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A

thesis

submitted

to the University of

Auckland.

in partial

f\"r1fi'lment

of tlre

requirenents

for

the

Degree

of

Doctor

of

Pldlosophy

A.

C. Rraser-Sni.th Ju1y1 1 955

. l-1.

OnA rrar

sint

versr'runden e

alliu

^mtn:-u

jtrf Ist mir

mtn leben ge.trounet

, oiler ist

ez ri0r?

Daz

ich ie

^vr*nde aag

. ilxt

^17e

rc,

vas daz

iht?

Dar

ntch

hAn

lch gcsltfen .

^{urd. enlreiz}

cs

^ni}lt?

n0

tin ich

erwachet, . r

....,.

Ifalther

von

dcr

Vogeh'ueide

(early 13th

_Century)

P3S'4CE

'!{tren

nicropulsations

T?ere

first

suggested

to

ne es an

interesting

sub-

ject for a

Ph.D.

thesis I

r';e.s

a lit-bl-e

rlubious,

for until that time I

^h{,td.

specialized.

j:r

theorctj-caL nuclear

physics.

There rras

also

no trad.itj-on

of

rnicropulsation stucly

jl the

_Physi-cs Departnentr

to

which

I

was attache<l, elthough

Earth eurrents llere

being record-ecl.

at the Universityrs

Railio Re- search Centre

at irrdnore.

^Horrcverp some readj-ng ancl disoussion soon con- vi:rcecl. ne

of the interest of the subjest

and

I

cornnenced rrork

with the

^gen-

eral

i-rrtention

of investigating the origil of nicropulsations. It

vas hoped.

rny

vork

nould

tie

^j-n

rrith the

settJ-::g up

of a

cornplete

recording station at

-Arilmorel r'rhich

is

nov

taking plaoer

and-

this

^has

to

sorne

extent

influencecl

the

content

of the thesisr

The sketch review arisi-ng

fron

^my

initial

reacl'ing

of the literature

showed

that

nicropurlsations rnost proba"bly &rose

fron

hyclromagnetic waves

generateil somewhere

in the suter part of the Eerthrs atnosphere. I

soon cle- oid.ed.

there

vres no

difficulty as far

as

the

6eneretion

of these

hydronagnetic l?aves 'flas c"ncerned, ancl concentrated. on r.'het

I

thought '..;a.s

the

more basic problen

- tleat of their

transmj-ssion

to 3arth.

^.tlt

the

sar.re ti-roe

I kept

^up

a part-time stu{y of the possibility of

nicropulsa.tions coming frotn chargecl

particle Spation

i-n

the

geomagnetic fie1d..

i,ly

stucLy

of

charged

particle rad.iation

^d-id-

not ultirnately lead to

^onything

origino,l, since I

found.,

after

^some

timc, that aIL the relevant results

^nere already

available.

0n

the other

handl ny rvork on

the

transmlssion properties

of Alfvtin

^1ilo,vese i.n

particulary

l-ed

to

resul'cs

of

some

interest.

^These

are

Bunnarized.

in the

acconpanyfurg

abstract

ancl presented

in f\rll iJt the last

chapter

^(Ctrapter

J).

^The preced.ing chaptere

of the thesisl with the

^excep-

tion of

Chapter

3t

^ere

largely

^concerned

rrith basic

geolnclgnetisroe revielv

rLv.

naterial,

and

the settinpup of the transnission problen.

The sketch review

a,1ree.dy nenti-oned iras been ma.de

the basis of a

nore thorough revierv

jl

chapter

2.

^To

the best of

ny lceowled.ge no conp..rable review has been pub-

lished.,

and

r:ntj-l

ea^:rly

this year (nreif (faitor),

_196t+) no referencecl

re-

view has been avai].eble

at all-.

Ghapter

1 is

^an

introductory

chapter dealinl3 mai-nly

rdth the

basic georoe.gnetic

sj-tuation; it also helps justify the

a.ssunption ^nad.e

l-ater of

a

general

level of

hydrona.gneti-c fraves

in the

^ou-ber a.tmosphere. Hydromegnetio -bheory

is treated

i^n

greater d-eteil in

chcrpter {-1 as

far

as

it

enters

nicro- pulsation theory;

and.

the

production

of

hydronagnetic l;aves

by grrating

charged-

particles is

d.iscussed-. The

short thixd.

chapter

contains sufficient theory for the

conbjnation

of

Earth

cunent

and

nicropulsation

obsernrations,

a,nd.

briefly

touches on

the effect of a coastline

^on m5-cropul-sations.

Much

of the presentation in this thesis is peculiar to

rayselfr

but origino.lity is olained only for the

^r:rork

in

chapter

l.

