Saska - NOTES MANUFACTURING - American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists ASSCT

NOTES MANUFACTURING

M. Saska

Journal American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, Vol. 16, 1996

The Calculation of Roll Torque in Sugarcane Crushing

Luis R. Zarraluqui Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida

Belle Glade, FL

The torque required to turn a pair of mill rolls crushing sugarcane can be theoretically found to be:

t = hR( 1 - cos a) I a

where t is torque expressed in ft-lb/ft of roll, h is hydraulic loading, lb/ft of roll, R is radius, ft, and a is the feed angle, radians. Consequently, roll torque depends directly on mill size, represented here by roll radius, on the severity of crushing, represented by roll load, and, to a lesser extent, on crushing rate, represented by some function of the feed angle, or of the mat thickness, for that matter. It does not depend on roll speed, and therefore, once the sugar mill is set, it is a machine functioning at constant torque. This theory has been tested under factory conditions, and it holds fairly well. Some of the mills at S.C.G.C. of FL. had incidentally been rigged with a profusion of instruments, and a flow meter for 1993-94 harvest. It was then possible to measure all the variables that might affect roll torque, and use them in conjunction with the turbine manufacturer's curves to corroborate torque, calculating back from the horsepower. All gathered data, and torque calculations from the formula, and from the horsepower curves are presented, along with the derivation of the formula for torque.

Some innovative turbine and mill plots of torque vs. horsepower, and of torque vs. speed are presented as well. They are useful since the constant torque of the mill or turbine implicates a horizontal line parallel to the abscissa axes. Also, on the torque vs. speed plot, area under the torque line equals horsepower saved for given mill speed reductions. Results from this investigation, their discussion, and the conclusions drawn from the testing in practice of the theory behind the formula complete the paper.

Direct Production of White Sugar with Membrane Filtration: Concept, Experiment,... Reality?

Journal American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, Vol. 16, 1996

as is an assessment of the economics of the respective processes.

Cane Preparation, Mill Extraction and Bagasse Density Harold S. Birkett and Jeanie M. Stein

Audubon Sugar Institute LSU Agricultural Experiment Station

Baton Rouge, LA

Recent data for cane preparation (P. I.) and mill extraction for Louisiana sugar factories is presented. Data on both tandem and individual mill extraction, and the degree of preparation achieved through the tandem is presented. Preliminary data on the density of bagasse at various pressures for the bagasse leaving each mill in the tandem is presented.

Alternative Uses for Sucrose Donal F. Day Audubon Sugar Institute LSU Agricultural Experiment Station

Baton Rouge, LA

Sucrose, like oil, is a large volume commodity. New products that upgrade the value of raw sugar are not likely to utilize a major proportion of the domestic sucrose production.

However, there are specialty markets for products made from sucrose that can yield significantly higher returns than sweetners. A small proportion of sucrose converted to such products could do much to offset any changes in the current domestic price structure for raw sugar. Several current and future alternative products that can be produced by fermentation from sucrose, as well as the status of current research in this area, will be presented.

Donnelly Chute Controls at Westfield Factory Woody Beta

Betz Engineering Sales Co.

New Orleans, LA Chip Savoie Dugas and LeBlanc, Ltd.

Paincourtville, LA

In 1993, the Westfield Factory had individual mill control on the first, second, and fifth mill, which were controlled by PID loop controllers. This past grinding we installed a computer to control mills two, three, and four and we removed the PID controller from the second mill to another location in the factory. The theory was three fold:

1. Economic benefits 2. Mill communications 3. Experimentation

Journal American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, Vol. 16, 1996

operations were discussed. The following graphs were shown: mill speed, moisture % bagasse, pol % bagasse, and cumulative pol extraction.

Gene Bouquet

Cora Texas Manufacturing Co., Inc.

White Castle, LA

The improvements made for the 1994 grinding season, which improved our grinding efficiency, is outlined with a brief description of each improvement, in this paper. A table comparing the results of the 1994 grinding season to the 1993 grinding season showing how these improvements helped Cora Texas is shown on an overhead. Also the changes which should improve Cora Texas' mill extraction for the 1995 grinding season are listed.

