Fig. 2. Percentage pol of sugarcane juice in relation to the juice Cl concentration.
CONCLUSIONS
Poor juice quality (low pol and purity) was associated with large cane yields, high juice levels of cations, N and Cl, and low juice levels of P. Nitrogen fertilization affected juice quality chiefly by increasing the concentration of Mg, K, and Cl in the juice.
Since excess N decreased the sugar percentage, fertilizer N should be applied at rates to attain maximum cane yields per kilogram of N. The optimum N fertilizer rate cannot be determined from this study; however, the sharp yield increase between the 0- and 112-kg N/ha treatments suggested that the optimum fertilizer N rate was less than 112 kg/ha.
REFERENCES
1. Barton, D. J. 1948. Photometric analysis of phosphate rock. Anal. Chem. 20:1068-1073.
2. Berstein, L., and H. E. Hayward. 1958. Physiology of salt tolerance. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 9:25-94.
3. Bolin, 0. W., and 0. E. Stamberg. 1944. Rapid digestion method for determination of phosphorus.
Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 16:345-346.
4. Choudhry, T. M., and B. All. 1967. The quality of cane juice as affected by different salinity levels in Hyderabad region. W. Pakist. J. Agr. Res. 5:114-115. Hort. Abst. 39:1741-1969.
5. Honig, P. 1953. Inorganic nonsugars p. 291-360. In Pieter Honig (ed). Principles of Sugar Technology, Volume 1. Properties of sugars and nonsugars - The purification of juice. Elsevier Publ. Co., NY.
6. Jackson, M. L. 1958. Soil chemical analysis. Prentice-Hall, Inc., NJ.
7. Lemaire, Y., F. Colmet-Daage, and J. Gautheyron. 1965. Export of mineral elements in the cane juice. Proc. ISSCT. Puerto Rico. 12:254-260.
8. Lepper, H. A. (ed.). 1945. Official methods of analyses, ed 6. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists, Washington, DC. p. 27.
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9. Leverington, K. C, J. R. Burge, and J. M. Sedi. 1965. The effect of fertilizers on some inorganic constituents of juice. Proc. OSSCT. Thirty-second conference. p. 113-118.
10. Leverington, K. C, and J. M. Sedi. 1966. Some factors influencing the soluble phosphorus content of cane juice. Proc. QSSCT. Thirty-third conference. p. 121-124.
11. Meade, G. P. (ed.). 1963. Cane sugar handbook. ed. 9. p. 467 and 540. John Wiley and Sons, NY.
12. Parish, D. H. 1956. Nutrition and soils. I. The composition of cane juice. A. R. Mauritius Sugar Ind. Res. Inst. p. 31-37. Hort. Abst. 27:3472-1957.
13. Sang, S. L., W. C. Cheng, H. I. Shine, and H. T. Cheng. 1974. Direct determination of trace metals in cane juice, sugar and molasses by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Proc. ISSCT, S. Africa.
15:71-75.
14. Shaw, M. E. A., and R. F. Innes. 1965. The growth pattern and yield of annual cane planted at different seasons and the effects of nitrogen and irrigation treatments. Proc. ISSCT, Puerto Rico.
12:390-400.
15. Thomas, J. R. , and G. F. Oerther, Jr. 1976. Growth, production, and leaf N content of sugarcane in Texas. Proc. ASSCT. 5:28-36.
16. Wiggins, L. F. 1953. The nitrogen-containing nonsugars. p. 157-177. In Pieter Honig (ed) Princi- ples of Sugar Technology Volume I. Properties of sugars and nonsugars - The purification of juice.
Elsevier Publ. Co., NY.
17. U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff. 1954. Methods of soil characterization. p. 83-126. In L. A.
