(Inćluding Embryology)
The examination may include questions covering any aspect of human anatomy.
Booкs. Prescribed textbooks:
Fraser, J. E.—Anatomy of the Human Skeleton. (5th ed., Churchill, 1958.) Gray, H.—Anatomy, Descriptive and Applied. ( 32nd ed., Longmans, 1958. ) or Lockhart, R. D., Hamilton, G. F., and Fyfe, F. W.—Anatomy of the Human
Body. (Faber, 1959. )
Arey, L. B.-Developmental Anatomy. (6th ed., Saunders, 1954. ) or Patten, B. 1. —Human Embryology. (2nd ed., Churchill, 1953.)
In addition, candidates are expected to keep themselves informed of work appearing in current periodical literature.
ЕxAMINATioN. One 3-hour written- paper; oral examination.
PHYSIOLOGY
The examination may include questions relating to the physiological behaviour of any of the anatomical systems of the body.
Boокs. Prescribed textbooks:
Wright, S.—Applied Physiology. ( 10th ed., O.U.P., 1961.)
Ruch, T., and Fulton, J. F. Medical Physiology and Biophysics. ( 18th ed., Saunders, 1960.)
EХAØAТТON. One 3-hour written paper; viva voce examination.
PHYSICS
Revision of direct current electricity, including Ohm's law; simple treatment (including practical units) of voltage, current, resistance, power, capacity, heating and magnetic effects of a current. Electromagnetic induction; Lenz's law; alternators;.
dynamos; motors; synchronous motors; rotary converters. Alternating current (simple theory only); wave form; frequency; power factor. The transformer; principles,
88
construction, transformation ratio, regulation, efficiency, current and voltage limits, calibration. Special features of diagnostic X-ray transformer. Auto transformer. Prac- tical methods of determining potential outputs of X-ray transformer; control of high tension voltage. Thеrmiоnic currents; the two-electrode valve, vacuum and gas types, metal type rectifiers.,
The electromagnetic spectrum; production of X-rays--their properties ( with special reference to the photographic action ); general and characteristic X-rays ( simple treatment ); distribution of energy in the X-ray spectrum; practical factors controlling distribution; absorption and scattering of X-rays. The diagnostic X-ray tube; design of cathode and anode; circular and line focus; dual focus; rotating anode tubes; rating charts; cooling curves; causes of tube failure. High tension circuits used in diagnostic X-ray equipment with practical indications for and limitation of each type; self-rectified, single valve, two-valve, four-valve, mechanically rectified and condenser discharge circuits. Special features of shock-proof equipment. Auxiliary apparatus, including timers ( hand, valve, synchronous motor, impulse and photo- electric types ); stabilizers ( static and dynamic ); milliampere-second meter; overload.
protection; hue voltage compensation; tube and filament current boosters monitor- controlled equipment.
The physical factors determining a good radiograph ( geometrical factors, intensi- fying screens, non-screen film, stationary and moving grids, cones, developers, contrast, optimum density). Processing of films; function of developer and fixer; effect of time and temperature changes; processing faults in films. Physical principles underlying special diagnostic apparatus (including kymograph, tomograph, stereoscopic radio- graphs, localization of foreign bodies, pelvic mensuration p). Physical principles involved in fluoroscopic examination. Image amplification. Technical principles of miniature radiography; lens and mirror cameras. High voltage radiography. X-ray protection and protective materials; protection of personnel and patients electrical protection; design of radio-diagnostic departments.
РвАcтsслг, Worm. Simple alternating current phenomena. The transformer;
demonstration of chief characteristics. Investigation with cathode ray oscillograph of current and voltage conditions for various types of valve-rectified circuits. Investigation of physical factors determining a good radiograph ( size of focal spot; focal-film distance; object-film distance; area of beam); intensifying screens of different speeds;
effects of grids. Investigation of photographic procedures; film developers for X-ray and ordinary films; general principles of medical photography. Method of localization of foreign bodies. Production of standard protection films. Measurement of stray radiation in a diagnostic X-ray department. Study of protective materials. Visits to various diagnostic installations.
Вooкs. Recommended for reference:
van der Plaats.—Medical X-ray Technique. ( Philips Technical Library, 1959.) Robertson, J. K.—Radiology Physics. (D. Van Nostrand Co.)
Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection ( Adopted September 9, 1958 ), Pergamon Press.
Report of Committee III of the International Commission on Radiological Pro- tection (1960 ), Pergamon Press.
In addition candidates are expected to keep themselves informed of appropriate matter in current radiological periodicals in the English language.
Ехлмптх ЮN. One 3-hour paper.
