(CourtUlll, M� Sl;(iJ.e Manu/adurinq Co.) Figure 6·24. Merrick Weightometer, controlling a continuous diffuser.
Figure 6-25. Merrick Weightometer at the factory of the Union Sugar Co., Bet
teravia, California.
Refere'Me8
1. Wint7lell, T., and Akermark, B . ,
Socker,
6, No. 1 (1950) . 2. Wrangel, Dirigentfijreningen8 forhandlingar, 2, 32, (1941) .3. Holmes, S. J . , "Life and Evolution," Harcourt, Brace and Company, Inc., p . 21 if. (1926).
4. Rawlings, F., The Amalgamated Sugar Co., personal communication, (1950).
5. Stanek, V., and Fa-vIas, P., Z. Zuckerind, cedw810vak Rep.) 63, 203 ff (1939),
7'HE DIFFUSION PROCESS 175
6. SHine, P. H . ,Cornptes-rend?t8 du Ve Congre3 international tech. et chim. ind.
ayr.,
1 , Amsterdam (1937) . 7 . Pick,PO(fg. Ann.
94, 59 (1855) .8. Wiklund, 0., Diffusionsprocessen, Separattryck av forhandlingar yid Svenska Sockerfabriks dirigenternas Forening (March, 1938).
9. MacDonald, J. Campbell, "Some Theoretical and Practical Considerations of the Extraction of Sugar from Beet ." British Sugar Corp., Ltd., Superintendents Con£. (Aug., 1947),
10. Rodgers, T" -Analysis of Present Day Continuous Diffusion Processes, British Sugar Corp. , Ltd., Second technical conference (June, 1949).
n. Kollman, K.,
Deut. Zuckerind. ,
S1. 62&-30 (1932).12. Mehrle, R,
ibid"
51. 707-8, 723 (1932).13. SorgaLo, L,
loo. Saccar. ltal.,
33. 313-21 (1940).14. Morse, E. E., and McGinnis, R. A., unpublished data, Spreckels Sugar Co.
(1945).
15. Pokorny, J.,
Z. Zuckert·nd.
�echoslovak Rep.,
45, 17-20, 25-8, 33-6, 41-5 (1920) . 16. Jltckolsly, J.,ibid. ,
51, 86-9 (1926).17. Buroni, G.,
lnd. Saccar. ltal.,
29, 478-81 (1936).18. Schecker, G.,
Centr. Zuckerind.,
43, 686 (1935).19. Leonis, C . G.,
Sugar,
25, 457-9 (1923).20. Troje, E.,
Deut. Zuckerind.,
61, 25-7 (1936).21. Schiebel, K,
Deut. Zuckerind.,
56, 577-9 (1931) .22. Vondrak, J . , and Pokorny, E . ,
Z . Zuekerind, cechoslov. Rep.,
58. 241-5, 249--53, 257-62, 265-£ (1934).23. Lasse, K.,
G'entr. Zuekerind. ,
43. 68-70 (1935).24. Vondrak, J.,
Listy Cukrovar. , )4,
71-5 (1935) ; InChem. Absfr.,
30. 6593 (1936).25. Berge, J.
Suer. BeIge,
p. 72 (Sept. 1 , 1930).26. Saillard, E.,
ibid.,
p. 246 (March 1, 1933) . 27. Claassen, H . ,Centr. Zuckerind.,
No. 3 (Jan. 21, 1933).28. Vrancken, E.,
Intern. Sugar
J., 473 (Dec. , 1934).29. Siline, P. H.,
Ve Congre$ lnt. Tech. et Chim. des lnd. Ayr.,
T. T., pp. 534-563, Scheveningen (1937).30. Bruckner, F., and Dorfeldt, W.,
Fort. der Zuckerind.
