309 BOTANY: EVOLUTIONARY AND HISTORICAL BOTANY Professor Chambers, Drs Calder and Duigan and Mrs Ladiges
24 lectures; 48 hours practical work or equivalent time, and up to three excursions; 8 points.
Prerequisites: Botany 201 and 203 (recommended).
SYLLABUS Three of the following topics will be taught in any one year.
in 1977 these will be topics 3, 4 and 5.
(1) Plant Life Through Geological Time: Evolutionary trends In non- vascular and vascular plants.
BOOKS
Prescribed textbooks:
Banks H P Evolution and Plants of the Past, Macmillan 1972
Foster A S and Gifford E M Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants or
Sporne K E The Morphology of Pteridophytes 2nd ed, Hutchinson 1966 and
Sporne K E The Morphology of Gymnosperms, Hutchinson 1965 (2) Darwin and Darwinism: Present status of Darwin's evolutionary ideas; discussion of selected controversies associated with neo-Darwln- ism and neo-Lamarckian ideas.
Prescribed textbook:
Darwin, C Origin of Species. Penguin 1974
(3) The Angiosperms—Origin, Evolution and Classification: Origin and evolution of angiosperms; aspects of the development of systems of classification.
(4) Genecology: Natural plant populations; biometric, genetic and ecological analyses of variation and adaptation.
BOOKS
Preliminary reading:
Briggs D and Walter S M Plant Variation and Evolution, WUL 1969 Prescribed textbook:
Stebbins G L Chromosomal Evolution in Plants, Prentice-Hall 1972 (5) History of Botany: Lectures, reading and discussion examining the development of some major concepts, such as the history of Botany in Australia, the herbals to Linnaeus, botanical illustration, the concept of the cell, interpretation of subcellular structure and function, and selected life histories; computation in Botany, photoperiodism.
EXAMINATION One 3-hour examination on completion of unit; assess- ment of essays and seminars throughout the unit.
A preliminary standard equivalent to Higher School Certificate Chemistry will be assumed.
SYLIAВUS
(i) Physical Chemistry Gases and Liquids
Qualitative treatment of the kinetic theory of gases. Deviations from ideal gas behaviour; van der Waals and vidal equations. Liquefaction, critical phenomena. Phase equilibria in one-component systems, phase diagrams, metastable phases. Clausius-Clapeyron equation.
Liquid-vapour two-component systems: ideal and non-ideal solutions, dis- tillation, lever rule.
Competing Equilibria
Experimental methods of analysis in systems at equilibrium: spectra- photometry, conductimetry, potentiometry. Acid-base equilibria: buffer solutions, titration curves, indicators. Solubility of solids in acid-base systems.
Electrochemistry
Conductance and its measurement. Ionic conductances. Determination of ionic concentrations, applications to equilibrium constant determination.
Reversible cells: emf measurements, types of half-cell, Nernst equation.
Use of cells in chemical analysis and equilibrium constant determination.
Cells as sources of energy: fuel cells, storage batteries. Electrolysis.
Thermodynamics
First law: heat and work; calorimetry; functions of state, U and H. Heat capacity. Standard thermodynamic quantities and their tabulation: enthal- pies of formation of pure substances and solutes.
Free energy and second law. Direction of spontaneous chemical and physical changes, reversibility and maximum work. Standard free energies of formation and their application in calculation of equilibrium constants and maximum cell emfs.
Entropy and its definition. Entropy changes in chemical and physical pro- cesses. Standard entropy changes. Molecular interpretation of entropy.
Variation of equilibrium constant with temperature.
Kinetics
Measurement of reaction rate in homogeneous and heterogeneous sys- tems. Rate laws. Effects of temperature, catalysis, and radiation. Simple collision model and reaction mechanism.
(ii) Inorganic Chemistry
Atomic structure and the theory of valency: electrovalent, covalent, co- ordinate hydrogen, metallic and van der Waals bonding.
Structure of solids: influence of bond type on chemical and physical pro- perties and type of structure. .
