• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

[Anonim]. 2004. Why chitin. www.meronbiopolymers.com/html/mbio2apln.htm.

[Mei 2005].

[Anonim].2003. Papain. http://www.diet-and-health.net/Supplements/Papain.html. [September 2004]

[AOAC] Association of Official Analytical and Chemists. 1995. Official Methods

of Analysis the Association of Official Analytical and Chemists 16th ed.

Virginia: Inc. Arlington.

Ary AA. 2002. Produksi karet berprotein rendah dari lateks karet alam dengan menggunakan papain. [tesis]. Bogor: Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Arief H. 1975. Papain. Bulletin Biokimia (1). Bogor: Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Bastaman S. 1989. Studies on Degradation and Extraction of Chitin and Chitosan form Prawn Shells (Nephrops norvegicus). Tesis, The Queen’s University of Belfast.

Begin A, Marie RVC. 1999. Antimicrobial films produced from chitosan. Journal of Biological Macromolecules 26: 63-67.

http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ijbiomac. [5 September 2004]

Bergmeyer HV, Grassl. 1983. Methods of Enzymatic Analysis Vol. 2. Florida: Weinheim Deefield.

Bough WA. 1975. Treatment of food processing waste with chitosan and nutritional evaluation of coagulated by products. Di dalam: Proceeding of the 1st International Conf. of Chitin Chitosan. Mit Sea Grant Program Cambridge. Mass

Bradford MM. 1976. A Rapid and sensitive methods for the quantitation of microgram quantitites of protein utilising the principle of protein dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248-254.

Brzeski MM. 1987. Chitin abd chitosan pathing waste to good use. Majalah Info fish 5(87).

Budiman A. 2003. Kajian terhadap pengaruh etanol sebagai bahan pengendap dan pengaruh air, buffer fosfat serta etanol pada ekstraksi papain [skripsi]. Bogor: Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor

Chaplin J, Buckle GB. 1990. Enzyme Immobilization Technology. New York: AVI Publishing.

Chibata I. 1978. Imobilized Enzyme, Research and Development. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.

Daryono M, Muhidin D. 1974. Penentuan aktivitas dan produksi papain kasar tiap buah dari beberapa varietas pepaya. Bul Penelitian Hortikultura 6(4).

Dixon M, Webb EE. 1979. Enzymes. New York: Academic Press.

[EDC] Enzyme Development Corporation. 1999. Meat Tenderizing, a Brief Disscusion. New York: EDC.

Fauzan A. 2001. Pengaruh konsentrasi NaOH dan suhu proses terhadap derajat deasetilasi kitosan [skripsi]. Bogor: Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor

Frazier WL, Westhhoff DC. 1983. Food Microbiology. New Delhi: Mc.Graw Hill Publishing Company, Ltd.

Girindra A. 1993. Biokimia 1. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Glazer AN, Smith EL. 1971. Papain and other plant sulfhydril proteolitic enzymes. Di dalam:

Boyer PD, editor. The Enzymes Vol 3. New York: Academic Press.

Gemeiner P. 1992. Enzyme Engineering: Immobilized Biosystem. New York: Ellis Horwood.

Goldstein L, Mannecke G. 1976. The chemistry of enzyme immobilization. Di dalam: L.B.

Wingard, E. Katchalski, L. Goldstein, editor. Applied Biochemistry and Bioengineering Vol 1. New York: Academic Press.

Gotner WA, Singeleton VL. 1965. Chemical and physical development of the pineapple fruit III.

nitrogenous and enzymes constituent. Journal Food Science 30:24-29

Harrison MJ, Burton NA, Hillier IH.. 1997. Catalytic mechanism of the enzyme papain.

Prediction a hybrid quantum mechanical or molecular mechanical potential. Journal of American Chemical Society Vol 119:12885 – 12291.

Hasan ODS. 2000. Pengaruh pemberian enzim papain dalam pakan buatan terhadap pemanfaatan protein dan pertumbuhan benih ikan Gurami [tesis]. Bogor: Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Heryani. 1998. Imobilisasi enzim protease dari limbah udang windu (Penaeus monodon) dengan menggunakan matriks kitin kulit udang [skripsi]. Bogor: Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Hsien TY, Rorrer GL. 1995. Effects of acylation and crosslinking on the material propertis and cadmium ion adsorption capacity of porous chitosan beads. Sep. sci. Tecnol, 30: 2455-2475.

Indrawati T et al. 1983. Pembuatan Kecap Keong Sawah dengan Menggunakan Enzim Bromelin.

Jakarta: D.N Balai Pustaka.

Johnson EL, Peniston QP. 1982. Utilization of shellfish waste for chitin and chitosan production.

Di dalam: Martin RE, Flick GJ, Hebard CE, Ward DR, editor. Chemistry and Biochemistry of Marine Food Products. Westport Connecticut: AVI Publishing Company. hlm. 415-422 Juang RS, Feng CW, Ru LT. 2002. Use of chemically modifed chitosan beads for sorption and

enzyme immobilzation. Elsevier 6:171-177

Kalk. 1975. Magnetic Relaxation in Protein Studies of Papain. Gronigen.