(Tech. Fort.), 45. 9 (1939 ) . 31. Rothe, P . ,Deut. Zuckerind. ,
6 7 , 177-8 (1942).32. Smet, A.,
Sugar,
No. 6, 28-32 (1948).33. Silver, H. F.,
Proc. Am. Soc. Sugar Beet TechnoL,
Sixth Gen. Meet. (1950).34. McGuire, P. J"
Sugar,
44, No. 3, 31-2 (1949).35. Anon.
Facts About Sugar,
527 (1927).36. Thieler, S.,
Centr. Zuckerind. ,
28. 468-70, 492-5, 522-4 (1920) . 37. Sazavsky, V.,Z. Zuckerind. cechoslovak Rep
. • 47, 249-55 (1923).38. Knobloch, J.,
Deut. Zuckerind.,
48, 84-6 (1923).39 . Schiebel, K.,
Deut. Zuckerind. ,
57, 587, 607-9 (1932).40. Anon.
Facts About Sugar,
20 , 38 (Jan. 1925).41 . Linsbauer, A.,
Z. Zuclr;erind, cechoslovak Rep . ,
49. 89-92, 97-99, 106-10 (1924).42. Rak, A., Fr. patent, 634,135.
43. Stewart, J., U. S. Patent 1,189,502-3.
44 . Thorny-Croft, Brit. Patent 120,448.
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Bull. aS80C. chim. suer. dist.,
43. 118-21 (1924).176
BEET-SUGAR TECHNOLOGY 48. Perard, J., Bull. aS80C. chim., 58, 301-70 (1941) . 4 9 . Graham, W . C . , U. S. Patent 1 ,437,8Ol.50. Zvarich, V. L., Zapiski, 2, 91-2 (1925); In Chem.,Abstr" 20, 2086 (1026) . 51. Mezzabroli, G. and Mazzini, G., Zymologica 3, 109-12 (1928).
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68 .
DBrfeldt, W., Korrespondenzbriefe jur Zuckerjabriken, (7) , 1-4; (8), 2-5 (1950).69. Slavicek, K, and Slavickov', A., IAsty Oukr., 66, 137-8 (1949-50);
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7
JUICE PURIFICATION. FUNDAMENTAL CHEMISTRY·
Introduction. Of the many substances proposed for the purification of sugar-beet juices, only lime and carbonic acid have found general applica
tion. They have been used over approximately the last one hundred years, because they are cheap, easily obtainable, nonpoisonous, and relatively effective.
The main purpose of beet-juice purification by lime and carbonic acid is the precipitation of nonsugars, which would be troublesome in the following processing operations of evaporation and crystallization, in a form which can be easily separated from the purified juice, whether by sedimentation or filtration. This necessity that the physical properties of the precipitate be such that it can be readily eliminated is far more important for the factory than the juice purification itself, and present knowledge is therefore sutficient : it is generally known how to handle the purification to obtain . 'ludges which settle rapidly and filter easily.
Far less is known about the chemical side of juice purification, which is less imperative and spectacular) more difficult to follow and far more evasive. It is not possible to remove more than one half and frequently only one quarter of the nonsugars of the diffusion juice, about one tenth of the sugar in the beet is still lost in the form of molasses, and lime salts and coloring substances are sometimes able to defy all efforts at their removal.
This rather unsatisfactory state is due to several reasons.
(1.)
There are a great number and variety of nonsugars present, for which there are often not even sufficiently specific analytical methods. No complete analysis of beet juices is known. (2.) The composition of beet juices is far from const�
t. There are very great differences) due to the beet variety, climate, soil, plant diseasesJ degree of maturity, conditions of storage. and juice extraction. This is why "the beets" are so very often made responsible for operational troubles. (3.) Because of the relative shortness of the operating campaigns, the periods during which beets and beet juices of normal com
position are available for experiment and research are very brief.
These reasons arise from the nature of the heet material, itself. There are other, still more important ones, for which the chemist himself is respon
sible.
(4.)
The aim of the majority of the very numerous experiments in* Written by J. Dedek e.nd Mrs, J. Dedek.
177