KAJIAN KEPUSTAKAAN
2.4 SIMULASI PROSES
Kajian simulasi proses menyediakan kaedah yang mudah untuk menentukan pencirian proses dan pergantungan terhadap pemboleh ubah reka bentuk dan operasi (Myint & El-Halwagi 2009). Proses simulasi bermula dengan penentuan komponen kimia, dan pemilihan model termodinamik yang sesuai. Setelah itu, unit operasi, keadaan suapan dan kapasiti loji perlu ditetapkan. Kebanyakan data komponen boleh diperolehi di dalam simpanan perisian. Namun, jika data komponen tertentu tiada dalam simpanan perisian, pendaftaran komponen boleh dilakukan dengan memperkenalkan komponen tersebut sebagai komponen kimia yang baru.
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García et al. (2010) menjalankan kajian simulasi bagi menganggar sifat biodiesel ternormal menggunakan pelbagai bahan mentah dengan menggunakan perisian Aspen HYSYS. Mereka membandingkan keputusan yang diperolehi dengan ujikaji yang lepas dari segi pakej termodinamik yang digunakan. Pakej termodinamik yang digunakan adalah seperti pakej dua cecair tidak rawak (NRTL), pakej Redlich-Kwong-Soave, (SRK), pakej kimia separa universal (UNIQUAC), pakej pekali aktiviti kumpulan fungsi UNIQUAC (UNIFAC) dan kombinasi pakej yang tersebut. Mereka mendapati bahawa model ramalan hampir menyamai data eksperimen. Berbeza dengan García et al. (2010), Zhang et al. (2003) melakukan simulasi loji biodiesel daripada sisa minyak masak dengan menggunakan pelbagai jenis mangkin. Rajah 2.6 menunjukkan gambar rajah aliran proses simulasi pengeluaran bahan api biodiesel yang dijalankan oleh Zhang et al. (2003) menggunakan perisian HYSYS.Plant NetVers 2.1.3. Mereka menjalankan transesterifikasi bermangkin alkali dan asid. Dalam kajian mereka, reka bentuk loji biodiesel dijalankan, dan kemudian disimulasikan menggunakan model termodinamik sedia ada. Simulasi menunjukkan bahawa untuk proses transesterifikasi bermangkinkan alkali menggunakan minyak masak tulen untuk menghasilkan biodiesel, jumlah air yang betul boleh membawa kepada pemisahan FAME dan fasa gliserol yang hampir lengkap. Tindak balas transesterifikasi bermangkinkan asid yang dijalankan oleh Zhang et al. (2003) menggunakan suhu tindak balas 80 °C, tekanan 400 kPa, nisbah molar metanol kepada minyak 50:1 yang lebih tinggi daripada transesterifikasi bermangkinkan alkali. Di samping itu, proses penyingkiran asid juga digunakan.
Sama seperti kajian simulasi yang dijalankan oleh Zhang et al. (2003), simulasi proses juga telah dijalankan oleh Sotoft et al. (2010) untuk pengeluaran biodiesel menggunakan enzim sebagai mangkin. Rajah 2.7 menunjukkan gambar rajah aliran proses simulasi pengeluaran bahan api biodiesel yang dijalankan oleh Sotoft et al. (2010). Perbandingan telah dibuat antara proses dengan kewujudan atau ketiadaan bersama pelarut. Dalam kajian mereka, Sotoft et al. menggunakan 3 reaktor tangki teraduk selanjar (RTTS) dengan sesiri dan simulasi dibuat menggunakan perisian komputer Aspen Plus 2006.5 dan Aspen Icarus Process Evaluator 2006.5. Hasil kajian menunjukkan pengeluaran biodiesel yang menggalakkan untuk operasi melibatkan enzim bebas pelarut. Sebaliknya, Kaewcharoensombat et al. (2011) melakukan
simulasi proses biodiesel daripada pelbagai bahan mentah. Mereka menggunakan sisa minyak masak, minyak biji sesawi dan minyak Jatropha sebagai bahan mentah dalam tindak balas transesterifikasi bermangkin alkali. Mereka memperoleh biodiesel berketulenan tinggi iaitu 99.9% apabila proses ini disimulasi menggunakan pensimulasi proses Aspen Plus.
Rajah 2.8 menunjukkan gambar rajah aliran proses simulasi pengeluaran bahan api biodiesel yang dijalankan oleh West et al. (2008). Mereka melakukan simulasi proses biodiesel menggunakan pelbagai jenis mangkin seperti sodium hidroksida, asid sulfurik, dan timah (II) oksida (SnO) yang juga termasuk simulasi proses supergenting. Mereka menggunakan perisian HYSYS Plant NetVer 3.2, dan mendapati bahawa semua proses simulasi mampu mencapai gred biodiesel ASTM D 6751.
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