Richards (ed.) Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. Agri. Handb. N o . 60, USDA, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
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COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF SUGARCANE DATA IN LOUISIANA G. Dill, F. A. Martin, and K. L. Koonce Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station
Baton Rouge, Louisiana C. A. Richard American Sugarcane League
ABSTRACT
A computer program has been developed to facilitate calculation of sugarcane yield variables from observed data. This program has been designed to handle data collected by an array of sampling methods by using a predetermined sampling code specific for the research in question. Yield can be calculated from either observed variables such as stalk weight, juice polarity, etc. or calculated variables such as normal juice sucrose and sugar per ton. The estimation of sugar per ton and associated variables is also possible from data collected either by roller mill or press analysis. The program can also be used to handle other types of data (anatomical, morphological, physiological, etc.) so that the storage of all research data can be uniform. This program was developed utilizing SAS (Statistical Analysis Systems), a system for data management and statistical analysis. The advantage of a system of this type lies in the ease of handling large data sets for statistical analysis. Data collected over several years can also be kept easily accessible to the researcher for future reference and composit analysis.
INTRODUCTION
The system of data management to be described in this paper was developed with the intention of facilitating the calculation of sugarcane yield variables from observed data as well as the organization and statistical analyses of those data. The system has been structured in such a manner as not to require a vast knowledge of computer science or programming for its understanding and utilization. A major factor contributing to the simplicity of the system is its development in SAS (1, 2) (Statistical Analysis Systems). SAS itself is a network of programs which are registered in the computer requiring only simple commands to perform various mathematical operations and statistical analyses.
THE SYSTEM
A users guide for this particular system has been written outlining instructions for transposing observations onto data code sheets. Since most computer research centers have keypunching services, data need not be keypunched by the user, merely coded. This particular coding system is a multiple card system consisting first of an identification card followed by data cards containing actual observations.
The identification card is used in specifically defining the type of data which is to follow on succeeding cards. The first variable on the identification card is simply a card identification number.
This card is designated by 0, and in a set of data cards is always the first card encountered. The next variable is research area which denotes the source of the data. For example, the numbers 0-9 designate the sugarcane breeding program at L.S.U. The research area is followed by year in which the research was conducted and the test identification number whidh corresponds to the researcher's own test identifi- cation code. Location is the next variable, and is stipulated by Mercador coordinates. This insures permanent identification of test location for future reference which is accomplished by simply entering N latitude and W longitude of the test location in question.
Type analysis is the next variable which designates the type of raw data to be entered into the program for the calculation of yield variables. This two digit variable actually controls the method by which yield variables are calculated from raw data. The type analysis variable is capable of computing yield variables such as tons of cane per acre and pounds of sugar per ton of cane from an array of sampling techniques and juice quality analyses, including press analysis. This allows the system to conform to the sampling and juice quality analysis techniques of the individual researcher, and leaves the method of yield variable calculation under his or her control.
The first digit in the type analysis variable controls the calculation of tons of cane per acre from either machine or hand cut samples. The second digit determines the calculation of pounds of sugar per ton of cane and related variables (i.e. poundsof sugar per acre) using the method described by Legendre and Henderson ( 3 ) . This allows the calculation of yield variables from a number of sampling techniques and juice quality analyses by using the two digits in the type analysis variable in an array of combinations
The next variable on the identification card designates experimental design, followed by plotsize, the Julien date of harvest and crop (plant cane, first stubble,....etc.). Finally, a word description of the tes is written which can be used, along with other selected variables, as headings or titles on printed output.
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The next type of card most commonly used is the yield data card. The first four variables on this and any other card are research area, year and specific test number used to match any card to its appropriate identification card. Harvest date, the next variable may also be entered on the yield card if several harvest dates are required within a particular test. Treatment date, heat treated progeny, percent mosaic, variety, replication, treatment and plot number are the next variables entered and are also used for identification purposes, as well as independent variables in sorting the data and statis- tical analyses.
The remaining variables are actually observations used in calculating yield variables. Temperature, observed brix, juice polarity, number of stalks per sample, bundle weight and stalk population, for instance, are used in calculating yield variable such as sugar per ton, pounds of sugar per acre, sucrose and purity from small plot research where plot sub-sampling is utilized. If whole plots are harvested and weighed, then plot weight, plot size and stalk population as well as temperature, observed brix and juice polarity are used in calculating the afore mentioned yield variables. Sugar per ton 6f cane can also be entered by the user in place of juice polarity if his or her method of juice quality analysis is already calculating this particular variable. In any case, yield variables will be calculated as specified by the type analysis variable selected by the researcher which corresponds to his or her sampling technique and juice quality analysis.
