Cellular Networking and Mobile Radio Channel Characterization
Definition 2.1 Time dispersion is the process of stretching the transmitted signal in time in a manner that the duration of the received signal is greater
2.5 Summary
This chapter serves to provide a brief review of cellular networking and propagation environment over which AeroMACS is presumed to operate.
The background material covered in this chapter is oriented toward assisting the reader for understanding various required protocols and signal processing techniques (to be discussed in future chapters) used in the physical layer and to some extent in the MAC layer of AeroMACS networks. The chapter, also, supports the objective of making the text self-contained as much as possible.
Cellular concept and cellular network design, required for understand-ing of AeroMACS network architecture, is presented. Radio channel characterization, a challenging issue in the planning, development, and deployment of any wireless mobile network, is reviewed in some detail.
Three categories of signal degradations associated with mobile radio channels are identified. Long-term attenuation, path loss, is a TR dis-tance-dependent signal power loss, which is also a function of frequency band over which the network operates. Common deterministic and statistical empirical models for calculation and estimation of path loss are presented. Large-scale fading (medium-scale attenuation), repre-sented by the log-normal shadowing model, which is essentially super-imposed over the signal path loss, is explored. With large-scale path loss prediction and log-normal shadowing effect added to it, the network designer is in a position to begin to define the hardware makeup of the network, antenna gains, location and height of BS antenna towers, transmitter power, and so on. Small-scale fading, caused by multipath propagation and Doppler effect, subjects the received signal to rapidfluctuations with respect to time and displace-ment. In order to combat the degradation imposed by short-term fading, various radio and signal processing techniques are employed.
OFDM/OFDMA, MIMO, and smart antenna, diversity, and channel coding, are examples of this sort.
There is a wealth of literature available for the reader who is interested in more rigorous treatment of the topics covered in this chapter. Section
“References” lists a few of these sources [4,11,12,15,30].
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