of Engineering and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University, Pitts- burgh, Pennsylvania, USA. He joined CMU in 1983 after receiving a PhD in Engineering from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). A major focus of Professor McRae's research is understanding the scientific aspects of problems involving pollu- tant transport and transformation in multimedia environments. His other interests include: combined sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of complex systems, nonlinear parameter estima- tion, combinatorial optimisation, numerical analysis, symbolic and algorithmic knowledge based systems, parallel computing, and the design of cost effective robust environmental controls.
Professor McRae is the recipient of numerous prizes and awards for his research in environmental science including: the prestigious Presidential Young Investigator Award, the George Tallman Ladd Research Prize, and AAAS Environmental Science Fellowship and the 1989 SIAM Fore- fronts of Computational Science Award. He is a member of Sigma Xi, the Americal Chemical Society and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. In addition, he is also on the editorial board of the Interna- tional Journal of Supercomputer Applications, the advisory committee for the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Centre and several government and White House Task forces on environ- mental issues. He has been visiting scientists at the National Centre of Atmospheric Research and the IBM T J Watson Research Centre.
His talk was entitled, "Smog, Supercomputers and Society" and was under four headings
1. Air Pollution Problems 2. Air Quality Modelling 3.The Role of Supercomputers 4.Control Strategy.
Air Quality Problems in California, (especially Los Angeles), were seen as Oxidants, Acid aerosols and Partic- ulates. Over the years, although many pollutant concentrations had been reduced (lead, CO, etc.), oxidant levels had been steady since the effect of controls had been counter-balanced by increase population growth and density, although peaks had been shaved.
The role of Nitrogen and the need for control on NOx emissions was emphasised. In that area, control of organics was seen as affecting the timing and location of high oxidant concentrations rather than their level.
The role of daytime feedback of smog pre-cursors held at higher atmospheric layers on calm nights was described and illustrated in a video record of a supercomputer output.
Professor McRae also covered aspects of Methanol and other alter- native fuels, the link between Air Pollution problems and energy use patterns, the evaluation of uncertain- ties, the need for robust controls and the need for close linking of Science and Policies. He also answered a number of questions after which the Chairman moved a vote of thanks".
Queensland
At the 1990 Annual Meeting, the Queensland Branch has elected the following Committee:
President N.I). Bofinger Secretary R.B.M. de Leeuw Treasurer D.J. Casey Members D. Clift
J.S. Doley J.S. McFarlane
R. OmmerodR. Simpson I.. Steumer P.C. Stone
CONFERENCES AND COURSES
1st IUAPPA Regional Conference on Air Pollution
Under the Title Towards the 21st Century will be held at Pretoria, South Africa on 24-26 October, 1990.
It is organised by the National Association for Clean Air.
For further information write to:
Ms Cilia T a y l o r / M s Michelle Orlando,
Conference Coordinators, C. 111 CSIR,
P O Box 395, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa.
Registration fee prior to 1.9.1990 is Rand450.00 (about SA225.000).
The institution of Engineer, Australia will be holding the
Mech '91
International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exhibition on
8-12 July, I99I, at the Hilton international Hotel, Sydney.
Call for papers has been issued.
For further information write to:
The Conference Manager,
T he institution of Engineers, Australia,
I I National Circuit, Barton, ACT, 2600.
Environtech Vienna 1990
Second International Congress of the International Society for Environmental Protection
under the Title
'Current Problem in Hazardous Waste Management and
Contaminated Sites'
will be held at the Austria Center in Vienna, Austria on 23-25 October 1990.
Registration fee after 1st August 1990 is AS5.500 (about $A600).
For further information write to:
International Society for Environmental Protection, Spittelauer Laende 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASS.
The 84th Annual Meeting and Exhi- bition of the Air and Waste Manage- ment Association will be held in Vancouver, B C, Canada from June 16-21, 1991. Over 5,000 delegates are expected to attend this meeting to hear 700 papers in 150 sessions on topics of interest to the air and waste management industry. This major conference follows a very successful 83rd annual meeting held in Pitts- burgh in June 1990, where CASANZ members Mike Bulloy and Ken Sul- livan both made well-received presen- tations. If you wish to propose a session, please send a fax to Dr Kathryn Kelly of Environmental Toxicology International, Inc., in Seattle, Washington (fax: 206-443-
1812), outlining the proposed session title, a brief description of the goals of the session, and a list of potential or proposed speakers as well as the name, affiliation, and address of the proposed session chair. Session prop- osals received after August 1 may be considered if openings arise. After the sessions are arranged, watch upcom- ing issues of Clean Air for a call-for-
Clean Air'August 1990 Vol.24'3
83
Are you within your stack gas emission license limits?
Stack and Ambient Gas Monitoring
from Analgas Australia
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110 Clean Air/August 1990
Vol.24/3
PM-10 MEASUREMENTS USING THE TAPERED ELEMENT OSCILLATING
MICROBALANCE
H. Patashnick, G. Rupprecht
The authors are the principals of Rupprecht & Patashnick Co. Inc. of U.S.A.
INTRODUCTION
In recent years the quality of the air we breathe has become a greater factor in important environmental issues.
Both outdoor and indoor air quality are areas of interest and concern in this respect. Ambient air particulate matter in addition to gas species contribute to the assessment of air quality. In this regard, instrumenta- tion to measure particulate concentra- tion levels is available to quantify this parameter. Particulate concentration measurements, however, are notor- iously difficult to standardise. Collec- tion efficiency difficulties and vagaries concerning the definition of particu- late matter combine to create substan- tial uncertainties when measurements from one method or type of instru- ment are compared with another.