Processing of Sugarcane Rind into Textiles John R. Collier, Billie J. Collier, and Maryoud M. Elsunni

Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA

A process was developed for conversion of sugarcane rind to textile and geotextile products. It includes partial, directional delignification, and optional agitation and/or tumbling preceding washing and subsequent steam explosion steps. The ultimate fibers in sugarcane rind are similar to those of hard wood, 2 to 5 mm long; however, to form geotextile mats or spin yarns, the fiber bundles used should be at least 2.5 cm long. A sugarcane crushing process causes the length of bagasse segments to be too short; therefore, this conversion process starts with a separation similar to that referred to as the "Tilby Process". The cane is split longitudinally in two halves, the high sucrose content pith routed out, and the resulting rind used for this process.

The typical treatment in this process is to react 0.1 N NaOH at 166°C (steam pressure 620 kPa) with the rind segments in a reactor designed to perform specific mechanical actions. The wet and partially delignified fiber bundles can be damaged by complete rotatory action of an impeller in the reactor; therefore, either an oscillating agitation and/or tumbling of the reactor around its horizonal axis is employed. In this paper all runs included tumbling and some feature agitation also. Since the rind is encouraged to split longitudinally rather than transversely by the mechanical action, lignin is removed preferentially in the longitudinal direction. As a result bundles of fibers from the rind are successively reduced in cross section with slight reduction in length, thereby yielding the necessary length and desired cross section for conversion to textile and geotextile products.

Studies to Minimize Carryover in Sugarcane Boilers W. Brian Kitchen

Nalco Chemical Co.

Kenner, LA

The carryover of boiler water into the steam lines can cause a variety of problems in sugar mills. These problems range from heat and efficiency loss to deposit on turbines and evaporators to erosion of steam lines. Many steps have been taken over the years to minimize the effect of

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Mill Improvement at Cora Texas Gene Bouquet Cora Texas Manufacturing Co., Inc.

White Castle, LA

Journal American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, Vol. 16, 1996

this carryover. The problem, however, remains and exists to some extent in nearly every mill.Boiler operating conditions are known to have a substantial affect on the actual level of carryover. A new patented diagnostic tracer was used to provide on-line monitoring of carryover levels in a local mill. These levels were tracked through changing boiler operating conditions to study the effects of those changes. This paper reviews and explains the main factors contributing to carryover. It reviews the setup of the studies conducted this year and documents the results with recommendations for future operating procedures and testing.

Evaporation Process Energy Balance in the Fabrication of Sugarcane

Carmen Y. Baez Romilio Alvarez Bias Marin

Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida Belle Glade, FL

The performance and capacity of existing evaporator systems under actual operating conditions are the main focus of most engineers in the fabrication process since rarely a practicing engineer has to design completely new evaporators for an assumed set of conditions.The intent of this paper is to present the basic calculations in determining evaporator heat transmission and heat balace calculations in the sugar cane fabrication process. Regardless of use, design, or operation, the same basic heat balances are calculated. For the purpose of this presentation, an existing system will be evaluated against original design and modified for added capacity or thermal economy.

HEAT TRANSFER:

Evaporation in any evaporator, single or multiple effect, is dependent on the transfer or transmission of heat from a hot condensing vapor through tube walls to a cooler boiling liquid.

The relationship is characterized by the equation:

Q = U A AT Where: Q = quanity of heat transferred (BTU/hr)

U = overall heat transfer coefficient (BTU/hr(F)-(ft²) A = effective heat transfer area (ft²)

AT = Temperature difference between steam and boiling liquid (°F) HEAT BALANCE CALCULATIONS:

Process steam consumption will be calculated for every heating and evaporation requirement with the corresponding heat balances. These can be summarized as:

1. Heating of limed juice 2. Heating of clarified juice 3. Juice concentration in evaporators 4. Boiling of massecuites

The above calculations will be presented in a user-interactive computer program, which

Journal American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, Vol, 16, 1996

will allow the audience to troubleshoot their individual process performance according to their own needs, and in case of added capacity, will determine the requirements to accomplish such a task.