Rationalizeil

^lvli(S

units

hr.ve been used. throughout andr

while there is

sone smalJ-

duplicetion of

synbols, no

clifficulty

should.

be

e:ryeriencecl

vrith

the

notation. I

have

not

used harmonic

in its strict

s€trsee

but I think it ig clear

vrhet i-s

meant.

References

ore listed

a.t

the

back

of the thesis

and are indicated.

in the text by

na.me(s) ana

year of publi.cation.

lvlost

of the

d.ia- gr'ans rrere preparecl by rayself

(l), U"t I

have included. sone froro other

souxo€sr

^fhose

not

acknowled8ed

in t}:e tert are

as

follovs:

Figure 2.)

McNiool and l,{,ainstone (t ₉₅₁₎

Figure 2.4

^0bayashi and. Jacobs ⁽¹ ₉₅₈₎ Figure

2.6

}treacock and.

llessler

⁽¹⁹⁶¹⁾

Figure 2.7

Ca.rnpbell e.nd.

llatsushita

(lg6Z)

The Xerox reprocluctions

of figure

2r5

se

clisappoi:rti-ng and

the

reader

rrill

find the

ori6:ina1 nuob

clearer'

.1,

useful

^pa-per which

I

saw

e.fter the thesis

^r-:as typed-

is

tJrat

by

Ca.rI

Greifinger

and

Phyllis Greifinger,

Journal

of

Geophysical Research,

vol.

_70,

p.

2217t

1965.

^{Ttris paper clea1s}

spccifically rrith the

t::ansnission

of nicro- pulsations

through

the

lower ionosphere (see cor:ment

at

^encL

of section 5.5.1.)

In fI[iE

nagazine

of

January

8th,

1955r und,er ^tBooks

for Burningt,

the

president of the

X{odern language

:issociation

^(U.S..|,.

)

^{r-;es quoted. on}

the

^Ph.D,

thesis:

^rrGiven

the task of .;rriting

on

a subject that interests

nobod.y

in

a book

that

nobod-y

rrill

readz

the

canciid.ate ap;roaches

his task rrith

repug- nance and. he

f\rlfils it often rrith loathing". I

an 6ratef\.r1

to

rny supervisor

Dr J' R. Storey, for his

^malcing nonsense

of thj-s

statenent

in

^my

casel for continual

encouragement, a.rrd.

for

innr:nerable

helpful

suggestions.

hfessor P. lf.

BurbicLge helpeil rne

rrith a

number

of interesting

d.iscussions.

Many thanks

are

due

to

Vivj-en Barcter who, so

attractively,

^{t;rped. c.nd.} duplicated.

the thesis. Finallyr I

can say

that

r,ri-thout

the

spare

tine

^rnade avai.labJ.e

to

rne

at

hone

I

d.oubt

if I

could. ever ha.ve lroped.

to

coi.tple'Ge 'rii:e riork rcquired.

fcr this

Ph.D.

(4s

bb' rt65'

.vLr

Preface Contents ,4bstraot

1.'l:

1 .22

1.5r

1 r4:

1

.5i

1 ,6?

1

.7.

1

.8:

2.1 t 2.22

2.52 2.42 2.52 2.6?

2.7 ^z 2.81 2.8.12

2.8.22 2.8.32 2.9r

COI{TEI{TS

Ghapter 1

:

^The

Earthts

Magretic Fi.elcL

General Notation

lbe

[{rein Fielcl

Dipole Approxination and. Geonagnetio Coortlinates

fhe

Sola.r ^'riind- and. Ivlagnetopause

NeutraltPoi.:nts and.

Stability of tbe

ltlagnetopause

Tine

Variations of the

Earthf

s

tr{agnetio I'ieLd-

Magnetio Variatj-on Nomenclatr:re ancl

the

Kp

Xctivitlr

Index

Ionospheric Cr::sent Systens

Chapter

2:

Micropulsations

- a

^Revievu

Clas

sification of

l,ticropulsations

Ossillations vrith

Periods

outside the

ldicropr:lsation

Range

[fuicaI

l,ticropulsation Periocl ^Bancls

Co:relation with the

Kp Inclex

Variation of

-lnpli-tude

with

Erequency Diuraa].