In general, standardisation tech- niques have followed along the lines of a direct mass measurement of particles collected on filters utilising a specific instrument cut point. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has defined a 10 µm cut point as its standard for outdoor measure- ments. The EPA has certified a number of filter-based samplers as reference instruments for so-called PM-10 measurements. This hardware consists of a sampling head, sample filter, and constant flow system. These reference systems, however, are labour intensive, involving significant filter handling during preconditioning, pre- weighing, filter installation, removal, post-conditioning and post-weighing.
In general, significant effort is involved in obtaining 24 hour averages of particulate levels with these sam- pling systems. Because it is often desirable to obtain more detailed information than 24 hour averages, as well as to reduce the amount of labour for these measurements, a need exists for continuous monitors that can automate the particulate measure- ment process.
A number of techniques have been incorporated into instruments to accomplish automatic and continuous (or at least near real-time) particulate matter monitoring. Some of these instruments include light scattering devices, quartz crystal microbalances and beta attenuation monitors. This paper will not attempt an in-depth comparison among these different instruments. Each has been used more or less successfully by specific researchers, but all have significant disadvantages for particulate moni- toring. Light scattering devices have rapid response but do not measure particle mass directly, leading to inaccurate mass measurements with particulate matter of unknown optical properties. Quartz crystal microbalan- ces measure particle mass directly, but rely upon impaction collection on a greased crystal surface, leading to collection uncertainties. The high oscillating frequency of the quartz crystal can lead to saturation effects.
Beta attenuation monitors collect particulate on filters but depend upon the calibration of mass through beta radiation attenuation, which has sensitivity to particulate properties other than mass. Additionally, the aspect of instruments with radioactive sources being used in widespread environmental monitoring applica- tions with an unknown potential for vandalism, as well as the ultimate disposal of the sources, presents other non-measurement related difficulties.
Over the past decade a new tech- nology has been emerging which provides a new approach for real-time mass monitoring (references 1 to 12).
The technique is based on a tapered element oscillating microbalance, which is a patented system of Rup- precht & Patashnick Co, Inc of Albany, New York. It is sold in a variety of configurations for different applications under the trade name TEOM®. The TEOM system for ambient air monitoring utilises an exchangeable filter cartridge on the end of a hollow tapered tube. The wider end of the tube is fixed. Air is passed through the filter, on which particles deposit, and the filtered air
passes through the tapered tube to a flow controller. The tapered tube with the filter on its end is maintained in oscillation in a clamped-free mode.
The frequency of oscillation is depend- ent upon the physical characteristics of the tapered tube and the mass on its free end. As particles land on its filter, the filter mass change its detected as a frequency change in the oscillation of the tube. The mass of the particles is then determined directly and inertially. When this mass change is combined with the flow rate through the system, the device yields an accurate measurement of the particulate matter concentration in real time.
The instrumentation has the advan- tages of direct mass measurement, filter-based collection, high sensitiv- ity, rapid response, computer compat- ibility and no radioactive components.
How well this technology lives up to its promise can be seen through a series of recent tests conducted both in the US and Europe.
DESCRIPTION OF THE TEOM AMBIENT PARTICULATE MATTER The TEOM ambient particulate mat- ter monitor consists of two major system components:the TEOM sensor unit and the TEOM control unit (Figure 1). The control unit contains the data processing hardware, display, flow control components, and control electronics for the system. The sensor unit contains the sample inlet and TEOM microbalance.
Figure 1 TEOM® ambient particulate monitor, with control unit on left and sensor unit on right.
At the heart of the system is the TEOM microbalance, which provides the sensitive particulate mass mea-
Clean Air/August 1990 Vol.24/3
111
surement capabilities. The filter and flow path for the microbaiance are shown in Figure 2. The feedback electronics maintains the tapered tube in oscillation. A precision frequency counter in the control unit measures the frequency of the oscillation accu- rately, and provides its output to a microporcessor for evaluation. The frequency of the system changes as , .
»-—-jBfflfllr?—»-
Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the TEOM ambient particulate monitor.
Mass Added TEOM Frequency f
-25m (mg) f (Hz) (sec
2)
Figure 3: Relation between mass load and tapered element frequency.
112 Clean Air/August 1990
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challenging the validity of this expres- sion. Setting
(12) (13) (14) (15) equation 11 can be rewritten in the linear form
y = a + bx (16)
If the TEOM system is not a harmonic oscillator, the linear rela- tionship as expressed in equation 16 will not hold. The data in Figure 3 are plotted in this form in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Validity of the harmonic approxima- tion for the TEOM sensor.
A linear relationship is apparent. How linear this relationship is can be assessed by a least square fit of the data through the correlation coeffi- cient, r. K
oresults as the inverse slope, and m
o/K
oas the 'y' intercept. The results of the least square fit of the data in Figure 3.
r = 0.99999 K
o= 1747(g/sec
2) m
o= 20.1 (mg).
There is absolutely no doubt that the harmonic oscillator approximation is perfectly adequate for the data eva- luation of a tapered element oscillat- ing microbalance. This evaluation is valid to mass ranges significantly in excess of the mass load for the TEOM abmient monitor. Additionally, although the system is calibrated with gravimetrically determined masses which are larger than the particulate mass to be measured, the calibration constant, K
o, obtained is obviously valid for small masses, i.e. small frequency excursions, as well.