Analytical Instrumentation in Raw Sugar Production Stephen J. Clarke

Flo-Sun Sugar Company Okeelanta Corporation

South Bay, FL

The number of instrumental techniques available to raw sugar producers has increased significantly in recent years. At present most are more suitable for research applications but some have become routine in such areas as cane and raw sugar quality determination. This paper includes a summary of our recent work in the areas of turbidimetric, spectrophotometric and x-ray fluorescence techniques.

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Journal American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, Vol. 16, 1996

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF SUGAR CANE TECHNOLOGISTS EDITORIAL POLICY

Nature of papers to be published:

Papers submitted must represent a significant technological or scientific contribution.

Papers will be limited to the production and processing of sugarcane, or to subjects logically related. Authors may submit papers that represent a review, a new approach to field or factory problems, or new knowledge gained through experimentation. Papers promoting machinery or commercial products will not be acceptable.

Frequency of publication:

The Journal will appear at least once a year. At the direction of the Joint Executive Committee, the Journal may appear more frequently. Contributed papers not presented at a meeting may be reviewed, edited, and published if the editorial criteria are met.

Editorial Committee:

The Editorial Committee shall be composed of the Managing Editor, Technical Editor for the Agricultural Section, and Technical Editor for the Manufacturing Section. The Editorial Committee shall regulate the Journal content and assure its quality. It is charged with the authority necessary to achieve these goals. The Editorial Committee shall determine broad policy.

Each editor will serve for three years; and may at the Joint Executive Committee's discretion, serve beyond the expiration of his or her term.

Handling of manuscripts:

Four copies of each manuscript are initially submitted to the Managing Editor.

Manuscripts received by the Managing Editor will be assigned a registration number determined serially by the date of receipt. The Managing Editor writes to the one who submitted the paper to inform the author of the receipt of the paper and the registration number which must be used in all correspondence regarding it.

The Technical Editors obtain at least two reviews for each paper from qualified persons.

The identities of reviewers must not be revealed to each other nor to the author during the review process. Instructions sent with the papers emphasize the necessity for promptness as well as thoroughness in making the review. Page charges will be assessed for the entire manuscript for non-members. Members will be assessed for those pages in excess of ten (10) double spaced Times New Roman (TT) 12 pt typed pages of 8 1/2" x 11" dimension with one (1) inch margins.

When a paper is returned by reviewers, the Technical Editor evaluates the paper and the recommendations of the reviewers. If the paper as received is recommended by two reviewers for publication in the Journal, it is sent to the Managing Editor. At this time, the Managing Editor will request a final version in hardcopy and on diskette in WordPerfect format from the corresponding author.

Journal American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, Vol 16, 1996

for this purpose, along with anonymous copies of reviewers' recommendations. When the paper is returned to the Technical Editor, he/she will judge the adequacy of the revision and may send the paper back to any reviewer for further review. When the paper has been revised satisfactorily, it is sent to the Managing Editor for publishing. A paper sent to its author for revision and held more than 6 months will be given a new date of receipt when returned. This date will determine the priority of publication of the paper.

A paper rejected by one reviewer may be sent to additional reviewers until two reviewers either accept or reject the paper. If a paper is judged by two or more reviewers as not acceptable for the Journal, theTechnical Editor returns it to the author along with a summary of the reasons given by the reviewers for the rejection. The registration form for the paper is filled out and returned to the Managing Editor along with copies of the reviewers' statements and a copy of the Technical Editor's transmittal letter to the author. The names of all reviewers must be shown on the registration form transmitted to the Managing Editor.