Introduction to co-ordination chemistry: nature of complex compounds, Werner's original experiment, Isomerism and stereo-chemistry of com- plex compounds, typical reactions, elementary approach to bonding, prac- tical applications.
(iii) Organic Chemistry
The scope of organic chemistry. Bonding, structure and elementary stereo- chemistry of carbon compounds.
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An outline of the chemistry of hydrocarbons and of the major groups of mono-functional compounds in terms of molecular structure and element- ary electronic theory.
LABORATORY WORK Three hours per week throughout the year, illustra- ting the principles of physical, organic and inorganic chemistry together with exercises in quantitative and qualitative analysis.
The practical classes for this subject are taken in the Chemistry building.
BOOKS
Preliminary reading:
Stranks D R et al Chemistry: A Structural View 2nd ed, MUP 1970 The lectures in Chemistry I will be besed on the assumption that all students have read the textbook by Stranks et al.
Prescribed textbooks:
Morrison R T and Boyd R N Organic Chemistry 3rd ed, Allyn & Bacon 1973
or
Snyder C H introduction to Modern Organic Chemistry, Harper & Row 1973
•Departmental Publications. Experiments in Physical Chemistry. Experl- ments in Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Manual 1976 eds.
Aylward G H and Findlay T J V eds SI Chemical Data 2nd ed, Wiley 1974t
Books marked t are used by students proceeding to Chemistry 200 and Chemistry 300.
EXAMINATION In Physical Chemistry there will be written assignments during the course of the year, performance in which will be taken into account in assessing the final result. There will also be three hours of written examination to be held in the Science faculty exam. weeks or at the end of the year. In Organic and Inorganic Chemistry there will be assignments and tests throughout the course and these will be taken into account in determining the candidate's success in the year's work.
The final examination will consist of one 2-hour written paper in Inorganic Chemistry, and one 2-hour written paper in Organic Chemistry.
200 LEVEL
The Chemistry School, consisting of the Departments of Physical. Or- ganic and Inorganic Chemistry, offers the following units at the second level. To assist students who wish to choose Chemistry as a major or sub-major study, three categories of course are set out below, designed for students taking respectively a full Chemistry major, Chemistry with a biological science, and Chemistry with Mathematics or another physical science. Courses in these categories have been approved In advance for Chemistry majors and sub-majors. Any student wishing to construct e Chemistry major or sub-major course differing from those set out below must submit his proposed course for approval, to a panel of Chemistry School course advisors at the appropriate time.
Category A
For students majoring in Chemistry only. These students must enrol for a minimum of 20 points in Chemistry, made up as follows:
Physical: any one of 203, 204 (each 6 points) or 205 (7 points) Organic: 222 (6 points)
Inorganic: 240, 241 (6 points total) Analytical: 260 (3 points)
Category В
For students majoring in a biological science, together with Chemistry.
These students must enrol for a minimum of 14 points in Chemistry, made up as follows:
Physical: 201 or 202 (5 and 6 points respectively) Organic: 221 (5 points)
Inorganic: 243 (2 points) Analytical: 260 (3 points) Category C
For students majoring in Mathematics or another physical science, to- gether with Chemistry. These students must enrol for a minimum of 16 points in Chemistry, made up as follows:
Physical: Any one of 201 (5 points), 203, 204 (6 points each) or 205 (7 points)
Organic: 220 (4 points)
Inorganic: 240, 242 (5 points total) Analytical: 260 (3 points)
Practical Work
Physical: All physical chemistry laboratory work is combined with theory for the purposes of examination.
Organic: 36 hours of laboratory work designed to provide illustrative material for 200 level organic chemistry units and training in technique is combined with each of the theory units for the purpose of examina- tion. Satisfactory completion of the practical work is necessary before any credit is granted for the units.
Inorganic: Satisfactory performance in the practical components of units 241 and 242 Is required before credit for the associated theory units can be given. Students enrolled for only 2 points-worth of Inorganic theory units are not required to undertake inorganic practical work.
Analytical: Enrolment in unit 260 (42 hours practical together with 8 lectures) is compulsory for all students in categories
А.