INSTRUMENT OPERATION
The TEOM ambient particulate mat- ter monitor determines the particle mass concentration in real time by continuously measuring the mass uptake on the collection filter and combining this measurement with the flow rate through the filter (or tapered element). The TEOM detector is capable of operating with flow rates from 0.5 to 5 1/min. The flow rate chosen depends upon the require- ments of the sampling head selected for a specific cut point and applica- tion. For indoor sampling, inlets designed by Marple, Spengler and Turner (MST) provide cut points of 2.5 and 10 µrn at a flow rate of 4 1/
min. For outdoor sampling, the Sierra-Andersen dichotomous PM-10 sampling head is used with a flow rate of 16.7 1/min. In this case, a flow splitter and second flow controller are added to the TEOM system to bypass 13.7 1/min and provide a 3.0 1/min flow through the TEOM filter, thus maintaining the flow within the operating range of the mass detector.
Accurate direct mass measurements on filters require filter and sample conditioning to standardised environ- mental conditions. In conventional manual sampling procedures with filters, weighings are conducted after conditioning both before and after sampling. Unfortunately the standard ambient particle sampling method does not require sampling at a stan- dardised temperature, allowing the filter and sample to change temper- ature with ambient conditions. In some situations this leads to an ill- defined treatment of volatile compo- nents, whose mass is also counted as part of the particulate matter sample.
Filter samples have been known to continue to change mass even after 24 hours of conditioning. In order to standardise both the sampling and weighing conditions in the TEOM ambient particulate matter system, the filter and the air stream passing through it are held at a constant 50° C.
Operating at this constant tempera- ture ensures that the filter is always above the dew point and maintains a low relative humidity, minimising water uptake for all ambient temper- atures. It also assures a secure temper- ature reference for both sampling and weighing, and in addition provides a standard condition for the treatment of volatiles. In this regard, the TEOM system is superior to the conventional filter sampling technique.
Since the TEOM monitor is a continuous sampling and measure-
ment system, differences in filter conditioning compared to the refer- ence samplers exist by necessity, as mentioned above. It is impossible to perform a 24-hour pre-conditioning and post-conditioning of the filter in a real-time device. As a result of these differences, one would expect a slight offset when comparing results from the TEOM monitor and the reference samplers. For PM-10 measurements, the internally-calculated mass concen- tration in µ g / m
3is adjusted upward using the formula
y= 3 . 0 + 1.03 x
(17)These values were determined empir- ically at a number of sites in the US and overseas. This adjustment is introduced because the reference technique results in a 'wetter' measure- ment than the TEOM system oper- ating at a constant 50°C.
The TEOM ambient particulate matter monitor provides a choice of averaging times from 10 minutes to 24 hours. Shorter averaging times can be used for measurements involving higher concentrations. Filter lifetime is determined by a pressure transducer that measures the pressure drop. To maintain the pre-set flow through the system, this pressure differential must remain within the range accommo- dated by the flow controller. Typical filter lifetimes are 2 to 4 weeks.
For PM-10 monitoring the instru- ment can be installed in either a weatherproof enclosure or a measure- ment station with the sample inlet poisitioned above the roof. Figure 5 shows a typical PM-10 installation.
INSTRUMENT RESULTS
The instrument has undergone field evaluations throughout the world in both indoor and outdoor monitoring applications. In addition, the TEOM ambient particulate matter monitor is a candidate instrument for EPA certification as an equivalent method for PM-10 sampling. Tests have been conducted at numerous sites to dem- onstrate the correlation between the TEOM continuous monitor and the EPA designated reference samplers.
The first set of field data shown in Figures 6 and 7 are from an EPA test site in Birmingham, Alabama, oper- ated through Acurex Corp in May 1989. Figure 6 shows a comparison between 24-hour averages from the TEOM m o n i t o r and the Sierra- Andersen d i c h o t o m o u s PM-10 sampler. The same type of comparison
Clean Air/August 1990 Vol.24/3
113
Figure 5: Typical PM-10 configuration
Figure 6: Comparison of 24-hour averages from TEOM monitor and Sierra-Andersen dkho- tomous PM-10 sampler in Birmingham, Ala- bama, in May 1989.
Figure 7: Comparison of 24-hour averages from TEOM monitor and Wedding high volume sampler in Birmingham, Alabama, in May 1989.
is shown in Figure 7 between the TEOM instrument and the Wedding high volume sampler. The correlation coefficients, slopes and intercepts that result from a regression analysis of the results are well within the EPA
requirements for certification as an equivalent method.
Testing in El Paso, Texas, per- formed by Acurex Corp between 3 TEOM monitors and 3 Wedding high volume samplers also shows excellent correlation, once again within the EPA standards for certification (Fig- ure 8). In addition, Figure 9 shows the results from all 3 TEOM monitors.
It is clear that the TEOM instruments show excellent agreement.
Figure 8: Comparison of 24-hour averages from 3 TEOM monitors and 3 Wedding high volume samplers in El Paso, Texas, in January 1990.
Figure 9: Plot of 24-hour averages from 3 TEOM monitors operated in El Paso, Texas, during January 1990.
Further testing by the Norwegian Institute for Air Research between the TEOM monitor and the Sierra- Andersen dichotomous PM-10 sampler once again demonstrates the equivalency of the TEOM instrument to the reference method (Figure 10).
Figure 10: Comparison of 24-hour averages from TEOM monitor and Sierra-Andersen dichotomous PM-10 sampler by the Norwegian Institute for Air Research in spring 1989.