Calculation of yield variables using this system are also possible from data collected via press analysis. By entering the weight of the sample being analyzed, its weight after being pressed, and the dried weight of pressed samples, fiber determinations can be made along with the calculation of yield variables already mentioned. A flow diagram of the program is shown in Figure 1.
-32- Figure 1. Flow diagram of the program
The development of this system of data management in SAS affords several avenues of data storage, management and analysis. Observations may be stored on disk or magnetic tape, as well as on computer cards. Printed output can be bound for use as a convenient and systematic reference to data which has been logged into the system. For these purposes, data listings, means and other methods of data display including graphic illustration are available. As might be expected, analysis of data in this particular system is rapidly performed within SAS. Analysis of variance, specific treatment comparisons and many other statistical analysis are made available within the SAS system making the analyses of large data sets, and the analysis of interdisciplinary research data more practical.
In conclusion, this system is capable of a time savings in the handling of research data while providing a systematic and uniform method of data management. The system is capable of accomodating data from many different disciplines of sugarcane research. It also allows the tedious calculation of yield variables such as sugar per ton of cane and tons of cane per acre from an array of sampling and juice analysis techniques. Probably the greatest benefit of a system of this type is its capacity for the organization of large amounts of research data into an orderly system of data handling, while affording the convenience of an array of statistical analyses without a vast knowledge of computer science or programming.
REFERENCES
1. Barr, Anthony J., James H. Goodnight, John P. Sall and Jane T. Helwig, A User's Guide to SAS 76.
Raleigh, North Carolina: Sparks Press, 1976.
2. Barr, Anthony J., James H. Goodnight, John P. Sall and Jane T. Helwig, SAS Supplemental Library User's Guide. Kingsport, Tennessee: Kingsport Press, 1977.
3. Legendre, B. L. and M. T. Henderson. 1972. The History and Development of Sugar Yield Calculations.
Proc. ASSCT 2 (NS): 10-18.
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THE PEDIGREE OF SELECTED CANAL POINT (CP) VARIETIES OF SUGARCANE Peter Tai and J. D. Miller U.S. Sugarcane Field Station
SEA, USDA Canal Point, Florida 33438
ABSTRACT
The pedigrees of 17 CP varieties of sugarcane released for commercial production or developed as breeding lines during the last two decades were documented. We hope this pedigree information will provide effective reference of historical interest concerning the parentage of CP commercial and breed- ing canes. Also, it will provide information for planning breeding programs for future CP varieties.
The ancestry of all varieties traced back to 3 species: Saccharum officinarum, £. spontaneum, and S. barberi. A fourth species, IS. slnense, was transmitted in the pedigree of 7 CP varieties. The major contributor of genetic factors was S. officinarum with S. barberi the second most important contributor.
INTRODUCTION
The U. S. Department of Agriculture established a sugarcane experiment station on Collins Key (now Miami Beach) in 1918, but moved the operation to Canal Point in 1920 (1, 7, 1 0 ) . The initial objective was to develop varieties resistant to mosaic disease, root rot, and red rot for planting in Louisiana.
True seeds were produced at Canal Point and sent to Louisiana for selection. The breeding work at Canal Point has increased in volume and in scope since the expansion of the Florida sugar industry in the early 1960's (10). A three-way agreement between the Florida Sugar Cane League, Inc., the University of Florida, and the U. S. Department of Agriculture provides for testing, increasing and distributing new varieties to the sugarcane growers of Florida (7, 1 0 ) . In addition to the variety development program, this sta- tion continues to produce true seeds for the sugarcane variety development programs in Louisiana and Mississippi. A large crossing house built in 1959 has made possible the production of large quantities of seed.
Historically, CP 807 was the first Canal Point variety produced from seed at this station to reach commercial production in Louisiana and CP 34-79 was the first Canal Point variety to attain commercial importance in Florida (10). Pedigrees of 28 Canal Point varieties released for commercial culture during the period 1930 to 1960 were reviewed by Stokes and Tysdal (24). They reported that the basic genetic factors of those varieties came from 10 clones used as parents in 11 initial crosses.
