CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW
3. The Nature of The Fishbone Diagram Strategy
4. Language Use
a) Students are able to write the language features of analytical exposition text.
b) Students are able to use correct grammatical order in writing analytical exposition text.
5. Mechanics
a) Students are able to write the structure text of analytical exposition text, consists of thesis, arguments, and reiteration.
3. The Nature of The Fishbone Diagram Strategy
2021). In Apriliya and Putri (2018) research, they stated that by using the fishbone diagram, the students easier and simpler to develop ideas in writing.
The fishbone diagram is a tool for analyzing and exploring the relation between a cause and an effect or a problem (Ardianto et al, 2020, p.2). In learning, this strategy helps students analyze the possible causes of a problem in the given learning material. Students learn through practical problems related to learning materials as a context for students to learn about how to analyze problems solving.
The fishbone diagram consists of three parts. First, the head of the fish, it is a problem or topic which will be analyzed. Second, it is the body as a description of a problem or topic. Third, it is the tail as a result of the problem. This diagram can make students enjoyable and creative in writing (Fauziah, 2022, p.2). The fishbone diagram has any number of branches, including any number of ideas (Simanjuntak et al, 2022, p.72).
Students record the main idea on the top line of each branch and add supporting details under each main idea.
Figure II. 1 The Fishbone Diagram
Figure II. 2
The Fishbone Diagram for Writing
b. The Benefits of The Fishbone Diagram Strategy
Widyahening as cited in Nurlela (2021, p.16) mentioned that “The benefit of using the fishbone diagrams is to identify and compile the causes that arise from the special effects which are then separated from the root causes by mentioning the problems that arise”. The fishbone diagram can be used to discover and categorize potential special effect causes (Munawir, 2022, p.244).
Daniel as cited in Safitri and Nanda (2016, p.45) noted that the fishbone strategy provides benefits in visual tools due to visual aids:
1. Accentuate important ideas.
2. Provide oral and written presentations to comprehend the pattern of organization.
3. Enable to recall their memories.
c. The Procedure in Applying of The Fishbone Diagram Strategy The fishbone diagrams for writing usually include a several basic steps (Akdeniz, 2016, p.186):
1. Write the problem to be solved (the effect) as desriptively as possible on one side of the workspace, then draw “backbone of the fish”.
Think about the exact problem in detail.
2. Identify the factors that may be part of the problem. These may be methods, machines (equipment), materials, people, external forces, environment with the problem and so on. Draw four or more branches off the large arrow to represent main categories of potential causes.
3. Brainstorm all the possible causes of the problem. As each idea is given, show these possible causes as shorter lines coming off the
“bones” of the diagram.
4. When the group has come to the consensus that the diagram contains an adequate amount of information, analyze the diagram. By this stage, the diagram has to show all the possible causes of the problem. When the group runs out of the ideas, focus attention on places on the chart where ideas are few. Depending on the complexity and importance of the problem, investigate the most likely causes further.
5. Circle anything that seems to be a cause for the need. Prioritize the root causes and decide to take action.
d. The Advantages and Disadvantages of The Fishbone Diagram Strategy
Kasim, Erdiana & Aulia (2021, p.193) stated that there are some advantages and disadvantages of the fishbone diagram strategy. The advantages of the fishbone diagram are:
1. Helps identify cause and effect relationships.
2. Helps develop in-depth joint brainstorming discussions, the brainstorming process encourages broad thinking.
3. Keeping teams from limited thinking patterns that can lead to getting stuck.
4. The process of asking why something happened at each stage helps drill down to a root cause quickly.
5. Helps prioritize relevant causes, so underlying root causes are addressed first.
6. Students can determine ideas and develop them easier.
The disadvantages of the fishbone diagram are:
1. Irrelevant potential causes can cause confusion.
2. Complex issues may lead to a messy diagram.
3. Students did not show good progress at the grammar aspects in writing.
e. Using The Fishbone Diagram in Writing Analytical Exposition Text The use of the fishbone diagram in writing analytical exposition text has been studied by several researchers. Ardianto (2020) conducted research about the effect of fishbone diagram on students‟ writing of analytical exposition text. In this research, the fishbone diagram can be used as a mind-mapping tool to help writers to organize and develop ideas in pre-writing process. By using the fishbone diagram, the students can focus more to the discussed topic of the text so the ideas can be maintained well. When the students are involved to the writing process, the fishbone diagram guides them to write in an organized order of ideas.
Alquraishy et al (2021) conducted research about exploring the role of the fishbone diagram on Iraqi EFL learners‟ Expository writing. In this research, the use of fishbone diagram can be used in teaching writing in such a way that supports students to decide the cause and effect of specific problem statement by using a diagram like a fish skeleton. Using the fishbone diagram helped Iraqi EFL learners to brainstorm their ideas and helped them a great dealin improving the quality of their writing.
Nurlela (2021) conducted research about the fishbone diagram to improve exposition text writing skill. In this research, the use of fishbone diagrams really stimulates students' creativity in developing ideas in writing. This is evidenced by the increased student scores after using the fishbone diagram as a learning medium.
This is one example of using the fishbone diagram in writing analytical exposition text (Ardianto, 2018).
Public Transportation Should be Free
If we can agree that government has some roles to play in our lives, then let‟s at least make it a positive one.
Consider the benefits of free, fully-subsidized public transportation.
First, it will motivate more people to leave their cars at home. Think of the reduction in pollution and traffic jam and insurance costs due to accidents. There should be greener cities, safer cities, more livable cities and more room for parks and trees. Think of the money we‟ll all save by consuming less gas, spending less frequently on car repairs, and so on. That money will stay in our wallets and we could then turn around and give the economy a boost by spending it on other consumer goods or services.
Secondly, we must consider the health benefits. We‟ll all walk a little more. This will reduce visits to doctors‟
offices and hospitals because we‟ll be healthier. We‟ll have improved blood pressure, lower stress and possibly a better complexion.
We‟ll avoid the worry of getting in accidents. Since we are in public transfortation, our driver should have been trained in order to drive us savely. It is different if we drive on our own. There would be somene with low skill of driving which could endanger us or even we are the one who could do that to the other peple. Furtheremore, there could be some people who are used to break the laws or rules in the street which could make us in danger.
Then, think about some of the other social benefits:
imagine how much we‟ll learn from each other when we share rides instead of sitting in isolation in our cars. Talking to the neighbors might come back into fashion. More people will meet and talk and maybe even help each other and become friends.
Having someone else drive us will also give us more time for reading books and newspapers. So, park your car and use it for your dream vacation.
In conclusion, there are a lot of benefits we can get from free public transportation in the city.