The data presented above are 24- hour averages. The TEOM instru- ment, however, is designed as a real- time device. Data collected with shorter averaging times show the variability that occurs within daily periods. This is demonstrated in Figure 11, which shows 1-hour aver- ages collected by the National Swedish Environmental Protection Board in Studsvik, Sweden. This type of reso- lution capability can be useful in identifying the major contributing sources to ambient particulate levels.
Figure 11: 1-hour average concentration levels recorded by the National Swedish Environmen- tal Protection Board in May 1989.
A remarkable set of real-time data was gathered with TEOM instrumen- tation at the University of Hamburg, West Germany. The experimenters mounted the T E O M instrument, along with gas analysers, in a mea- surement van designed for mobile measurements. The data shown in Figure 12 represent an investigation of ambient air quality in tunnels under the Elbe River in Hamburg. Utilising a 30-second averaging time for the
Figure 12: Real-time particle and gas concen- tration data in Elbe River tunnels recorded by the University of Hamburg, West Germany, in a moving measurement van.
TEOM monitor, particulate matter levels are plotted along with gas concentration data. The shaded areas represent the time periods during which the measurement van travelled through the tunnels. During these periods, the particulate and gas concentrations clearly track. An interesting peak in the particulate level
114 Clean Air/August 1990
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Figure 13: Real-time indoor particulate matter concentration values over a 6-day period in a light industrial assembly area.
occurs around minute 12 which does not have corresponding gas concen- tration peaks. This phenonemon is due to the fact that although the van was outside the tunnel, it was turning around under a superhighway bridge to make another pass through the tunnels. In this situation, particulate
matter from traffic on the superhigh- way produced a high particulate matter measurement, but since the location was outdoors, elevated gas concentrations did not appear.
A demonstration of indoor air measurements is shown in Figure 13.
A six-day period of data was obtained in a light industrial assembly area. The mass concentration peaks follow the pattern of employee activity in the sampling area. The first high peak that occurred on day 3 corresponds to soldering activity. The second peak occurred after normal working hours when a cleaning crew was performing its duties in the building. The low particulate matter levels on days 4 and 5 correspond to the weekend. It should be noted that the TEOM ambient particulate matter monitor has received the EPA method designation IP-10B for continuous indoor partic- ulate matter monitoring.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The TEOM system represents a unique filter-based instrument providing direct mass measure-
ment of particulate matter concen- tration in real time.
2. The treatment of mass calibration through a single calibration con- stant, K
o, is well established for the TEOM system.
3. The combination of the TEOM mass detector with a suitable inlet results in an effective real-time PM-
10 monitor.
4. Comparison s of daily outdoor ambient tests between the TEOM monitor and EPA designated ref- erence samplers are within the standards required for EPA equi- valency designation.
5. The TEOM instrument can be effectively utilized in real-time evaluations of particulate levels.
The system has been successfully utilised both indoors and outdoors, as well as in unusual applications such as mobile monitoring.
For further information contact Ecotech Pty. Ltd.
Melbourne: (03) 894 2399.
Fax: (03) 894 2445 Sydney: (02)419 4395.
Fax: (02)411 8183
Clean Air/August 1990 Vol.24/3
115
23RD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CLEAN AIR SOCIETY OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEA- LAND FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30TH DECEMBER 1989
D u r i n g 1989 the activities of the Society not only c o n t i n u e d along traditional lines, but expanded into new areas including air emissions associated with waste management, indoor air pollution and global pol- lution. In addition, a w o r k s h o p on pollution associated with agriculture was organised in conjunction with the Australian Waste Water Association and held regionally on the border of New South Wales and Victoria.
An examination of Society finances s h o w s t h a t e x p e n d i t u r e in 1989 exceeded income. Action has been t a k e n a i m e d at o v e r c o m i n g this situation in 1990.
The J o u r n a l continues as the most effective means of contacting and informing our members and has been maintained at high standared thanks specifically to H a n n s H a r t m a n n , the Fditor, Alan C'rapp, the Circulation Manager and the Editorial Assistants.
It is pleasing to report that revenue from advertising is increasing and as a result j o u r n a l c o s t s are b e i n g reduced.
During the year we were as always served by our Branches, which con- tinue to provide members with a forum for discussing pollution p r o b - lems. The Training Activities C o m - mittee continued to provide courses for the benefit of Society members and those concerned with air pollution control.
T h e r e have been a n u m b e r of changes in key personnel within the Societv. Ken Basden, our Foundation
Treasurer has moved from Sydney and has resigned his position with the Society. O u r thanks go to Ken and to Margaret who have given immense service to the Society over its life. Bob Hope has taken on the role of Treas- urer and we wish him every success in this important role.
A n u m b e r of changes have occurred at brunch level, ( i r a h a m e Williams assumed the role of President of the S o u t h A u s t r a l i a n b r a n c h whilst Neville Bolinger became President of t h e Q u e e n s l a n d b r a n c h r e p l a c i n g Peter Stone. Rod Simpson moved into the position of Secretary. Geoff Angus became President of the Victorian branch taking over from Peter Wil- liams and Frank Fleer became Secre-
tary. Peter Stephenson took over from Bob Hope as Secretary of the Training Activities C o m m i t t e e . 'To all of these gentlemen we offer our best wisiies in the assumed roles and our t h a n k s for their past efforts on behalf of the Society.