РАRт
II
The experience required of a candidate presenting for Part II shall be:
1. A period of twelve months as a resident medical officer in a general hospital with experience equivalent to four months as Resident Medical Officer to each of In-patient Medicine and Surgery.
2. One year in a full-time appointment in a Diagnostic X-ray Department of a general hospital forming part of a clinical school recognized by the Aus- tralasian Universities. In the case of a hospital or department not so recog- nized, the Faculty of Medicine will require from the candidate particular details of his experience, the acceptance of which will enable him to proceed with the Diploma.
89
3. A minimum-attendance of 20 sessions for Radiology in Paediatrics and of 10 sessions for Radiology in Obstetrics at Diagnostic X-ray Departments of general or special hospitals forming part of a clinical school recognized by the Australasian Universities.
Work performed in the Diagnostic X-ray Departments referred to in the paragraphs above must be under the direction of qualified Radiologists.
ØDIODIAGNOSIS The examination may include questions relevant to
—
(i)
X-ray machines, tubes, accessories; their choice, use and maintenance.The various exposure factors; their use in controlling exposure. Deter- mination of relative speeds and other qualities of films and intensifying screens. Construction and use of exposure charts.
(1) Radiographic technique in the examination of all parts of the body. Tech- nique of fluoroscopic examination. Use of contrast media. Location of foreign bodies.
( iii) Methods of marking films for identification. Dark room equipment and technique. Subsequent photographic processes; prints, lantern slides, etc.
(iv) Principles of protection of patients and personnel against radiation hazards.
(v) Interpretation of films; differential diagnosis; correlation with clinical find- ings. Methods of reporting.
(vi) Organization of an X-ray department; the keeping of records.
Special emphasis will be placed on section (v) of the syllabus.
In addition, candidates will be expected to possess a sound knowledge of the general medical and general surgical aspects of all conditions related to the specialty.
&Jolts. Recommended for reference:
Clarke, K.
C. Positioning
in Radiography. ( 5th ed., Heinemann. ) Brailsford, J. F.—Radiology of Bones and Joints. ( Churchill, 1953.)Text-book of X-ray Diagnosis by British Authors—Edited by Shanks, S. C., and Kerley, P. ( 2nd ed., Lewis.)
Prendergrass, E. P., Schaffer, J. P» and b ades, P. 3.—Head and Neck in Roentgen Diagnosis. ( Charles C. Thomas, 1957.)
Caffey,
J. Paediatric
X-ray Diagnosis. (4th ed., Year Book Publishers.)McLareń, J. W.
(ed. )—Modern
Trends in Diagnostic Radiology. (2nd and 3rd series, Butterworth.)Meschan, I.—An Atlas of Normal Radiographic Anatomy. (Saunders, 1951.) Meschan, I.
—
Roentgen Signs in Clinical Diagnosis. (Saunders, 1956.) Simon, G. Principles of Chest X-ray Diagnosis. (Butterworth, 1946.) Simon,G.—Principles
of Bone X-ray Diagnosis. (Butterworth, 1960.) Epstein, BernardS.-The
Spine. (Lea and Febiger.)Kohler, Alban.-Borderlands of the Normal and Early Pathological in Skeletal Roentgenology—English translation. (Grune & Stratton, 1956.)
Hutchinson, A. C. W.—Dental and Oral X-ray Diagnosis. (Livingstone, 1954.) ЕхАиІNАТТоІ. One 3-hour written paper; viva voce examination, and written reports on films, practical examinations in Radiographic and Fluoroscopic techniques.
PATHOLOGY
The examination will test the candidates' knowledge of Pathology and of general and regional morbid anatomy and histology with s ecial reference to structural and functional variations which may be demonstrated by radiodiagnostic methods. The practical examination will test the candidates' ability to recognize and interpret specimens illustrating relevant morbid anatomy and histology.
In addition to the standard textbooks, the pathological sections of standard works should be studied. A knowledge of appropriate matter in current periodicals in the English language will be expected.
Booxs. Recommended for reference:
Anderson, W. A.
D.-Pathology.
(4th ed., Mosby Co., 1961.)Beattie, J. M., and Dickson, W. E. C.-A Text-book of Pathology—Generai and Special: (5th ed., Heinemann.)
90
Cарреп, D. F.—Muir'o Textbook of Pathology. (7th ed., Arnold, 1958.) Dibie, J. H., and Davie, T. B. Pathology (An Introduction to Medicine and
Surgery) . ( 3rd ed., Churchill, 1950.)
