Aspects of soil-pile interaction under static loads

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"ASPgErc

oF

gOIL-PIT,E I\ITEPANION WDER SIATIC [,OADS"

thesls suhnitted

in nartial

fulfi'lrrent of

requl }?ntents

for

the ^degree of Doctor

of

^Fhilosophy

Departmnt

of Clv{l

Engineering Unlverslty

of

^Auckland

Auckl and tlew _{Zeal and}

_ty-

PEIER R. MLDSIjtT'|

Novenber, 7979

t4rat{

A ^qUOTATION FROI.I HARK TWAIN

(0ut

of

Context

of

^Coursel)

UITE PSSEAffEES OF IUNY COVMET'EAIOR.S EAI,IE

ALREADY ?Emtrfl MUffi DARIa\ESS

)lt

TPIS SLEJEQ' ATTD

N IS

^?ffiBABLE ?PA?

IF

^TEEY CON?TflTIE i..E

S;]ALL SOON

NA]

^IIMETNG

A?

ALL ^{ABOU! NN.}

{tarat

/i1

Synopsis

This rlpdel study

is

concerned wlth attenptlng

to ldentlfy

som

of

the rcchanics

of oile- soll

lnteraction under the lnfluence

of statlc'loads,

as a

nre-ttouisjte to

deflnlno the rcchanlcs

of

the

soll

response

to plle

transrnlttrd dynanlc (1.e. _seisrnic)

lateral soll

loads.

The ennhasls has heen dirrcted

at

the nechanlcs

of

the rresocnse

of

the

soil to

^'loaCs transnltted throrrgh the

pi'te,

rather than the nore usual ^aooroach

of

definlnq ^an

anrlvtlcal nile

rrrodel

and assrning a

soll

rresponse. ^The r'nr* contalned hereln follo"rs the lnerernental defornatlons occurrlng wlthln a

soll

^rnass thtoughout the ^process

of

instal'latlon thr.ough

to

the ultJmate

lateral

loadlng

condltlon.

^To enable

this to

^he done the comparatlvely rccent develoFrrpnts

ln soil

^{nechanics lnvolvinn}

the appllcatlon

of

the technlques

of

stercoohotojrannetr? rnd radlograohy, have heen enoloyed.

The study

is

rraln'ty lnvolved wlth short

rlqld

^rmdel

niles ln

dry dense sand.

A morc oeneral rim

of

tjre resear.ch pmJect has heen

to atterpt to

^draw the

mt?

rcsearch orientated rnd

prrctlcal

rsfrects

of

the statlcall-v lorded

pile

problen c'loser

together.

^To

thls

^end,

state-of.-the-art rcyiefls

of

both the

axlal

^and

'laterrl

loading sltuatlons ^{have heen} conducted and ^an

rttenlrt Frde

to

rc'late then

to

the ^nechanlcs

of soll

response,as identiried both {n

this

^rnesearch

prnJect and fmrrr

full

scale tests ruported

In

the

llterature.

An

etternt

^has heen nade

to

apply som

of

the

mrc

^oeneral ohservrtlons rcsultlng frcn the study,to the ^{Typc A}

predlctlon,(i.e.

before the event),of the ^ground

line

dlsplrcements

of

a

full

sca'le

plle

under

rcal

s'ite condltlons when suhJected

to

var'lous loads.

(.iii)

Acknowledgements

'

The wor* nresented

ln thls

thesis vras carrJed out

at

the ^School

of

Enqineerino, llnjysrs'i1t

of

Auckland under the suoervisJon

of tlr.

John Pughes, who

is

slncerely thanked, nartlcular'ly

for

hls enthuslastic and

{ntimte

Jnvolverrnt

in

the earllr stages o+ the nrniect, and his enthrrsiasm

ln

the mle

of "[hvl]'s

Adyocate"

at

the ^t-vrrinq

stage.

Partlcular thanlls r"ust a'lso he extended

to

t'!r. uick _Pender

for his

ready ear during John Hughes' sabbatical learre

at

the t{ne

thrt thls

thesls was belno nreFared:

and especlally

for

read'lnq and helpfully connenting on the apnendices and sone

chaoters.

SlnJlar'l-v, the wrJter

ls

also lndebted

to nr.

Ian lhdland

for

checkino the FatheFatlcs orpsented hercln.

Grateful thanF.s

ls

also extended

to

Gail Plrldellfor her r=ad{ness

to

translate ^various publtcat{ons fron the Frcnch, often

to flnd ln

the

final

analysis that the-v wer.e

of litt'te

^value.

