THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE LANDSCAPE Climate and Rainfall
The climate is considered to be sub-tropical and consistent with the climatic characteristics of the South-east Queensland Bio-region. Rainfall received is in the order of 1000mm to 1200mm annually.
Landform
The Glass House Mountains appear as a number of isolated rocks rising abruptly above the coastal plain. Their remarkable silhouettes may be viewed from great distances, including the Blackall Range, the D'Aguilar Ranges and from the sea. The residual cores of volcanoes active in the early Tertiary Period some 20 to 25 million years ago, their average height is 400metres above sea level. They are composed of igneous rocks, rhyolite and trachyte, the rhyolite forming distinct columns. The Glass House Mountains consists of a grouping of some fourteen peaks The group formation is an elongated oval with its long axis running north-south. Within this oval circumference the peaks occur in clusters of two or three along transecting east-west parallels. The mountains rise from a low, sandy, coastal plain, very little above sea level, and averaging a width of between 12 and 15 kilometres. The soil is poor with many low-lying patches of swamp. Along the sea's edge at Bribie Passage, are extensive stands of mangroves, particularly associated with the estuaries of the permanent creeks. These rise at the base of the peaks and drain the plain.
Flora and Fauna
The mountain peaks support a unique habitat with a number of species endemic to their slopes.
On the plain a straggling forest of eucalypts, paperbarks, banksias and casuarinas dominates the natural landscape with vine scrub found along the riparian zone of the permanent creeks.
THE CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE LANDSCAPE
Climate - Living in the Tropics
The sub-tropical climate here has encouraged the experimentation over time with the growing of a variety of tropical and sub-tropical fruits and small crops. Historically housing design in this area has been typical of the Queensland vernacular i.e. timber house, raised on stumps and with substantial shaded verandah, balcony or patio areas. Ornamental horticulture has also reflected tendencies towards choice of tropical species.
Land - Land as the Focus of History
Over time these mountains have persisted as distinctive landmarks in the region. They marked the route of the Aboriginal pathway skirting their bases and they were noted in early navigation observations of the coastline. Their forms gave rise to their name and their name has subsequently been applied to the surrounding district as a clear identifier nationally of a specific geographical location in South-east Queensland.
Development - The Prime Agent of Change
The dominant cultural aspects of Queensland society demonstrated by the cultural landscape of the Glasshouse Mountains are those of Enterprise and Communication.
To date change in patterns of land use associated with changes in enterprise activities has mainly focused on change in the horticultural species cultivated. These changes are a response to market demands and/or a response to changes in agricultural practices in order to maximise contemporary economic returns from the land.
Construction of facilities infrastructure to support this economic development has concentrated on transport of produce from this region to point of processing and/or sale. This landscape has been the route of a major travel corridor since aboriginal occupation. European settlers have added a road, initially following the path of the Aboriginal trading route, a railway, a second and then a third major road. All traversing the landscape in a north south axis with each traverse moving a little to the east of the previous route. Currently a further transport corridor "update" is under discussion for planning feasibility.
Perception - Understanding Queensland's Landscapes
The peaks appear as isolated volcanic plugs, rising abruptly from the flat coastal plain and disconnected visually from any adjacent hilly formations. Six of the peaks are significantly larger in both height and bulk. These larger peaks are sparsely vegetated and hence preside portentously over the plain as rugged grey masses of rock. A number of their distinctive forms unmistakably identify the individual peaks as "one of the Glasshouse Mountains". The plain is quite flat to the eye. It derives its varied textures from the crops and orchards and forests under cultivation. Remnant, dark green, riparian vine scrub marks the many creek corridors.
The visual feast of colour and texture of the tropical agriculture of the plain is reinforced for the car traveller along the communication corridor with the many opportunities to stop at roadside fruit stalls and sample the products of the land. For many years one of the iconic postcard views of this region was of Mt. Tibrogargan as a dark grey backdrop to the bright paddocks of pineapples surrounding its base. A number of naive artists choose to represent "typical"
landscape images of this region in their paintings, e.g. "The Little Queenslander" by Katy Edwards.
Marginal Groups - The Unofficial History
The indigenous peoples of this region have left their mark indelibly on the region with the lyrical names they have given the mountain peaks and associated creeks which drain the coastal plain. Post European settlement the region has supported a multi-cultural population reflecting the racial origins of southern Queensland's population as a whole. Urban expansion associated with the end of the twentieth century has seen this area absorb a great deal of the interstate migration to Queensland from southern States of Australia.