Paying Wright, G. Introduction to Pathology. (3rd ed., Longmans, 1958.) Illingworth, C. F. W., and Dick, В. 1.—Text-Book of ' Surgical Pathology.
( 8th ed., Churchill, 1960.)
Willis, R. A.—Spread of Tumours in the Human Body. (2nd ед., Butterworth.) Willis, R. A. Pathology of Tumours. ( 3rd ed., Butterworth, 1960. )
EXAMINATION. One 3-hour written paper; one 3-hour practical test; viva voce examination.
DIPLOMA IN THERAPEUTIC RADIOLOGY (Regulation 3.40)
Note.—(1) Candidates are advised to register in the first instance with the Secretary, Medical Branch of the Registrar's Office.
(2) Before entering, for the examination in Part I candidates are required to present certificates of practice (at least two years, including one year spent in a resident appointment in a general hospital).
(3) Before entering for the examination in Part II candidates are required to present certificates of experience as specified below. Candidates admitted ad eundem statum are required, in addition, to present certificates of three months' approved experience in the Clinical Schools of this University.
РлRт I ANATOMY (Including Embryology)
The examination may include questions covering any aspect of human anatomy.
Books. Recommended for reference:
Fraser, J. E.-Anatomy of the Human Skeleton. ( 5th ed., Churchill, 1958.) Gray, 1.—Anatomy, Descriptive and Applied. (32nd
ed.,
Longmans, 1958.) or Lockhart, R. D., Hamilton, G. F., and Fyfe, F. W.—Anatomy of the HumanBody. (Faber, 1959.)
Arey, L. B.—Developmental Anatomy. (6th ed Saunders, 1954.) or Patten, B. M.—Human. Embryology. (2nd ed., Blakiston, 1953.)
Ham, A. W., and Leeson, T. S. Histology. (4th ed., Lippincott, 1961.) In addition, candidates are expected to keep themselves informed of work appearing in current periodical literature.
ExAMINATXox. One 3-hour written paper; oral examination.
PHYSICS .
X-rays. Revision of direct current electricty, including Ohm's law; simple treat- ment ( including practical units) of voltage, current, resistance, power, capacity, heating and magnetic effects of a current. Electromagnetic induction; Lenz's law;
alternators, generators, motors, synchronous motors; rotor converters. Alternating current (simple theory only); wave form; frequency; power factor. The transformer, principles, construction, calibration. Special features of the transformers in therapy equipments. Auto-transformer. Control and measurement of high tension voltage and current. Thermionic current; the two-electrode valve vacuum and gas types.
The electromagnetic spectrum; production of X-rays, their properties (with special reference to ionization); general and characteristic X-rays ( simple treatment);
distribution of energy in the X-ray spectrum; practical factors controlling distribution;
absorption and scattering of X-rays. Filters, inherent filtration, composite filters.
The X-ray tube for therapy, construction and operating conditions. X-ray tube rating; methods of heat dissipation. Causes of failure of X-ray tubes.
High tension circuits used for contact, superficial, deep and supervoltage therapy, including full details of control and accessory components. Voltage and current wave forms of equipments and the effect of these on quality and quantity of X-rays produced.
Measurement of X-ray dose. Standard and clinical dosemeters. Measurement of X-ray quality. Skin dose, depth dose, volume dose and factors determining these.
Isodose curves and methods of determining dosage distribution. Physical principles involved in construction of treatment cones; planning of X-ray treatments; wedge filters; sieve therapy; rotational and pendulum therapy and various types of super- voltage equipment.
Radioactivity. Elementary treatment of atomic structure leading to nuclear disintegration. Alpha, beta and gamma rays; their properties, particularly thеir photographic ionization and biological effects.
Natural radioactivity, particularly the uranium-radium series, with special refer- ence to radium, radon and its active deposits. The measurement of radium and radon.
Beta and gamma ray dose. Radium containers for therapeutic purposes. Preparation of radon for therapeutic use. Relative advantages of radium and radon. Dosage distri- bution in beta and gamma ray therapy; rational methods of approximation to homogeneous dosage distribution.
Artificial radio-isotopes, their production and value in medicine. Principal isotopes of use in medical research, diagnosis and treatment. Methods of detecting and measuring radio-isotopes. Radio-isotopes as alternatives to radium and radon.
Dosage distribution from radio-isotopes applied internally.
General. The physical bases of theories of action of radiation. Protection problems associated with the use of high voltage. X-rays, radium, radon and radio-isotopes.
Method of assessing radiation exposure. Design of radiotherapy departments.
Bоoкs. Recommended for reference:
Glasser,. O.,
Quimby, E. H., Taylor, L.