In addltion,

I

^vould

like

to extend ny sincerc thanks

to

the eol'lor'rlng:-

MaJor Peter Hunt, RE (petd.), Senior Lectur€r

in

Fhotograrnetry, 4enartl..rent

of

Srrwe-vJ1n,

lrnlve6lty

of otagor

for

producJng independent Dlots

of soll

defonnatlons frcrn ster^eo

palr:

of

photographs.

Lt.

Col

.

^Len outherford, llaJor John Bmadhent and t;fnl Claire Chaonan, (CE, S0RE 2 and COi resnectlvelv

at

^{HQ Force} Engineers)'

al'l

^RtlZE,

for

resoective].v enabl{ng the /tnny's

rlerolltlon

rrnne

at

l'lhangaoaroa

to

he used and,ln the case of'thanolei nrovldlng the oh.ysical assistance on the ^ground.

MaJor Eruce Ha-vhow, RitZE (Petd.),TechnJcal peerrsentatfve, _lCl

, for

asslstance

ulth

the omv'lsion of exp]osives and detonatoE.

l€ssrs. Jack Brovn and Brydon Cralg

of

the Enolneering l.lortshoo

for

_the'lr assistance

in

constructlnq sort

of

the equinmnt used

in

the nroject.

{essrs.

Cyrll

Colllns

of

the ClvJl Deorrtrcnt and anton Estie

of

the /tudio-Vlsual Centr€,

for

their

assJstance wlth nhotogranh-v. Prrticularl.v the ner=everence

of

^lnton's

staff

in orcvldinj sorc

of

the Dhotogranhic srrnerirnosurrs.

Mr. Terry 3o,vd

of

the Strength

of

flaterials Laboratorv

for

access

to

the X-ral,

unit

and instntction in

Its

use.

I'lr. Jesse Carter

of

Electronic uaintenance

for lettino

^hirse'lf he ner:uaded,

finallv,

that the ^padiograoh ilensJtoreter could

in fact

be develoned; and rvho asslst-ed vrith the,rescrJptlon

of

^the

uirinn

<!iagrams inc'luded Jn

this

thesis.

The

glrls of

the ^ComDuter Centre

ror

nunchinrl th€ ^data onto cards.

( tv)

:Fe]

lnr

resear-ch collle*gues: Trevor {atu:chka

for

gsilstance t+itltconnut€r oroqnannlnq,i

Fobert llexandir

for

the opoortunlty

to

usG

hls

floattnq rJng consolldolrqtcr i,n

lts i:nitial

^fg,n".

Fartlcular thanks

fs

^4ue to ^flrrgh Fendal], who

ls

vorkinn on the tr.o

nile

^case,

for

the oDDortunlty to correlate ^sqFle

of

the ot'tervatlons,

I,tre Vlqtor1a tountly Foads Foar{

of lustralla.

^(and

ln narticrlal

^{nF. Jlfq} ltolden'

tllttctor of

the Itafer{als ^pesearch

FlvlgJon}:

^anrt Coffev and partnerse rlqstra'lfa,

for ttqlr

eoooer-ation end reatly access

to

the

r:sult9 of

^tJie

solls

lnvest{natfon anr!

plle

testlnn ontqran:tt!

at tte

tlestga,te _Frneway grldge

Slte ln

^South felbaune.

lrtrs. 6lynlS Ha;getts

for

her cri.a! thofrouglmess and

effls"lenq ln

the tvnlng ^of, the text.

ourlns th€ ^,cottfit€

of thls

^rrsearch, pmJeet the

rrrltdr

nts' thc aratef,itl reclg'fent

of:.

w

^ts? tuflGPADUATE SAEOEAPSETE (t0?6 3P SCEOUS)

a

wttwffiEil

&A'TF.,5 coi\rlv.EE NSrgEADIlAg SCSAIARSfrTF

A tteEEE fjfrl58 nSFAngUAZE SHEAAFSAI ⁽¹⁰⁷⁶⁾

rs

^{AMi' FLfiICaER VJS5|aRINU&Z SCSd.LAFFiEIE fiP76')

In .addl,tlon, a tatlronal Pna& Soarii

-ar|nt for

egulrrrrupt "ns also rncelved,

for

whfch

the

wrlter ls enullly

H"etefu'l.

FLnally,

I

^{nust thank ny}

sthel for'her

^contlnued ansouraqeneilt tfiroqglnut ^{thE cout'se of,}

tr119 rror*r rnd tO wimn

thls

tltesls

ls

dedicrte",.