T h e 9th World Clean Air Congress was held in The Hague in S e p t e m b e r and was attended by over 800 persons from over 40 countries and I am pleased to report that there was a good representation from Australia. The Congress was opened in the presence of the Queen of the Netherlands and w a s a well b a l a n c e d s t i m u l a t i n g technical meeting.
D u r i n g the C o n g r e s s , I U A P P A held both Executive and C o u n c i l meetings when C A S A N Z was elected to the Fxecutive and I was elected in my p e r s o n a l c a p a c i t y as a P a s t President.
We are now waiting the advent of the 10th I n t e r n a t i o n a l C l e a n Air Conference of C A S A N Z to be held in Auckland in March. This event is being planned by the New Zealand Branch under the Conference direc- tion of N o r m Thorn and hopefully the n u m b e r s attending and the range of topics covered will ensure a successful conference.
The Society has decided in future to hold Conferences on a two-yearly basis and our 11th Conference will occur in Brisbane in 1992.
Air pollution and its control is assuming new dimensions associated on the one hand with Australia having the largest population growth of the developed world and the consequen- tial environmental problems, whilst on the other hand the potential impact of g l o b a l p o l l u t i o n is b e c o m i n g increasingly i m p o r t a n t i n t e r n a t i o n - ally. As a result I look forward to a n o t h e r interesting and r e w a r d i n g year as the Society addresses these problems. I wish to thank all those members of the various Committees and the helpers whose efforts have contributed to the successful o p e r a - tion of the Society during 1989 and encourage our continuing efforts to address the issues confronting A u s t r a - lia. New Zealand and the world.
KEN S U L L I V A N President
AUDITOR'S REPORT TO THE MEMBERS
THE CLEAN AIR SOCIETY OF AUS- TRALIA AND MEW ZEALAND
YEAR ENDED 31ST DECEMBER, 1989
I h a v e a u d i t e d the c o n s o l i d a t e d Balance Sheet of Clean Air Society of Australia and New Zealand and report that, subject to the audited and unaudited financial statements of the various Branches, the Balance Sheet presents a true and fair view of the affairs of the Society as at 31st December, 1989.
L. Peruch
Public Accountant
Registered C o m p a n y A u d i t o r Sydney: 14 J u n e 1990.
NOTES TO AND FORMIMG PART OF THE ACCOUNTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 ST DECEMBER, 1989
1. Summary of Significant Account Policies
Set out hereunder are the significant accounting policies adopted by the Society in the p r e p a r a t i o n of the a c c o u n t s for the year e n d e d 31st December 1989:-
(a) Historical Cost C o n v e n t i o n The accounts have been prepared under the historical cost c o n v e n - tion and have not been adjusted to take account of the current c o s t s o f s p e c i f i c a s s e t s a n d liabilities.
(b) Accounting Basis
The Accounts of the Society are prepared on a cash basis and transfers of funds intra Society are only recognised in A c c u m u l a t e d Funds.
(c) Income Tax
No provision for income tax is m a d e as the Society is e x e m p t from T a x a t i o n under Section 23 of the Income T a x Assessment Act
1936 (as a m e n d e d ) . (d) Depreciation
Depreciation is calculated on a prime cost basis, so as to write off the cost of each asset over its expected serviceable life. A d d i - tions are depreciated from the month of acquisition.
116 Clean Air/August 1990
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Clean Air Society of Australia and New Zealand Consolidated Balance Sheet as at 31st December, 1989
Clean Air/August 1990 Vol.24/3
117
PROPOSED INCORPORATION OF THE CLEAN AIR SOCIETY
Since its inception, the Clean Air Society of Australia and New Zealand has functioned as an unincorporated group of members. Under these circumstances, members are fully exposed to any legal action, as the law recognises only the individuals who make up the group and not the group as an entity in itself. In this situation, there is a risk that members may be personally sued if something goes wrong with the organisation's activ- ities and if there is not enough money in the Society's bank accounts to pay a debt or successful claim. Insurance can provide a partial answer, but is liable to be expensive and may not cover all areas of risk.
Since the Society is often involved in projects which impact on the public, such as training sessions, conferences and technical meetings, the possibility of a serious claim cannot be dismissed.
Some protection for members is necessary in these increasingly lit- igious times.
Incorporation is a relatively simple and inexpensive method for creating
PART 1. PRELIMINARY Arrangement
1.1 This Constitution is divided as follows:
PART l Preliminary PART 2 Objects PART 3 Membership PART 4 Organisation PART 5 Council PART 6 Branches PART 7 Divisions
PART 8 Special Purpose Committees PART 9 Meetings
PART 10 Voting at Meetings PART 11 Financial
PART 12 Property
PART 13 Alteration of Constitution PART 14 General
Name
1.2 The name of the organisation shall be the Clean Air Society of Australia and New Zealand, Incorporated, hereinafter referred to as "The Society"
Incorporation
1.3 The Society shall be incorporated under the terms of the NSW Associations Incorpo- ration Act 19X4.
Jurisdiction
1.4 The Society shall operate within the Commonwealth of Australia and within the Dominion of New Zealand and such other places as the Council may determine from time to time.
a legally recognised entity with limited liability. An incorporated Society will gain protection from large claims arising as a result of liability incurred in the course of operation of the Society's affairs, where the members have conducted their responsibilities in good faith and with care, diligence and skill. Incorporation also facili- tates the Society's active involvement in such matters as owning equipment, contracting for services, or even suing someone else.
The Society is moving towards incorporation under the terms of the NSW "Associations Incorporation Act, 1984". This legislation defines the procedures whereby the desired pro- tection from an action for damages can be obtained, but requires some changes in format and content in the rules by which the Society is governed.