DISCUSSION OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE VALUE OF THIS LANDSCAPE
The mountain peaks that give their name to the landscape are instantly recognisable and revered as distinctive Australian landmarks, geologically and culturally. Their enormous size and commanding presence, rising abruptly from the coastal plain, ensures that the integrity of their forms and visual dominance of this landscape would be difficult to compromise through ongoing cultural change of land uses on the plain. Any change in land-uses planned for the peaks themselves would require thoughtful contemplation.
All landscapes however contribute to broader and inter-dependant living land systems. The Glasshouse Mountains Cultural Landscape forms the headwaters of the catchment for the northern waters of Moreton Bay, specifically Pumicestone Passage. This site is a wetland of World significance for migratory bird-life (Convention on Wetlands, Ramsar, Iran, 1971).
Land-use activities on the coastal plain have impinged and will continue to impinge on the maintenance of the health of this important wetland area.
EXISTING HERITAGE DESIGNATIONS OF SITES WITHIN THIS LANDSCAPE
There are no sites within this landscape currently designated on the Queensland Heritage Register.
Caloundra City Council commissioned a Cultural Landscape Study in 1996 with a view to incorporating protection of a number of sites identified by this study into their town planning scheme. A study conducted in conjunction with the Commonwealth Regional Forest Agreement process in 1998 recommended that the Glasshouse Mountains Cultural Landscape be entered on the register of the National Estate for the degree to which it satisfies Criteria A and C of the Australian Heritage Commission criteria.
REFERENCES
Horton, H. Brisbane's Back Door, the story of the D'Aguilar Range, Boolarong Publications, Brisbane, 1988.
Laurens, S. Contested Terrains, Investigating Queensland's Cultural Landscapes, LOCAL
GOVERNMENT PLANNING DOCUMENTS, unpublished report, Environmental Protection Agency, Queensland Government, Brisbane 1999.
Map © Cranglade Pty. Ltd 1998, Bribie Island, incorporating Glasshouse Mountains, Stereographics, Bribie Island.
Queensland Department of Environment, Forest Assessment Unit, National Estate: Place Documentation, Aesthetic, Historic and Social Values, Forests Taskforce, Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Canberra, 1998.
Sattler, P.S. and Williams, R.D.(eds.) (1999) The Conservation Status of Queensland's Bio-regional Ecosystems. Published by Environmental Protection Agency, Brisbane.
NOMINATION PREPARED BY: Jan Seto, March 2000.
The structure of the following South Brisbane case study report is the same as the other case studies and comprises five major sections:
(6) DEFINING THE CASE STUDY AREA
(7) UNDERSTANDING THE CULTURAL CONTEXT OF THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE (including a chronology, a description of the current cultural landscapes and applying the Broad Cultural Landscape Categories)
(8) DETERMINING VALUABLE CULTURAL HERITAGE LANDSCAPES
(including multiple readings – Thematic Histories, Australian Heritage Commission, World Views, Queensland Heritage Act – Landscape Assessment, and a
STATEMENT OF CULTURAL VALUES).
(9) UNDERSTANDING THE MANAGEMENT CONTEXT
(including the Issues of Concern, Searching for Management Pathways – Key Management Values, Management Considerations and Objectives, and finally, MANAGEMENT PROPOSALS).
(10) A SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
DEFINING THE CASE STUDY AREA
The urban case study area occupies the 'peninsula' bounded by the Brisbane River immediately south of the Brisbane city centre. The area includes the whole of the 4101 postcode area, containing South Brisbane, West End, Highgate Hill and Hill End. In recognition of historical interconnections with Woolloongabba and Dutton Park, the southern and eastern boundaries of the case study have not been impermeably defined. The area is notionally bordered to the south by Princess St and the railway line from Dutton Park Station to Ipswich Road; to the east by Ipswich Road from the railway line to and including Brisbane Cricket Ground; and to the north- east by Vulture Street from Brisbane Cricket Ground to the Captain Cook Bridge. This area has been known as South Brisbane since early European settlement, but the name West End is being increasingly used for wider areas of South Brisbane in the 1990s.
Figure 5.1: MAP OF SOUTH BRISBANE CASE STUDY AREA Source: Derived from Brisbane 2000 Refidex, Brisbane: UBD.