Table of Contents

ACKNO{LEDGEIGI{TS

sYr{oPsls

TABLE OF CSITEIITS

cumren

i

1.1 1.1.1 1.t.2

1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 '1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3

'1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6.1 1.6.2 1.5.3 1.6.4 I .6.5

INTRODUCilO.I Phl I osophy General

The Reseerch ProJect

Statlc Load Conslderatlons Genera'l

Aspects

of Soll

^Response

to Strtlc

^Loads Transmlttcd Thrcugh Plles Som Aspects

of

Sol'l lbchanlcs tbdel Testlng

lntroductlon

The Categories

of

Soll tbchanics

ibdcl

Testlng Cmmnt

"Scale Effects'

Full

Scale Protottpe Testlng Thesls 0ut'llne

Part

I : Plle

Installation rnd Axtal ^LoaG

Part2:

Lateral ^LoadlnE Part 3

: Full

Scalc Plle Test Part

4 :

Conclclons

Prrt 5 :

Appendlces

I I I

2 3

3 4 5 5 6 8

I

9 '10

l0

12

l2 l3

't3 prlte

(t)

(rlr)

(v)

l5 l5 I5 l6 l6 l6

l8

20 PAEI OfrE

:

^PIT'E IESTAtIAgI0fr AIID AfrAL

lnMne

THE DETES'ilIIATIq{ ^OF THE A,\IAL LOAD CARRYITIG CAPACITY OF PILES

Intrcductlon Functlon

of

^P{les

Deterrninatlon

of Soll

Response to Loadlng Shallow Sprcad Fomdatlon

Flled Foundation Types

of

^Plles

lhthods

of

^Assessing the Load CarrylnE Capaclty

of

Axlally Loaded Plles

OIAPTER 2

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3.1

?.3.2 2.4 2.5

2.6 2.6.'l 2.6.2 2.6.3 2,6.4 2.6.5 2.6.5

?.6.7 2.6.8 2.6.9 2.5. l0 2.5.1'l 2.6.12 2.6.13 2.7

2.7.1 2.7.2 2.7,3 2.7.4 2.8

CTIAPTER 3

3.'l 3,2 11

3.4

3.5

3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3

3.6 CHAPTER 4

4.1 4.2 t1 4.4

(vl)

Ultimate Load Carrying Capaclty

of

^Piles

Introductlon

A Selective Review

of

Eearing Capacity Theorles and AssocJated Observations

of

The lEchanics

of Ptle-Soil

Interact'lon Ihe Effects

of Pile

tnstallation by Drlvlng

Som llethods

of

Accountlng For Volum Dlsplacenent Due

to

Pile Drlvlng

ln

Sand

A Reassessmnt

of

the Bearing Capaclty Apprcach

Soll-Pile Parareters Requlr:d

for

Use

lllth

Conrcntlonal Bearlng Capaclty

lheorle Strtic

and Dyaanic Penetration Tests

Plle

Drlvlng Fonnrlae It€nard Pressuremter

Full

Scale Load Tests on Plles Deflnltlon

of

^{Ultlmate Load}

Allowable Loads on Plles

Concl usi on

DISPI.ACEI.€NT FIELDS DEYELOPED ABOUT I,IOOEL PILES OURIilE INSTALLATION BY DRIVIIIG

Introductlon Slze

of

Test Cell

A Qua'lltatlre ^Assessmnt

of

^The 0lsplacemnt Flelds Devcloped About tbdel P{les Installed 8y Driving

The Accornodation

of

^Ure Volurn

of

a Dlsplacettent

Pile

Instal'led tnto Sand 8y Drl vi ng

Increnental Dlsplacerent Flelds ^{Oeveloped About t''lodel} Dlsplacemnt Piles Installed ^By 0rlving

Di spl acemnt Flel ds (htal _{ned tls} ing Stereo-Photogranmtry Dlsplacemnt Flelds 0btalned Using Radlography

Radla'l Displacemnt ^and Drag-Dorm Zones As 0btalned Frcn Stereo-Photogramrtric and Radlograph'lc Results

