkan oleh cendawan endofit untuk pengembangan senyawa obat-obatan dan pertanian yang berkelanjutan. Penapisan cendawan endofit potensial perlu dilakukan secara
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