At present the Society has both a constitution and by-laws, but the distinction between these is not recognised in the legislation, and as a result they have been combined in a new draft constitution which stands alone. The draft constitution also includes some minor additional mate- rial demanded by the Act, such as
Headquarters
1.5 The headquarters of the Society shall be located in a city or centre within the jurisdiction of the society as decided by a
resolution of the Council.
Definitions
1.6 (a) Financial Years. The Society's Finan- cial Years shall be years ending 31st December save that at the time of incorporation the length of one or more Financial Year may be varied in accordance with the special provisions of Section 26 of the NSW Associations Incorporation Act.
PART 2. OBJECTS
2.1 The objects of the Society shall be to conserve clean air by the following means:
(a) to advance the knowledge and practical experience of air pollution, its abate- ment, c o n t r o l , measurement and dispersal;
(b) to provide an organisation which will gather, collate and distribute the experience and knowledge of its members and the general community;
(c) to provide scholarships, bursaries, momentary grants and prizes for the purpose of encouraging the study of subjects or disciplines which, in the opinion of the Council, are directly related to the science or technology of air pollution;
elaborating the manner in which funds are to be managed, the manner in which the objects of the association are to be changed, the custody of books, etc. In addition, the opportun- ity is being taken to clarify and improve the constitution where possible.
The draft is published in this issue of the Journal to provide an oppor- tunity for the Society's members to comment and make recommendations for modifications. The draft is not considered to be in any way final, and is still in the process of development.
Comments and recommendations are invited and should be sent to the Secretary, at P O Box 191, Eastwood, 2122, not later than 30th September,
1990.
When all comments have been considered and included so far as is feasible, the proposal to incorporate and the final draft of the new con- stitution will be brought before a General Meeting of the Society for approval. It is intended that the decisions on incorporation be taken and the matter concluded by 30th June
1991.
(d) to provide for the delivery and holding of lectures, exhibitions, public meet- ings, classes and conferences to advance education in air pollution and its causes, effects, measurement, legislative aspects and control;
(e) to maintain contact and establish liaison with organisations with similar interests in other countries;
(f) to collaborate with other professional, trade, industrial and community organ- isation in the promotion of the interests of the society;
(g) to print and publish any newspaper, periodicals, books or leaflets that the Society may think desirable;
(h) to make representations to the Govern- ment of the day concerning the objects of the Society;
(i) to do all such lawful acts, matters and things as are incidental to the attain- ment of any of the abovementioned objects of the Society.
PART 3. MEMBERSHIP Grades of Membership
3.1 There shall be six grades of membership termed respectively:
Members
Organisation Members Sustaining Members Honorary Members Life Members Student Members
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Qualifications for Membership
3.2 Qualifications for Membership shall be as follows:
(a) Member. Persons engaged in or having a genuine working interest in the principles and practice of air pollution control.
(b) Organisation Member. Any company or organisation which believes that it would, by Organisation Membership, associate itself closely with the Objects of the Society. Each Organisation Member may appoint one representa- tive with all membership rights includ- ing the right to vote and to hold office.
(c) Sustaining Member. Any company or organisation which contributes to the development of the Society. Each Sustaining Member may appoint one representative with all membership rights including the right to vote and to hold office.
(d) Honorary Member. Any person who, in the opinion of Council, has rendered outstanding service to the Society. The maximum number of Honorary Members shall be eight, and each shall be elected by at least a seven-eighths majority of the members of Council voting at any duly constituted Council meeting. Each Honorary Member shall have all membership rights including the right to vote and to hold office.
(e) Life Member. Any financial member of not less than ten years standing who has given outstanding service to the Society and who has been elected by at least a seven-eighths majority of the members of Council voting at a duly constituted Council meeting. Upon election, the annual subscription of such a member shall cease. Each Life Member shall have all membership rights including the right to vote and to hold office.
(0 Student Member. Any person currently enrolled at a tertiary institution in a course approved by Council. The course in which the person is enrolled shall have some content which, in the opinion of Council, would prepare the candidate for active participation in the field of air pollution control in their working careers. A person shall be able to maintain this level of membership up to a period of five years or until they obtain their tertiary qualifications, whichever is the sooner. Student members shall not have the right to vote or to hold office.
Admission of Members
3.3 No application shall be made for admission as an Honorary Member or a Life Member.
3.4 There shall be no residential qualifications for membership of the Society.
3.5 An application for membership in all grades other than Honorary Member or Life Member shall be made in writing on the appropriate form and submitted via the Branch Secretary of the Branch to which the applicant wishes to belong. If the applicant is from a State where a Branch does not exist, the application may be sent directly to the Secretary. The Branch Secretary or the Secretary of the Society may refer the application to other members of the Society.
3.6 A Qualifications Sub-Committee shall be established by Council for the purposes of making a recommendation to Council upon applications which require clarification.
The Council shall, after due consideration,
accept or reject the application, and this information will be transmitted by the Secretary to the applicant. The Council shall not be required to give any reason for the rejection of any application.
Resignations, Suspension or Removal from the Register
3.7 Any person resigning shall do so in writing to the Secretary and pay whatever fees are necessary to make that person a financial member up to the date of resignation.
3.8 A Branch Committee shall have the right, by a three-fourths majority (to the nearest integer) of a duly constituted quorum of the members present, to recommend to the Council the suspension of any member of the Branch who has been convicted by a competent tribunal of any offence, or for any conduct, which, in the opinion of the Branch Committee, renders that member undesirable as a member.