В and C and for all Science faculty students enrolled for other units of Chemistry worth 10 or more points.EXAMINATIONS Units may be examined at fixed times throughout the year, and in the examination term at the end of the year. In general, a minimum of 10 200-level Chemistry points must be credited before per- mission will be granted a student to enrol for any 300-level Chemistry units.
PREREQUISITES Physical: Any one of 201, 202, 203, 204 or 205 is a prerequisite for any 300 level Physical Chemistry unit. Organic: Any one of 220, 221 or 222 is a prerequisite for any 300 level Organic Chemistry unit. Inorganic: 240 is a prerequisite for 340.
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PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
The following units are mutually exclusive in the sense that credit may be held for one only. Students should therefore select the unit that best suits their particular needs or interests. A pass in any one of the units 201-205 (or their equivalent) is a prerequisite for enrolment in any of the 300 level Physical Chemistry units.
201 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY I
30 lectures; 36 hours practical work; Terms 1 and 2 only; 5 points.
Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic systems and variables. Second law:
entropy, free energy. Conditions for equilibrium and spontaneous change.
Chemical equilibrium in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Gases.
Solutions: mixing, colligative properties, activities, applications to non- ideal situations, including electrolyte solutions.
Kinetics: Experimental techniques, treatment of results. Reaction mechan- isms: stationary state approximation. Diffusion in gases, liquids and solids: conductivity and kinetics in liquids, solids; solid/gas reactions.
Quantum Mechanics and Spectroscopy: Schrõdinger equation: 1-dimen- sional potential well, rigid rotor, H atom. Angular momentum. Rotational and vibrational spectra of diatomic molecules, magnetic resonance.
Dipole moment and its measurement.
202 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 11
38 lectures; 36 hours practical work; 6 points.
Syllabus as for 201, together with
Structure of ice, mixture models for the structure of water. Solution of hydrocarbons in water, entropic effects, hydrophobic bonding. Surface activity, soluble and insoluble monolayers, Gibbs adsorption isotherm.
Solubility of hydrocarbons in surfactant solutions, micelle structure.
Ion-ion and ion-colloidal particle interactions, simple Debye-Nuckel and electrical double-layer theory.
203 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY III
38 lectures; 36 hours practical work; 6 points.
SYLLABUS as for 201, together with Crystal structure, symmetry, diffrac- tion techniques; defects in crystals. Structure and thermal motion in liquids, viscosity.
Phase equilibrium; phase rule; thermodynamics and representation of p-T-x behaviour of two-component systems; thermal analysis, compound formation; solid solutions. Multicomponent systems: distribution, solvent extraction, chromatography.
Diffusion, conduction in solids and liquids.
204 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY IV
38 lectures; 36 hours practical work; 6 points.
Syllabus as for 201, together with surface activity, Gibbs adsorption isotherm, applications. The electrical double layer and applications to colloidal systems.
Diffusion-controlled charge transfer processes and analytical applications.
Rate-controlling charge transfer. The Tafel equation. Over-voltage.
205 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY V
46 lectures; 36 hours practical work; 7 points.
Syllabus as for 201, together with crystal structure, symmetry, diffraction techniques; defects in crystals. Structure and thermal motion in liquids, viscosity.
Phase equilibrium; phase rule; thermodynamics and representation of p-T-x behaviour of two-component systems; thermal analysis, compound formation; solid solutions. Multicomponent systems: distribution, solvent extraction, chromatography.
Diffusion, conduction in solids and liquids.
Surface activity, Gibbs adsorption isotherm, applications. The electrical double layer and applications to colloidal systems.
Diffusion-controlled charge transfer processes, and analytical applications.
Rate-controlling charge transfer. The Tafel equation. Over-voltage.
Note the BSc Ed course has the following units: 270, Molecular Spectro- scopy and Quantum Mechanics; 271„ Thermodynamics; 272 Kinetics and Electrochemistry. A pass in these three is a prerequisite for 300 level Physical Chemistry units in place of 201.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Students may enrol In only one of 220, 221 or 222.
Drs Calder, Porter, Johns and Cook
220 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
22 lectures; 36 hours practical work; 4 points.