Sunrnary

of

0bserrations

STRAIN FIELOS DEVELOPED ASOUT IODEL PILES DURII{G ITISTALLATIOII BY DRIVING IIITO 0EilsE sAilD

Intrnoductl on

Flelds

of

Cumulative Shear Strain Fields

of

Cunrulative Voluretric Strain

General Conmnts on The Combined Vo'lurctric

-

^Shear Strain Effect

?0

?0

?2

Analytlcal Developmnts Towar{s The Assessment

of

^The Load-Dlsplacemnt Charactrrlstlcs

of

Axlally Loaded

Plles

8l

Intrcductlon

^8l

The Transfer Functlon

Approach

^8t

The

Elrstic

^Contlnuun

Appr^oach

⁸⁴

Flnlte Elemnt

Analyses

⁸⁵

Concl us'l

on

⁸⁶

48 52 58

6l 6l

71

73 76 76 78

g)

133 133 t34 134 '148 89 89 90

90

96

102 102

tr3

126 130

CIIAPTER 5

5.1 5.2

s .2.'l 5,2.2 s.2.3 5.2.4 5.3 5.4 5.5 s.5. t 5,s.2 5.5.3 5.6

5 .6.',!

5,6.2 5.6.3 5.5.4 5.5.5 5.6.6 5.7 5.8 5.8.1 5.8.2 5.8.3

CTIAPTER 5

5.1 6.2 6.3 6.4

(v'li ₎

4.5

^{The Variation}

In

the Rate

of

D'l]ation t,llth the Oepth

of

^P'l'le Installatlon

4.5.1

General

4.5.2 Soll

Dllat'lon Characteristics About The Pl]e Shaft

4.5.3

Average Dllational Characteristics Derreloped Belor The Pile Tfp

4.5.4

Di scusslon

AXIAL LOADS OiI }|ODEL PILES INSTALLED BY DRIVIITG

Intrcduction

Cornclatlons Betveen Fleld and Labontory Load Tests

Intrcductlon

The Effects

of In

Sltu

Laterrl Soll

^Pr.essures

The Existence

of

Resldurl Strcsses

Scrle Effects 0n The Bearlng Capacity Factor (tlr)

Dl scussi on

Factors Affectlng The Assessrpnt

of

Axlal Lords on Plles

Var{ous Cavlty Expanslon Conslderatlons As Applled To the Axlally Loaded Plle Prcblcm

Intmduction

Pllc

Installatlon tbdelled As the ^Expanslon

of

a

Cyllndrlcrl

Cavlty

Plle

Instal'latlon tbdelled As The Erpanslon

of

a Spher{cal Crvity A Further Atteryt

to

lbdcl The Axlal Loaded Pile Sltuatlon as a Cavlty

Expansion Prcblcnr

Intrcductlon

The Analysls

lbasurcd Axlal Plle Loads

Rrdlal Stress ^Pr.oflle Shrft Loads

Rrdlal Displacemnt Prcflles Cormnt

The Effects

of

Shaft Roughness And Plle Tlp Conflgratlon Intrcductlon

The Effects

of

Plle Shaft ^Roughness The Effect

of

P{le Tlp Conflguratlon

APPROXITT'ITE STRESS NELDS DET'ELOPED ABOI'T IOOEL PILES DTJRIIIC INSTALLATION 8Y DRIVIIIG IIITO I)EI{SE SAI{D

Intrcduction

Conslderations Affectlng The Deterrninatlon

of

^Strusses

Apprcxinrate Strcss

FlelG

Frun lleasur.ed Dlsplacemnts Comrnt

page 152

ls2 l5s

'157 158

173 173

't 73

173 173 178 179 179 180

tg2 t82 182 I84

'189 189 190 202 m4 208 214 218 219 219 219

?29

?37 237 237 241 248

(viii)

STMI'AET OF PAg OIIE

I

Intrcductlon

2

Sumary

of Slgrlflcant

^Polnts

of

Chtpters 2

to

⁶

2.1

^{Chapter 2}

-

^{The fuilal Load} carrylng capaclty

of

Drlrcn Pllcs

ln

^Sand

Z.Z

^{Chapter 3}

-

Olsplacemnt Flelds Developed About lbdel Plles Durlng Installatlon

bY Drlvlng

2.3

^Chaptrr 4

-

^{Straln Flelds} tleveloped About ifodel Plles Durlng Installatlon by Drlving

2.4

^{Chapter 5}

-

^{Axlal Loads on} tbdel Plles Installed ^By 0rtvlng

Z.S

^{Chapter 6}

-

Apprcxinate StEss Flelds Dercloped About

lbtbl

Plles DurlnE Installatlon by Drlvlng

Cmrrnt PArc

fin :

LAITR|'L WADIE6

251 251 251

253 253 pa9e

25r

254 2s4 252

O{APTER 7

7,1 7.2 7.3 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.4 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3