The objective of this paper is to present the ancestry of 17 Canal Point varieties released for commercial production or used as breeding lines during the last two decades (2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 15, 19 to 2 3 ) . Two varieties, CP 50-28 (18) and CP 52-68, reviewed by Stokes and Tysdal (22), are also in- cluded in this paper. The parentage of these 17 CP varieties and their dates of release are listed in Table 1. Thirteen of the 17 varieties were registered with Crop Science Society of America.
Table 1. Parentage and date of release of 17 CP varieties of sugarcane.
Variety Parentage Releasing agency Date of release
CP 50-28 CP 43-64 x CP 33-372 USDA, F A E S1 1957
CP 52-68 CP 29-320 x CP 38-34 USDA 1958 CP 56-59 CI 47-83 x CP 34-79 USDA, FAES, FSCL 1967 CP 56-63 CI 47-83 x CP 36-105 USDA, FAES, FSCL 1968 CP 57-120 CP 43-74 x B 45181 USDA Breeding line CP 57-526 CP 52-114 x US 54-24-9 USDA Breeding line CP 57-603 CI 47-143 x ? USDA, FAES, FSCL 1967 CP 57-614 CI 47-183 x CP 53-17 USDA, FAES, FSCL 1968 CP 59-50 CP 44-155 x CP 52-34 USDA Breeding line CP 59-73 F 36-819 x CP 33-372 USDA, FAES, FSCL 1967 CP 62-374 CP 53-18 x CP 33-324 USDA, FAES, FSCL 1969 CP 63-306 CP 50-28 x CP 52-15 USDA, FAES, FSCL 1971 CP 63-588 CI 54-1910 x CP 57-120 USDA, FAES, FSCL 1968 CP 65-357 CP 52-68 x CP 53-17 USDA, LAES, ASCL 1973 CP 68-1026 CI 47-83 x CP 57-614 USDA, FAES, FSCL 1975 CP 68-1067 CP 52-68 x CP 57-603 USDA, FAES, FSCL 1975 CP 70-1133 67 P 6s x CP 56-63 USDA, FAES, FSCL 1977
USDA = U.S. Department of Agriculture; FAES = Florida Agricultural Experiment Station;
FSCL = Florida Sugar Cane League, Inc.; LAES = Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station;
ASCL = American Sugar Cane League of the U.S.A., Inc.
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The two most widely grown varieties in Florida are CP 63-588 and CP 56-59 (38% and 13.5% of the sugarcane acreage, respectively) according to the latest variety census (12). CP 62-374 was grown on approximately 3.3% and CP 57-603 on 1.7% of the acreage for the 1977-78 crop. CP 57-603 is a late-maturing variety planted on 1.4 to 3.5% of the state sugarcane acreage since its release in 1967.
The rest of the CP varieties were planted on less than 1% of the acreage or are no longer in commer- cial production. CP 63-588 has a high sugar content and good milling qualities and achieved second place in total acreage in Florida in 1971 and first place in 1975. Among other CP varieties to achieve second place in total acreage were CP 50-28 (10), CP 56-59 and CP 57-603 (10, 1 2 ) . Varieties CP 57-120, CP 57-526 and CP 59-50 were used as parents in the variety development program. CP 65-357, which was produced from a cross made at Canal Point, was developed through cooperative research of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, and the American Sugar Cane League of the U.S.A., Inc. and was released to the Louisiana industry in 1973. CP 65-357 is presently the principal variety in Louisiana (13) and its acreage is increasing in Florida.
Most varieties of sugarcane (bred i ters and numbers that indicate the place The abbreviations used in Fig. 1 are sun
- experiment stations) are designated by a combination of let- or institution where they originated and the date of selection, narized in Table 2.
Fi g . 1. Pedigrees of CP (Canal Point) and certain other varieties of sugarcane.
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Table 2. Abbreviations used to designate the origin of sugarcane clone.