3.9 A Branch Committee may enquire into the conduct of any member of the Branch and if, after giving that member an opportunity to be heard, it decides that such a member has been guilty of conduct thought to be prejudicial to the interests of the Society, the Branch Committee, by a four- fifths majority (to the nearest integer) of a duly constituted meeting of the members pres- ent, may recommend to Council the suspension of such member.
3.10 Any member who has been suspended by Council may, if that member chooses, resign forthwith from the Society, but if the member does not choose to do so within seven days after being notified of the suspension, the member shall thereafter be deemed to be expelled. If the Council does not endorse the suspension, the member shall be entitled to resume the status enjoyed prior to the recommendation made to Council for suspension.
Register of Members
3.11 A register of members of each Branch shall be maintained by the Branch Secretary, specifying the name and address of each member, the name of the nominated representative of the Organisation and Sustaining Members and the class of membership.
Branch Roll
3.12 A member, irrespective of grade of membership or place of residence, shall be free to select the Branch with which he wishes to be associated or enrolled, but he may not be on the roll of more than one Branch at the same time.
3.13 A member enrolled with one Branch, while visiting the city or centre in which another Branch is located, may participate in all of the proceedings of the other Branch except that he or she shall not be entitled either to sponsor or to vote upon any motion pertaining to the domestic affairs of that other Branch.
PART 4. ORGANISATION
4.1 The Society shall be formed of eligible members in accordance with Part 3 of this Constitution.
The Council
4.2 The affairs of the Society shall be managed by a body called the Council which shall be the governing body of the Society, exercising the management and control of its property and affairs. In addition to the
authority expressly conferred on Council by this Constitution, Council may carry into effect any or all of the Objects of the Society.
Branches
4.3 The Council shall have power to establish Branches in accordance with PART 6.
Divisions
4.4 The Council shall have power to establish or to approve the establishment of separate Divisions in accordance with PART 7.
Special Purpose Committees
4.5 The Council shall have power to establish Special Purpose Committees to conduct specific activities relevant to the objectives of the Society in accordance with PART 8.
PART 5. COUNCIL Council Membership
5.1 The Council of the Society shall consist of:
the President;
the Deputy President;
up to two Vice- Presidents;
the Secretary;
the Treasurer;
the Journal Editor;
the Journal Circulation Manager;
the Chairman of each Special Purpose Committee;
Ordinary Members representing Branches.
5.2 The Deputy President shall not be a member of the same Branch as the Pres- ident. If appointed, a Vice-President shall not be a member of the same Branch as any other Vice-President, or the President or the Deputy President. Ordinary Members shall be elected by Branch Committees from among their own number. A Branch with up to 99 members on the Branch roll shall be represented by one ordinary Member, and Branches with 100 or more members on the Branch roll shall be represented by two Ordinary Members.
Council Election
5.3 At an ordinary meeting of the Council which is the last before the Annual General Meeting at which that Council will retire, being a calendar year ending with an even number, nominations for President, Dep- uty President, Secretary and Treasurer for the ensuing two years may be proposed by agreement within Council from among the financial members of the Society and nominations for Vice-Presidents may be proposed by agreement within Council from among the Council Ordinary Members representing Branches.
5.4 At the following Annual General Meeting the President, Deputy President, Secretary, Treasurer (and Vice-Presidents, if thought fit) shall be elected from persons nominated by Council or nominated by members at or before the Annual General Meeting and having the same qualifications, with the restriction that one of the President, Deputy President, Secretary or Treasurer shall be elected from among the existing Council members. They shall assume duty as Office Bearers of Council when their election at the Annual General Meeting is announced by the Chairman of that meeting. There shall be no limit to the length of service of the President, Deputy President, Secre- tary, Treasurer or Vice-Presidents and all retiring Office Bearers shall be eligible for
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re- election unless they indicate to the contrary either verbally or in writing.
5.5 The Journal Editor, the journal Circulation Manager and the Chairman of each Special Purpose Committee who may be elected at any time by the Council for an indefinite period of service, shall by virtue of these positions be office bearers of the Council ex- officio and do not require election or re-election at the Annual General Meeting in even numbered calendar years.
5.6 The Ordinary Members of Council for the ensuing two year period, elected as Branch Representatives by the Branch Committees from among their own numbers at a Branch Committee Meeting held before the Annual General Meeting, shall assume duty as Council Members when their names are announced during the Annual General Meeting. There shall be no limit to the number of consecutive periods of service of Ordinary Members, and all retiring Councillors shall be eligible for the re- election of their Branch Committees unless they indicate to the contrary either verbally or in writing.
Casual Vacancies
5.7 A casual vacancy in the office of a member of Council occurs if the member -
(a) dies;
(b) ceases to be a member of the Society;
(c) becomes an insolvent under adminis- tration within the meaning of the Companies (NSW) Code;
(d) resigns office by notice in writing given to the Secretary;
(e) is removed from office under Rule 5.10.
5.8 If a casual vacancy occurs among the Ordinary Members of Council, the com- mittee of the Branch of which the person was a member may appoint any one of its members to fill the vacancy for the remainder of the current term.
5.9 A casual vacancy among the Office Bearers shall be filled by the remaining Office Bearers and ordinary members of Council from among the financial members of the Society, until the next election of Council.
5.10 (To be written) Council Meetings
5.11 Council shall meet at least once in the year between Annual General Meetings but may meet more frequently as determined by Council.