7 .4.4

7 .4.5 7.5

CHAPTER 8 8.1 8.2

8.2,1 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.2.4 8.3 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3 8.4

T}IE DETEFTINAilOI{ ^OF TIIE LATERAL LOAD CARRYIIIG CAPACITY OF PILES

Intrcductlon

Gcneral

Plles SOJect to

Lttlral

^Loadlng

-

^{A Revlen}

Intrcduction

Plle

lntrractlon

Strttc

Loadlng Gcnera'l

Llnltlng Lrt€ral

^Lords Elastlc ^Analysls

Thc ibdulus

of

^{Sr$grade Reactlon ihtJtod}

The Equl valent Cantlle'rer lletiod

Concl uslons

OISPI-ACEIGNT NELDS DEVELOPED AEOt'T I.IOIEL DRIVEII PILES DURIIIG LATERAI- LOAOTIIG

Intrroducti on

A

Qualltatlw

Conparison

of

The Dlsplacemnt Flelds Derreloped About, Laterally

Loaded ibdel Plles General

Qualltatlve Conparisons

of

Varlous Loadlng and Oriving Condltions

Di scussl on ConcI us i on

Increrrntal Dlsplacenent Fields 0eve'loped About Lateral'ly Loaded t'lodel P'lles Introducti on

Dlsplacemnt

FlelG

Obtalned Using Radiography

Dl scussi on

SurmarT

of

^{observat{ ons}

257

?57 257 258 258 260 262 262 261

?68 278 297 300

305

$5

308 318

a3

326 326 32?

327 350 :x)5 305

CHAPTER 9 9.1 9,2

9 .2.1 9.2.2

9 .2.3 9.3 9.3.'l 9.3.2 9.3.3 9,3.4 9.3.5 9.4 9.4.1 9.4.2 9.4.3 9.4.4 9.5 9,5.1 9.5.?

9.5.3 9.6 9.7 9.7..'l 9,7.?

9.7.3

(ix)

STRAITT FIELDS DEVELOPED ABOI'T I,IODEL ORIVETI PILES DURING LATERAL LOADIIIG

Intrcduction

Dllatlonal Characteristlcs About a Laterally Loaded Plle Intncducti on

lnltlally

^{0bserted Dllatlon Rates}

The Potentlal

for

a ^Reduction

ln

the Cirtunferentia'l Straln

ln

Zone I The Varlation

ln

the REte

of

Dllation wlth Incruaslng Lateral ^Load

Introducti on Zone I

Zone

II

Zone

III

Zone IV

tleveloped Stralns Assming the

Soil

l,tass

is Initlally

Straln Free

lntroductlon

Flelds

of

Cumulatlrre Shear Strain F{elds

of

Curulrt'lve

Voluntric

Straln Comnt

thve'loped Stralns Taklng

lnto

Accomt the Effects

of Plle

lnstallatlon Intrcduction

Fle'lds

of

Crmulatlve Shear Strain Fields

of

Cumulat'lve Volumtrlc Straln

Di scussl ^on

The Prcbable Fallure lbchanlsnr

of

a Rigld

Pile

In Sand

Introductlon

The Prcbable "PuIl-Outr Fallure ^lbchanlsm

Conclusi on

353 353 353 353 355 359 363 363 363 368 358 375 376 376 381 38r 387 387 387 387 403 414 414 414 415 418

SIM4AET OP PAFI TNN 421

I

lntroduction

2

^Srmnary

of Slglficant

^Points

of

Chapter 7

to

⁹

Z.l

^{Chapter 7}

-

^The Detenninat'lon

of

The LaEral Load Carrylng CaOac'lt-v

of

Piles

Z.Z

^{Chapter 8}

-

Dlsplacemnt Fields ^{Developed About fllode1 Drlrren} Plles ^Dur'lng Lateral

Load'l ng

Chapter 9

-

^Straln

FjelG

Derreloped About ltlode'l Drlven Plles Durlng Latera'l ^Load'lng Cormnt

PA/f,I LHEEE

:

^FUI'L SCALE LX(ERAL IneDED PLLE lES?

CIIAPTER

'IO

_{RJLL SCALE LATEMLLY} LOADED PILE TEST

l0.l

Intrcduction

lO.2

^Genera'l

'10.2.1

_Load Predictions 2.3

3

42'l 421 4?1

422 422 423

425 425 425 426

(x)

10.2.2

General Slte ^Condltions

10.3

Proposed Sequence

of

P'lle Test Loads 10.3.