Prerequisite: 101.
This course builds on the elementary treatment of Chemistry 101 to present a basic, working coverage of commonly encountered organic systems, their reactivity, and the factors which affect it.
EXAMINATION One 1'/2-hour examination for Term 1; One 1-hour examination for Term 2.
221 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
30 lectures; 36 hours practical work; 5 points.
Prerequisite: 101.
A course of basic organic chemistry similar to unit 220, augmented by a more extensive treatment of organic molecules of environmental and biological importance, and their role in biological reactions.
EXAMINATION One 1'/2-hour examination for Term 1; One 1%-hour paper for Term 2.
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222 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
38 lectures; 36 hours practical work; 6 points.
Prerequisite: 101.
A course of basic organic chemistry similar to unit 220 augmented by a more extensive treatment of selected subjects such as the concept of aromaticity, molecules of environmental and biological interest, and a study of industrial processes.
EXAMINATION One 11/2-hour examination for each of Terms 1 and 2;
One 1-hour examination for Term 3.
BOOKS
Prescribed textbooks:
Hendrickson J B Cram D J & Hammond G S Organic Chemistry 3rd ed intern stu ed, McGraw-Hill 1970
or
Roberts J D & Caserio M J Principles of Organic Chemistry, Benjamin 1965.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
240 THEORETICAL CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL METHODS Professor Stranks and Dr A. T. Casey
(2 points) 16 lectures; this unit is a pre-requisite for unit 340.
Molecular orbital theory applied to the diatomics of the first row of the periodic table and to simple polyatomics. An introduction to ligand field theory and simple molecular orbital theory of transition metal complexes. Electrode potentials and oxidation state diagrams and applica- tions. The application of various physical methods to the elucidation of molecular and electronic structure. Dipole moments, molecular weights, magnetic susceptibility measurements, infra-red spectroscopy, analytical applications of electronic and atomic absorption spectroscopy, stability constants by potentiometry and spectrophotometry.
BOOKS
Prescribed textbooks:
Mackay K M and Mackay R A Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry 2nd ed, lntertext
or
Pimente) G C and Sprately R D Chemical Bonding Clarified Through Quantum Mechanics, Holden Day
Orgel L E An Introduction to Transition Metal Chemistry 2nd ed, Methuen
EXAMINATION One 2-hour terminal examination.
241 COORDINATION CHEMISTRY AND NON-METAL CHEMISTRY I
Dr O'Donnell and Professor Stranks
22 lectures and 36 hours laboratory work; 4 points.
Non-Metal Chemistry (7 lectures) Boron hydrides, rare gases and their compounds, halogens including a thermodynamic treatment of IX and oxyacids and oxidation-reduction relations, structures of silicates.
Coordination Chemistry (15 lectures) The formation of coordination complexes as a general property of all metals in solution is discussed in terms of competitive equilibria, stability constants and factors deter- mining their magnitude. The coordination chemistry of the first row transi- tion elements is discussed under the following headings: the lability of complexes and implications for preparative chemistry; the stabilization of different oxidation states; the stereo-chemical configuration of com- plexes with different ligands; reactions of coordinated ligands; examples of substitution and oxidation-reduction reactions. The use of physical methods to elucidate structure and bonding will be discussed with appro- priate systems during the course.
PRACTICAL WORK (36 hours).
1. Preparations of interhalogen and polyhalide compounds and their characterization using volumetric and potentiometric techniques. 2. Pre- paration and chemistry of labile complexes, including the identification of species formed in solution between aqueous-nickel ions and ethylene- diamine. 3. Measurement of stability constants in the magnesium—
oxalate system or the nickel glycine system. 4. Linkage isomerism In cobalt (Ill) complexes. 5. Magnetochemistry of some first row transition metal compounds.
BOOKS
Prescribed textbook:
Basolo F and Johnson R Co-ordination Chemistry, Benjamin 1964 EXAMINATION One 3-hour terminal examination.
242 COORDINATION CHEMISTRY AND NON-METAL CHEMISTRY 11
Drs O'Donnell and Tregloan
15 lectures and 36 hours laboratory work; 3 points.