S., and Weatherwax, J. L.—PhysicalFoundations of Radiology. ( 2nd ed., lieber, 1952.) Wilson, C. W.—Radium Therapy. (Chapman and Hall, 1946. )
Beierwalters, W. H., Johnson, P. C., and Solari, A. J.--Clinical Use of Radio- Isotopes. ( Saunders, 1957.)
Hahn, P. P.—A Manual of Artificial Radio-Isotope Therapy. (Academic Press Inc., 1951. )
Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (Adopted September 9, 1958), Pergamon Press.
Reports of Committees II, III and V of the International Commission on Radio- logical Protection, Pergamon Press.
In addition, candidates are expected to keep themselves informed of appropriate matter In current radiological periodicals
ia
the English language.ЕxлміNАтrоN. One 3-hour paper.
PART II
The experience required of a candidate presenting for Part II shall be- 1. A period of twelve months as a resident medical omcer in a general hospital
with experience equivalent to four months as Resident Medical Officer to each of In-patient Medicine and Sgery.
2. Two years at a special hospital or clinic with not Iess than half-time attend- ance under the supervision of a senior practitioner or practitioners in Radio- therapy, or its equivalent. In assessing equivalence, all hospitals or depart- ments recognized as Radiotherapeutic Clinical Schools by Australasian Uni- versities shall have equivalent standing. In the case of public hospitals or departments not so recognized, the Faculty of Medicine will require from a candidate particular details of his experience, the acceptance of which will enable the candidate to proceed with the Diploma.
3. Evidence of having performed under the supervision of one or more con- sultants in Radiotherapy all the common procedures of the specialty. These procedures shall include the diagnostic and treatment techniques including the conduct of pre-operative, operative and post-operative procedures.
Candidates are advised to confer with the Chairman of the Board of Studies for advice concerning the current common procedures.
RADIOTHERAPY
The candidate will be expected to possess a sound knowledge of pathological, medical and surgical aspects of all conditions for which any form of radiation therapy
92
is á recognized treatment. In addition, detailed knowledge of all technical procedures in Radiotherapy will be required. The candidate should be able to carry out the prescription, planning and calculating of treatment, and should be able to demonstrate.
the physical principles involved. He should be familiar with the detailed organization of a radiotherapeutic department.
Bоокs. Recommended for reference:
Cade, S. S.—Malignant Disease and Its Treatment by Radium. (Wright, 1952.) McKee and Cipollaro.-X-rays and Radium in The Treatment of Diseases of
The Skin. (Lea and Febiger, 1947.)
Paterson, Treatment of Malignant Disease by Radium and X-rays. (Arnold.) Meredith.-Radium Dosage, the Manchester System. (Livingstone.)
• Carling, Windeyer and Smithers.—British Practice in Radio Therapy. (Butter..
worth, 1955.)
Beierwalters, W. I., Johnson, P. C., and Solari, A. J.—Clinical Use of Radio- Isotopes. (Saunders, 1957.)
Mitchell, J. S.—Studies in Radiotherapeutics. (Blackwell, 1960.)
A knowledge of appropriate matter in current periodicals in the English language will be expected.
ЕxА flNАТІoN. One 3-hour written paper; vice voce. examination; clinical exam- fixation.
PATHOLOGY
The examination in Pathology will test the candidates' knowledge of general and regional morbid anatomy and histology, with special reference to radio-sensitivity of tissues, including special consideration of the action of radiotherapeutic and other physical agents on normal and pathological tissues. The practical examination will test the candidates' ability to recognize and interpret specimens illustrating relevant morbid anatomy and histology.
In addition to the standard textbooks, the pathological sections of standard works should be studied. A knowledge of appropriate matter in current periodicals in the English language will be expected.
Bоокs. Recommended for reference: •
Cappell, D. F. Muir's. Textbook of Pathology. ( 7th ed., Arnold, 1958. ) Robbins, S. L. Textbook of Pathology. (1st ed., Saunders, 1957.)
Payling Wright, G. Introduction to Pathology. (3rd ed., Longmans, 1958.) Illingworth, C. F. W., and Dick, В. M. Textbook of Surgical Pathology. (8th
ed., Churchill, 1960.)
or Ackerman, L. V.—Textbook of Surgical Pathology. (2nd ed., Mosby, 1959.) Willis, R. A. Pathology of Tumours. (3rd ed.
, Butterworth, 1960. )
lollaender,
A.—Radiation Biology,Vol. I. (
McGraw-Hill,)ЕxАМІNАТ oN. One 3-hour written paper; one 3-hour practical test; viva voce examination.