I

Introductlon

10.3.2

Series One Tests

10.3.3

Series Tuo Tests

10.3.4

Series Thrce Tests

10.4

Solls Investigation

10.4.1

^General

10.4.2

Laborato4r Test Results For Tle Soft C'lays

!n

^{the Upper 8m}

10.4.3

Fleld Test Qesults

l0.S

^{Conmnts 0n The} Variations

In

Soil Stiffness '10.5.1 Distrlbution

of

Soil

Stifftess wlti

^Oepth

10.5.2

Reductlon

in

Soil

Stiffiess

At the Grcmd Surface

10.6

^t4etiod

of

^{Analysis Chosen}

ftr

the Pile Load PrtdlctJon

10.6.1

Introduct'lon

10.6.2

The Conputer Prugram

'10.6.3 _{The Pl'le ilodel}

'10.6.4 _llethods

of

0eterminlng

tie

Coefflclent

of

llorlzontal Subgrad Reaction

19.7

Oetennlnat'lon

of

the Coefflclent

of

llorlzontal Subgrade React{on

10.7.1

^General

10.7.2

lu€nard Prcssurcmter

10.7.3

Self-Boring Prrssuremter

10.7.4

Hatlock's p-y Cune

10.8

Coefflclent

of

Horlzontal Subgrade ReactJon Values 0btalned Frsn Tests on

Undlsturted Sol'ls

10.S.1 Standard Self-Boring Prcssurcreter Values

10.8.2

^{Yalues 0btalned Frun} ftatlock's Laboratory Reconstmctlon

lC.S.3

Va]ues Obtalned from Fdnard Ptessur:mter ^Tests

10.8.4

Surna4y

of

^{p-y Curves}

10.9

^{Pile Load} Predlctions '10.9.1 _{Ser{es One Tests}

10.9.2

SerJes Two Tests

10.9.3

Series Thlee Tests

10.10

Coefficient

of

Horlzontal Subgrade Reactlon Values 0btained Fmm Spec{al

Self-Boring Pressuremter ^Tests 10.'10.1 Intrcdutlon

10.'10.2 Behaviour

of

the Soil Acting on the Fmnt ^Face

of

the Pile '10.10.3 _Behavlour

of

the So'll Actlng on the ^{Back Face}

of

tJte P'lle

10.10.4 Sustalned Loadlng Test

10.10.5 p-y Curves Based on Specjal Test ^Pesu'lts

'10.1'l

Plle Load Predlctions Based on Results ^Frorn Special Tests

page 4?8 429 428 428 430 430 430 430 432 434 438 438 438 440 440 4rO 440 442 M2 442 442

u2

443

446 445 4tl8 448 45?

452 453 454 455

459 459 460 46?

454 465 458

(xt;

'l0.ll.l

_Series One Tests

10.11.2

Series Two Tests

l0.ll.3

Series Thrce Tests

l0.l'1.4

Surmary

of

Prcdictlons Based on Results

of

Speclal Tests

10.12

^Sunnary

of

Fleld Resu'lts For Serles One and Two Tests

'10.13

Dlscussion

of

the Type A Prcdictions

10.13.'l

Cumarlson

of

^{Predlcted and} Fleld Resu'lts

10.13.2

Appllcatlon

of

i€nard PEssurcrEt€r Resu'l ts

10.14

^{Type B} Predlctlons

for

the Serics Thnc Tests

l0.l4.l

Introductlon

10.14.2

Serles Thrae Tests

10.15

Fleld Rcsults For Serles Thr?e Tests

10.16

Dlscusslon

of

^Factors Affecting lhe Assessmnt

of Plle

^Load

l0.l6.l

Analytlcal

10.I5.2

A3sessmnt

of

Drtr

10.17

Concllrlons

PAE nUR

:

CA]CLUSIOfrE ND SU@:EI0ns tuR

ntntn

^vOW

SIAPTER

II

CilCLI'SIOIS AIID SUGSESTIOIS FOR RM'RE ^}IORK

ll.l

Intr.oductlon l'l

,2

Conclusions

tl.2.1

^{Axlal Loadtng}

11.2.2 Lltcral

Loadlng

'1

1.3

Suggestlons For Futurc lfor*

ll.3.l Axlrl

Lordlng

11.3.2

Latcral Loadlng

11.3.3

^General

REFEREII(ES TO TI{E CI{APTES

PAil EIW

:

APPEEDTCES

AppENDtX

1

STERE0-PHoToGRALIETRIC IEO|NIQUE ^FoR rHE iTEASURE|EilT 0F PLAITAR DISPLACEI.ENT flELDS

Al.l

Introduction

Al.2

^The Ster.eo-photogrrmntrlc Technlgue

Al.3

Appllcatlon

of

the Sterco-photogranmtrlc ^Technlqrc

to

the P{le Problent

Al.4 Rellablllty of

the ^Technlqn

Al.5

Typlcal ^Results

APPEIIDIX

2

^PILE PROFILE DISPLACEI€TIT ^GAUGE

A2.l

Introductlon

lC.Z

^{llre Borehole} Olsplacemnt Gauge

A2.2.1

General

pt9e 468 469 470 470 472 473 t[73 476 479 479 479 480 4&,

1n

483 483

487 487 487 487 490 492 492 494 495

497

5't9 519

sm 5n.

524 526 s29 529 529 529

42.2.2 tc.2.3 42.2,4 42.2.5 42.3

APPEIIDIX 3 A3. I 43.2 43.2.1 43.2.2 43.3.

43.4 43.5 43.5

APPENDTX 4

A4.l 44.2 44.3 44.4 A4.4.1

44.4.2 M.4.3 44.4.4 44.5 44.5 M.7 44.8 44.9 44.10 A4.l I

APPEIIDIX 5

A5.l A5.2 A5.2,1

A5.2.2 45.3 45.4

45.5

(xrl)

The Dlsplacemnt GauEe

Full

Scale Prototype

Dl scuss I on

Sumtry

Cmnt

STRESS.DI I.ATAIICY CHARACTERI STI ^CS

Intrcductlm

Oerlvation

of tie

Stness-Dllatancy Equrtlon Introductlon

The 0erlvatlon

Dcvl.tlons Fronr the Theorrtlcal 0llatancy Relatlonshlp Upper and Loner

Llnlts to

^Urc Dllatrncy Equatlon

Srnmry

of

Slgnlflcant Polnts

of tie

Struss-Ollatancy Equatlon Rore's Theoty Dcycloped Frur Purcly Frlctlonal Conslderatlons TRIAXIAT TESTING

Intrcductlon

Conslderatlon

of

Sanplc End Fixl!y

Adopted Sanp'le Slze Sources

of

^Error

llon-Unlfomlty

of

Struss and Defomation

Errnrs

ln

Calculated Values

of

the ^{Oevlator Stress}

Arlal

Straln

Volmtrlc

Straln

lhasurcmnt

of

Volun ^Change Itbasur:mnt

of

Axlal Defonnatlons Prcving Rtngs

Graln Fracturing

Area and lbrtrane Corteetlons Sarmle Preparatlon

Trlaxlal

^Test

TRIATIAT TEST RESULTS

Intrcduction

Str.ess-oi latancy Resul ts

Correlatlon with Rowe's 0llatancy Relatlonship Volumtric Strain ,renltc ^Shear Straln Relrtlonshlps Stress-Strain ^Results

Effect

of

Dllation Characterlstlcs on the

Critlcal

State ^{(Constant Vo]um)} Frictlon Angle (1.r)

Deflnit'lon

of

Fallurc Strcss

PAEC

529 530 s32 536 535

539

51' 5/() 540 512 548 549 550 550

553 553 553 556 556 555 556 558 558 558 560 560 560 550 562 553

565 565 565 565 566 s76

576 580

APPEIIDIX ₆

A5.l 45.2 A5.3

46.4 45.4.1

46.4.2 46.4.3 46.4.4 46.4.5 46.5 45.5.1 45.5.2 A6.5.3 46.6

APPEXDIX 7 47. I

47.2 47,2.1 47.2.2 47.2.3

A7 ,2,4 47.2.5 47.3 47.3. I

47.3.2 47.3.3 47.3.4 A7.3.5 47.3.6 47.3.7 47.4 47.4.t

A7 .4.2 APPENDII 8

A8. I 48.2 48.3 48.4

(xiil

)

PREPARATIOH OF SOIL SAI'|PLES

Introduct'i on

Sand Placemnt by Vlbration

The Use

of

'Relative Denslty'

to

Exprcss the 0egr.ee

of

Cotpactness

of

a Coheslonl ess 6ranu'lar l,taterial

Sand P'lrcemnt by Shor{erlng

Sflr

Factort Affectlng Sanple Prcparatlon lbchanlsm

of

Packlng

Resl llence and Spherlcity

lnflrcncc

of

Contalner Slze and

Uall

Pr^oxln{ty Sand Shorerlng Techniques

Sand Placemnt Techniques Enployed on

r,b&l

Plle lnvestlg.tJon

General

P'lacemnt by Vlbratlon

Placenpnt by Shocrlng Uslng a Slngle ^{Aperture Shower} Sumrry

RADI0GRAPHIC TECI$TIQUE FoR THE !€NURE!/EI{T 0F pLAl{AR DISPLACETEilT flEL0S lntrcductJon