Variatlon

EfYect

of the

lonosphere Geographie

Effects

Variation of

.Anpl-itucle arrct trbequency

of

^Occurrence

ruith

[atituile

VEr.riation

of

^Periocl.

rlrith

Latitud.e Micropulsations

at

0onjugate Points Pearl-$rpe &licroprlsetions

]-UL

11 irc

1

1

2

3 5

10 13

17 1g

a

A

26 27 3o

5O

v

35 J5

37 38

u

l+3

2.10:

2.112 2.122 2.12.12 2.12.22 2.12.3i

2.1 ^2.1+r

2.12.J2 2.12.62

j.1

_:

3.22

4.1 ^: l+.22

4.J:

4.J.1 ^: l+.3.22 4-3.3r

4.1+:

k.4.1 ^:

lr.4r2z 4.4.12

4.4.4:

Polarization

Mioropulsation Sto:rns

Relation of

Micropulsations

to

^Special

Effects

Solar

Eclipses I,tagnetic Storurs

l{agnetic Bays Auroras

Meteors

Ifuclear Explosions

Chapter

J: Xartn

^{Cr:ryents and} L{icropulsatiotls

Vertical-

fuofJ-Lirlg

Effeot of Discontlrruities il the }iorizontal

Plane Chaoter

L:

^Ure

Orisin of

lfi-crorulsations

Gerrera-l

Ionospherio Current Systems

Hydronagnetic Iheories

trbequency Con&i.tions Hyclronnagnetic Equations

$rpes e3 Hydronragnetic l/ave

Slmchrotron Radiation as

a

Source

of

Micropulsations

Djrectional

Rat€

of

Energy Loss

by

Slmchrotron Hacliation

Ibequency Spectrurn

of

Synchrotron Raciiation SSmchrotrou Rp"cliation

in

a Plasma

Jtrpplication

to

!,licropulsations

QtUrptef,5

:

_&e_lere.r.ryo_b1eq

Fielcl

Vector ard,

Velocity

Relations

j:r

_{an /JfV6n} lTave

Sinple lbo

Layer E:cenple

I+6

l+7

lt8

I+9

5O

5z 5z

5I+

fl+

A+

65 67 58 75 75 79

82

8l+

86 88 92

9z 9+

51

n

63

5.1 ^: 5.22

5.32

5.4:

5.52 5.5.12

5.5.2:

5,5.3 ^z 5.62 5.7 ^z

5.8:

5.8.1 ^:

5.8.2t j.8.Jz

5.9 ^z

Appeudlr_1 :

4PEEg+r-el Appeuilix

l:

&#

Anpenilix

lr:

#--

References

Sight

le,yer ^Model

Jaoobs ancl llataaabers Results

for Six

Layers Results

of

^Model Galoulations

Mocl,el Ca].culations

s'ith Perfect Reflection

Moclel Caleulations

rrith Inperfect

Ref,Lection

Sunnarxr

Fie].cl

Line

Calculations

Results

of

^FieLcL

Line

Calculations

Interpretatlon of

FielcL

Lile

Results Pearls

Ifarmor:;io Stnmcture

of

Micropulsation EVents

tatittrcle l/ariation of

Mlcropulsations Conclusion

.rrii.i.

98

{05

16

106 110 113 11L 117

1U 1A 124 126 128

1ro

111

th

1t9

1ti/4.

$BSTR4CT

the

^g.enerail

llropeties of

ni.orolulsatLonq ore rE\Eleweill toget?,rer

r*lttl

Solte

tbeories of theLr grLgi-n.

_A

Xlartioular

^stuelg'

t's

^n0act6

of tihe,lydro-

magnetie _'ttair.a tlieor-y arid. ,of,

tlte lucobabillty of

tlres:e sra\r€s

being

trfoetuceel

by Sret'lng

ehergeil pertleX,es

irl tfte

rragnatorsphere.

ltre estd.itirsts

are

diiEous6edl uheler li:hich gynati.onii-uclucecl. hydlrouragretio w€iveg ]tave f,requencies Tr-ltl[5:l {!he ui.cropuJ.sation f,&rlgEt

Arsi&i.lg thc

pnoelliction

of

Alf,v&r

sl@Tres b'y soue proceso

in tbe

raguetospherel €r Layer mo.tLel- 5-s elevelolretl

to

Lnvestigate

tlre

trangn-:L'si5iou

of

^these F€rties, cl.own along

the

Earthts oagnetio

fieIrl.

}l.nes

to the

5-onosghere. One fea,turc

sf tbis

^aorlaL

is

a

re.allstio

ionosphenlo tei^rlina'tionp

in

^whl,ch

a

phase

sh5ft

^ancl. onplita,rd,e re.eltict'i.on nanr be in'troduoect

llrto

bac& rrefleote& na,veg. Oal.cula:tions lrg:ing

the

nodel iacttoate

a

cil.efiruite barnond-s strlrctr.ue ggcosl.atBd _El:Lttr mieroXuJ-satiotts end. oa1y o. smel1 'vaniatnoa

of

tteguermSr

vrlth

geromagnetlo

lati,trlrile; they

aLso provitile

a

^good €,lpLaxration

of tbe

fneguenclr stryrphlre endl clir.rrng,l varl,ati.oa of, ^tpeer1-sl.