B Barbados H Hawaii Ba Barbados selfs L Louisiana CP Canal Point, Florida NG New Guinea Cl Clewiston, Florida POJ Proefstation Oost Co Coimbatore, India Java (East Java 26 C 270 1926 (Yellow) Caledonia Experiment Station)
Selection 270 (H.S.P.A.) US US Department of D Demerara (British Guiana) Agriculture Sugarcane EK Seedlings raised by Breeding Station at
Edward Karthaus, Java Canal Point, Florida F Florida
FM Formosa Male Selection
Grassl (A) indicated that the binomials, Saccharum edule Hassk, £. sinense Roxb. and S_. barberi Jeswiet were not valid species because of their generic hybrid nature. He suggested that the genus Saccharum consists of only 4 species: s. officinarum L., _S. robustum Brandes & Jeswiet exGrassl, J5.
spontaneum L. and _S. sanguineum (Grassl) Grassl. He also suggested that the 3 invalid species can be referred to as horticultural groups (collective hybrid epithets) such as the Edule, the Sinense, and the Barberi just as we refer to the S. officinarum cultivars as the Noble group. For convenience in regard to the materials and references, the binomials S. sinense and S. barberi are used in this article.
The pedigrees of the 17 CP varieties in this study show the complexity of the genetic background of these sugarcane varieties. Their basic genetic factors came from 16 known clones plus several unknown parents. Among the 16 clones, ten were S. officinarum, two S. sinense (Hawaiian Uba and Okin- awa Tekcha), two S. spontaneum (Indian and Java forms) and two S. barberi (Chunnee and Kansar). Fre- quency of the four species S officinarum, S spontaneum, S. sinense, and S. barberi indicates the predominance of S. officinarum in the background of these varieties (Table 3) . Genetic factors from Table 3. The frequency of transmission of Saccharum genetic factors in the pedigrees of 17 CP varieties.
IT s S. spontaneum s Variety officinarum barberi Java India Sinense CP 50-28 9 4 1
CP 52-68 15 4 1 1*
CP 56-59 20 4 3 - - CP 56-63 10 3 1
CP 57-120 8 2 1
CP 57-526 26 4 3 1 1**
CP 57-603 19 5 3 - -
CP 57-614 50 10 7 3 1*
C P 59-50 3 3 6 4 2 - CP 59-73 16 5 1
CP 62-374 44 6 6 4 1*
CP 63-306 11 5 1
C P 63-588 3 8 8 4 3 -
CP 65-357 24 9 2 4 2*
CP 68-1026 46 8 6 4 1*
CP 68-1067 31 7 4 2 1*
CP 70-1133 10 3 1
*0kinawa Tekcha; **Hawaiian Uba
various species of Saccharum were transmitted through the initial crosses of 18 first-generation hybrids.
The ancestry of all varieties traced back to 3 species: S_. officinarum, j[. spontaneum and S_. barberi.
Also two forms of s. spontaneum entered the pedigree of all varieties except CP 56-59 and CP 57-603, which only had the Java form of S. spontaneum. S. spontaneum was transmitted in the pedigrees through POJ 2364 (the first-generation hybrid of Kassoer or the second generation hybrid of the Java form of S_.
spontaneum) and through either Co 205 or Co 206 an Indian form of S_. spontaneum was transmitted in the pedigrees. s. sinense has produced a few of its derivatives that have yielded useful CP varieties. The CP 57-526 variety received its S. sinense germ plasm from Hawaiian Uba whereas six other varieties, CP 52-68, CP 57-614, CP 62-374, CP 65-357, CP 68-1026, and CP 68-1067 had S. sinense in their ancestry transmitted through CP 40. The S_. barberi was transmitted to the CP varieties through POJ 143, POJ 181, POJ 213 or Co 213. The POJ varieties were from crosses between Chunnee, of the Saretha group of S. bar- beri, and the noble cane Black Cheribon. POJ 213 was backcrossed to another Saretha variety, Kansar, to produce Co 213. Table 3 is the summary of the frequency of transmissions of each species in pedigrees of the CP varieties. The frequency of transmission is expressed as the number of paths which connect CP varieties and the various clones of Saccharum species. The higher the frequency and the more the species involved, the more complex the varieties will be. If only the known Saccharum clones are con- sidered, CP 62-374 and cp68-1026 are the most complex varieties among the varieties studied. CP 63-588,
CP 65-357 and CP 68-1067 are the next most complex varieties.
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