Fundanntal Aspects

of

Radtography

Intrnductl on

The Generation

of

^X-Rays

Prlnclples

of

^Recordlng Imges uslng X-Rays Radlographlc Technlgtn

Processlng

of

^{Radl ographs}

The Applicatlon

of

Radlography

to

the Plle Prcblenr

Introductlon Thc X-Ray Equlpmnt

0ptlmun Exposurr Tlnrs and 0peratlng Condltlons Lead Shot Placemnt

Factor: Affecting Accuracy

of

Dlsplacennt lleasuremnts Ssrp CharacterJstlcs

of

Radlographs

P{le Drivlng Rl9

The lleasur.emnt,

of

^{Displ acerents}

Introductlon

Itthods

of

Displacenent lleasur.enent Used 1n the

Plle

^Progrrrne

RADIOGRAPH DEilSITOHSTER

.

ELECTROilICS

Introducti ^on Genera'l tbscriptlon Electronl cs Oescripti on It|ethod

of

^Ooeration

page s85 585 585

585 591 591 591 593 593 595 599 599 599 600 604

607 607 607 507 607 508 608

5ll

612 612 614 515 616 616 620 6?2 622 622 625 639 639 639 640 64?

(xiv)

APPEI|DIX

9

^{Ko TESTS All0} EQUIPT/IENT

A9.l

IntroductJon

FS.2

^{The Floatlng Ring} Consolldoueter

A9.2.1

^@neral

N,2.2

^{Rlng Sf ze}

A9.2.3

Test ^Procedune

A9.2.4

ltbasurcnent

of

^{Stresses and} Callbratlon

A9.3

^{Ko Test Results}

49.4

^Sunary

APPEIIDTX 'IO TI{E DETERI{INATIOII OF STRAINS FROI'I DISPTACEI'IENT NELI'S

A'10.1

Introductlon

A10.2

^General

Alo.3

Straln Analysis

of

Trrt-olrnnsional Trlangular ^Elerents

A10.4

Thrree-0lmnslonal lnterpEtatlon

of

Ure ltsasued Two-olmnsloral Stralns

APPE}IDIX

II

^THE PRESSUNEETER TEST AIID ITS APPLICATIOII ^TO THE PILE PROBLE}I Al I

.l

Intmductlon

A11.2

^The Pr€ssurcreter ^Test

Al I .2

.l

lntrcductl ^on

All

.2.2

^{The t€nar{} Pressurcmter

All.2.3

^The Self-Borlng Prcssurenrter

All.2.4

^The Slgrriflcant Olffercnces ^Bebrcen the Two Tests Al'1

.3.

Interpretatlon

of

the Pr=ssuremter ^Tests

Al1.3.l

^tdnard Pressuremter A'll

.3.2

Self-boring Prcssuremter

At'|.4

lhe Appllcablllty

of

the Pressurcr€tEr Test

to

the Plle Problem

Al'l.4.1

Intr"oductlon

All.4.2

AxlallY ^{Loaded P{les} A'11.4.3 LaterellY ^{Loaded Plles} A'11.4.4 Dlscusslon

All.5

^An Inexpenslve Prcssuremter capable

of

^{Belng Installed By 0rlving}

APPEHDIX 12 THE DETERI'IIIIATIOOI OF STRESS FIELDS FROIiI DISPLACEI€IIT FIELDS

A'l2.1

IntroductJon

A12.2

^{The tibthod}

of

^{Arthur, Jams and} Roscoe (1964)

A12,2.1 Introduction

AlZ.Z.Z The Assr.mptions Relating the Stress-Straln Characteristlcs

of

the

Soil to

^the

t)erived Strains

AlZ.2.3

The Determinatlon

of

the Str€ss ^Fle'l d From the StraJn

Field'rllthln

a Soll l'lass

412.2.4 Sultmary

REFEREIICES TO TXE APPEIIDICES

pagc 545 545 645 545 645 645 648 648 553 655 655 655 656 659 663 553 663 663 663 665 666 668 668 670 672 672 573 673 673 674 677 677 678 678

679 681 684 587