Karmas E. 1982. Meat Poultry and Seafood Technology Recent Development Of Food. New Jersey: Rutgers University. Park Ridge

Kennedy JF. 1985. Principles of Immobilization Enzymes. Di dalam: A. Wiseman, editor.

Handbook of Enzyme Biotechnology. England: Ellis Horwood Limited. hlm. 147

Knorr D. 1982. Functional properties of chitin and chitosan. Journal of Food Science 48:36-41.

. 1984. The use of chitinous polymer in food. J. Food Tech 38:85-94.

Kokro F. 1987. Pembuatan kecap ikan dengan cara kombinasi hidrolisa dan fermentasi [skripsi].

Bogor: Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Kumar MNVR. 2000. Chitin and chitosan fibres: An overviev on chitin and chitosan applications, reactive & funct. Polym. [April 2003]

Lehninger AL. 1993. Dasar-dasar Biokimia Jilid I. Maggy Thenawijaya. Penerjemah; Jakarta:

Erlangga.

Mayangsari Y. 1995. Imobilisasi protease Bacilus purnilus y1 menggunakan metoda pengikatan silang [skripsi]. Bogor: Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Mckay G, Blair HS, Grant S. 1987. Desorption of copper from chopper-chitosan complex. J.

Chem. Tech. Biotechnology 40: 63

Miao Y, Swee NT. 2000. Amperometric hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on immobilization of peroxidase in chitosan matrix crosslinked with glutaraldehide. Analyst 125:1591-1594 Muchtadi DS, NS Palupi dan M Astawan. 1992. Enzim dalam Industri Pangan. Bogor: PAU

Pangan dan Gizi, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Muzzarelli RAA. 1985. Chitin in The Polysaccharides 3. Aspinal, editor. Orlando: Academic Press Inc. hlm.147

Ockerman HW. 1992. Fishery by-products. Di dalam: Hall GM, editor. Fish Processing Technology. New York: VCH Publisher, Inc.

Ornum JV. 1992. Shrimp waste must it be waste?. Info Fish 6: 48-52.

Pereira EB. 2003. Immobilization and catalytic properties of lipase on chitosan for hydrolysis and esterification reaction. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. Vol. 20(4).

www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0104663220030402&script=sci_arttext&tln45k [Mei, 2005].

Pohan L. 2002. Ekstraksi minyak kelapa sawit dengan menggunakan enzim bromelin nenas [skripsi]. Bogor: Faklutas Teknologi Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Prasetyo KW. 2003. Pemanfaatan limbah cangkang udang sebagai bahan pengawet kayu ramah lingkungan. http://www.dprin.go.id/data/industry/abstech/abs0601.htm. [Mei, 2005]

Purwatiningsih. 1992. Isolasi khitin dan senyawaan kimia dari limbah udang windu (Penaeus monodon).Buletin Kimia no 8 th 1992. Bogor: FMIPA IPB.

Reed G. 1975. Enzymes in Food Processing. New York: Academic Press.

Said EG, Muljono J. 1989. Biokonversi. Bogor: Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, DIKTI, Pusat Antar Universitas, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Sandford PA, Hucthings GP. 1987. Chitosan and natural cationic biopolimer, comercial application. Di dalam: M Yalpani, editor. Industrial Polysaccharides. Proceeding of The Symposium on The Application and Modification of Industrial Polysaccarides; New York, 5-7 April 1987. New York: Elseiver Sci. Co. Inc.

Shahidi F, Janak KVA, You JJ. 1999. Food Applications of chitin and chitosan. J. Food Sci and Technology 10:37–51

Smith JE. 1990. Prinsip Bioteknologi. Sumantri B, Subono A, penerjemah;. Jakarta: PT.

Gramedia.

Sophanodora P, S Benjakula. 1993. Convertion an utilition of from prawn shell. Di dalam: Ole BL, Buchanan A, Fardiaz D, editor. Development of Food Scince and Technology In Southest Asia. Proceeding at The 8th Asia Good Conference 1992; Jakarta, 17-21 Februari 1992. Indonesia.

Stanley WL, Walters GG, Chan B, Mercer JM. 1975. Lactase and other enzyme bound to chitin with glutaraldehide. J. Biotech Bioeng 17:315-326.

Steel RGD, Torrie JH. 1991. Prinsip dan Prosedur Statistika: Suatu Pendekatan Biometrik. Edisi kedua. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Subasinghe S. 1999. Chitin from shellfish waste-health benefits over-shadowing industrial uses.

Infofish International 3:58-65

Sugihartini L. 2001. Pengaruh asam klorida dan waktu demineralisasi khitin terhadap mutu kitosan dari cangkang rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) [skripsi]. Bogor: Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Suhartono MT . 1989. Enzim dan Bioteknologi. Bogor: Pusat Antar Universitas Bioteknologi, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

. 1991. Protease. Bogor: Pusat Antar Universitas Bioteknologi, Institut Pertanian

Dokumen terkait