Non-metal Chemistry (7 lectures) As for 241.
Coordination Chemistry (8 lectures) Synthesis and reactions of com- plexes, elementary kinetic studies, solution equilibria and stability constants: principles of determination and significance of results.
PRACTICAL WORK (36 hours) As for 241.
BOOKS
Prescribed textbook:
Basolo F and Johnson R Co-ordination Chemistry, Benjamin 1964 EXAMINATION One 2-hour terminal examination.
243 VALENCE THEORY AND CO-ORDINATION CHEMISTRY FOR STUDENTS OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Dr R. Robson (2 points) 16 lectures
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Molecular orbital and valence bond theories of bonding in simple mole- cules. Descriptive co-ordination chemistry. Crystal field, molecular orbital, ligand field and, briefly, valence bond theories of metal complexes. Ther- modynamics, kinetics and mechanisms of reactions involving metal com- plexes.
BOOKS
Prescribed textbook:
Basolo F & Johnson R Co-ordination Chemistry, Benjamin 1964 EXAMINATION One 2-hour terminal examination.
260 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
8 lectures and 42 hours laboratory work.
3 points.
LECTURES Determination of composition and structure of compounds by classical and instrumental methods. Principles and applications of electrochemical procedures such as potentiometry, coulometry and voltammetry. Spectrophotometry. Separation procedures.
PRACTICAL WORK Separation techniques, solvent extraction, ion ex- change. Identification of unknown organic compounds by classical quali- tative and spectroscopic analysis. Gravimetric and volumetric analysis, e.g., gravimetric nickel, complexometric titration, spectrophotometry (UV/vis). Coulometry, voitammetry.
Enrolment in 260 Analytical Chemistry is compulsory for all students enrolled for 10 or more points in 200 level chemistry.
EXAMINATION One 1-hour terminal examination.
300 LEVEL
The 300 level units offered are designed to allow maximum flexibility in designing the third year course. All courses must be submitted for approval to a Chemistry School course adviser at the appropriate time. Students who wish to apply for entry into the BSc Honours year in the School of Chemistry should note that the minimum requirement is 24 points of 300 level Chemistry, including at least 6 points from each of the areas of Physical, Organic and Inorganic (or 5 points in the last where these are 348 and 359).
The prerequisites and conditions of the Chemistry School and the Science Faculty must be observed.
Students majoring in Chemistry only must take a minimum of 9 points (including practical work) in each of Physical, Inorganic and Organic Chemistry as well as unit 399 (5 points). Organic unit 320 must be included. A course totalling about 45 points is suggested.
Students taking chemistry with another science subject should take about 24 points. Organic unit 320 must be included. Inorganic units 348 and 359 are offered particularly, but not exclusively, for students taking chemistry with a biological science.
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Practical Work:
Physical: All physical chemistry laboratory work is combined with theory units for the purposes of examination.
Organic: Satisfactory performance in practical units is required before credit for theory units can be given. Two practical units 335 and 336 are offered. Students enrolled for 9 or more theory points in Organic Chem- istry are required to enrol for 335. Students enrolled for from 3-8 theory points in Organic Chemistry are required to enrol for 335 or 336. Students enrolled for less than 3 points need take no practical work.
Inorganic: Three separate practical units, 357, 358 and 359 are offered.
Students enrolled for 9 or more theory points in Inorganic Chemistry must enrol for 357. Students enrolled for from 4 to 8 Inorganic theory points must enrol for 358 (or 357). Students enrolled in 348 must enrol for 359. Satisfactory performance in practical units is required before credit for theory units can be given. Students enrolled for only 2 points worth of Inorganic theory units are not required to undertake Inorganic practical work.
Chemical Research Project: This 6 point unit includes about 90 hours of laboratory work, and is compulsory for all students majoring only in Chemistry.
EXAMINATIONS Units may be examined at fixed times throughout the year, and in the examination term at the end of the year.
PREREQUISITES Prerequisite studies have been specified for certain units and such preparation is to be generally regarded as essential.