After the review process is completed, each accepted paper is read by the Technical Editor to correct typographical, grammatical, and style errors and to improve the writing where this seems possible and appropriate, with special care not to change the meaning. Instructions for the printer are inserted as needed. The papers are sent by the Technical Editor to the Managing Editor who notifies the authors of this fact and of the probable dates of publication.

Preparation of papers for publication:

Papers sent by the Technical Editor to the Managing Editor are prepared for printing according to their dates of original submittal and final approval and according to the space available in the next issue of the Journal.

The paper is printed in the proper form for reproduction, and proofs are sent to the authors for final review. When the proofs are returned, all necessary corrections are made prior to reproduction. The author will be notified at the appropriate time to order reprints at cost.

Any drawings and photographs for the figures in the paper are "scaled" according to their dimensions, the size of lettering, and other factors. They are then sent to the printer for camera work. Proofs of the illustrations are sent to the authors. Any changes requested at this stage would be expensive and authors will be expected to pay the cost of such changes.

Reprinting in trade journals has the approval of the Editorial Committee provided: a) no article is reprinted before being accepted by the Journal; b) credit is given all authors, the author's institutions, and the ASSCT; and c) permission of all authors has been obtained. Summaries, condensations, or portions may be printed in advance of Journal publication provided the approval of the Editorial Committee has been obtained.

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Journal American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, Vol. 16, 1996

RULES FOR PREPARING PAPERS TO BE PRINTED IN THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF SUGAR CANE TECHNOLOGISTS

Format

Unless the nature of the manuscript prevents, it should include the following sections in the order listed: ABSTRACT, INTRODUCTION, MATERIALS and METHODS, RESULTS, DISCUSSION (OR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION), CONCLUSIONS, ACKNOWLEDG- MENTS, and REFERENCES. Not all the sections listed above will be included in each paper, but each section should have an appropriate heading that is centered on the page with all letters capitalized. Scientific names shall be italicized.

AH material (including tables and figures) shall be submitted on 8V2 X 11 inch paper with one inch margins on all sides. If using WordPerfect, set the bottom margin at 0.5 inches.

This will set the page number at 0.5 inches and the final line of text at 1 inch from the bottom margin. Exactness in reproduction can be insured if electronic copies of the final versions of manuscripts are submitted. Authors are encouraged to contact the managing editor for specifics regarding software and formatting software to achieve ease of electronic transfer.

Authorship

Name of the authors, institution or organization with which they are associated, and their locations should follow the title of the paper.

Abstract

The abstract should be placed at the beginning of the manuscript, immediately following the author's name, organization and location.

Tables

Number the tables consecutively and refer to them in the text as Table 1, Table 2, etc.

Each table must have a heading or caption. Capitalize only the initial word and proper names in table headings. Headings and text of tables should be single spaced. Use TAB function rather than SPACE BAR to separate columns of a table.

Figures

Number the figures consecutively and refer to them in the text as Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.

Each figure must have a legend. Figures must be of sufficient quality to reproduce legibly.

Drawings & Photographs

Drawings and photographs must be provided separately from the text of the manuscript and identified on the back of each. Type figure numbers and legends on separate pieces of paper with proper identification. Drawings and photographs should be of sufficient quality that they will reproduce legibly.

Reference Citations

The heading for the literature cited should be REFERENCES. References should be

Journal American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, Vol. 16, 1996

order according to the surname of the senior author. In the text, references to literature cited should be made by name of author(s) and year of publication from list of references. Do not use capital letters in the titles of such articles except in initial words and proper names, but capitalize words in the titles of the periodicals or books.

Format Example

ITCHGRASS (ROTTBOELLIA COCHINCHINENSIS) CONTROL IN SUGARCANE WITH POSTEMERGENCE HERBICIDES

Reed J. Lencse and James L. Griffin Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, LSU Agricultural Center

Baton Rouge, LA 70803 and Edward P. Richard, Jr.

Sugarcane Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Houma, LA 70361

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

^able 1. Visual itchgrass control and sugarcane injury as influenced by over-the-top herbicide application at Maringouin and Thibodaux, LA, 1989.

CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

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