Notice of Council Meetings
5.12 The Secretary shall give notice of Council Meetings not less than 30 days prior to the date of the meeting specifying the date, time and venue of the Meeting and the business to be transacted.
Chairing of Council Meetings
5.13 Meetings of the Council shall be presided over by the President, or in his absence, by the Deputy President or by one of the Vice-Presidents, or, in the absence of these office bearers, a Chairman shall be elected from among the members of Council present, save that if such a Chairman is elected he shall have the right if he so desires, to retain the Chair throughout the duration of the meeting if the President, the Deputy President or a Vice-President
subsequently arrives, unless a resolution of the meeting declares that the President, or Deputy President, or a Vice-President, having arrived at the meeting, takes the chair.
Council Quorum
5.14 A quorum of Council shall consist of at least four members attending in person or one third of the total Council membership, to the nearest whole integer, whichever is the greatest, provided that either the Society's President or the Society's Secre- tary are among those present.
Secretary
5.15 The duties of the Secretary shall include:
(a) keeping the minutes of -
(i) all appointments of office bearers and members of Council
(ii) proceedings at Council meetings, Executive Sub-committee meet- ings, and Extraordinary General meetings
(b) dealing with correspondence received by the Society.
Treasurer
5.16 The duties of the Treasurer shall include:
Keeping correct books and accounts showing the financial affairs of the Society including full details of all receipts and expenditure connected with the activities of the Society.
Executive Sub-Committee
5.17 The President, Deputy President, Secre- tary and Treasurer shall constitute an
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Executive Sub-committee of the Council to attend to the day to day affairs of the Society between consecutive meetings of Council. Of these members, any two shall constitute a quorum. The Executive Sub- committee shall not attend to matters involving decisions of policy or the expenditure of sums in excess of an amount stated in Rule 11.18 and all actions by the Executive Sub-committee not above excluded shall be ratified by the next meeting of the Council. The members of the Executive Sub-committee shall be indemnified by the Council for any decisions or action made in good faith in the exercise of their duties as specified in this paragraph.
Other Sub-committees
5.18 The Council may constitute sub- committees from among the membership of the Society, to report on such subjects as are considered to require investigation and which fall within the Objects of the Society. Membership of such sub- committee shall be terminated when the work requested in the terms of reference has been completed.
Authentification
5.19 A document or proceeding requiring authentification by the Council may be authenticated by the signature of the President, Secretary or Treasurer.
Final Decisions Rest With Council
5.20 In all matters whatsoever affecting the Society, the final decision shall rest with the Council.
PART 6. BRANCHES Establishment of Branches
6.1 Branches of the Society shall be estab- lished in such places as the Council may from time to time decide.
Branch Committees
6.2 The affairs of each Branch shall be administered by a Branch committee which shall be elected each year by ballot by members of the Branch at the Branch Annual General Meeting.
The Branch Secretary shall call for nominations for the Branch Committee by Notice before 15th January each year and nominations shall close five calendar days before the Branch Annual General Meet- ing. Those elected shall hold office from the first day of April following the Branch Annual General Meeting to the thirty-first day of March of the following year. If a person has been nominated to position of Office Bearer and is not elected to that Office, that person is deemed to have been nominated as an ordinary member.
Composition of Branch Committees
6..') Each Branch Committee shall comprise a Branch President, the Immediate Past Branch President, the Immediate Past Branch President ex-officio (unless he or she is unable to participate or advises verbally or in writing that he or she does not wish to be a member of the Branch Committee) a Branch Secretary, a Branch Treasurer and ordinary members. The offices of Branch Secretary and Branch Treasurer may be vested in one person as a Branch Secretary-Treasurer.
6.4 The Branch Committees in Australia shall comprise not less than seven or more than twelve members including Office Bearers
and members ex-officio, all of whom unless H o n o r a r y Members or Life Members shall be financial Members or duly nominated representatives of finan- cial Organisation or Sustaining Members.
6.5 The New Zealand Branch Committee shall comprise not less than seven or more than fifteen members including Office Bearers and members ex-officio all of whom, unless H o n o r a r y Members or Life Members shall be financial members or duly nominated representatives of finan- cial Organisation or Sustaining Members.
6.6 The New Zealand Branch Committee may form regional sub-committees.
Casual Vacancies
6.7 A member of the Branch Committee shall be deemed to have vacated his office if he
(a) dies;
(b) ceases to be a member of the Society;
(c) becomes an insolvent under adminis- tration within the meaning of the Companies (NSW) Code;
(d) resigns office by notice in writing given to the Secretary;
(c) is removed from office under Rule 6.8 (f) is absent from three consecutive
meetings of the Committee, of which reasonable notice has been given either personally or by post, unless on leave granted by the Committee.
6.8 (To be written) Branch Committee Meetings
6.9 Branch Committees shall meet at least once in each quarter, but may meet more frequently as decided by the Branch Committee.
Notice of Branch Committee Meetings 6.10 The Branch Secretary shall give notice of
Branch Committee meetings to every member of the Branch Committee meet- ings not less than 14 days prior to the date of the meeting specifying the date, time and venue of the meeting and the business to be transacted.
Chairing Branch Committee Meetings 6.1 1 The Branch President shall be Chairman
of the Branch Committee. In the absence of the Chairman, the meeting shall elect a Chairman from among those present.
Quorum — Branch Committee Meetings 6.12 A quorum of the Branch Committee shall
consist of at least four members attending in person, provided that either the Branch President or the Branch Secretary are among those present.
Branch Representatives on Council
6.13 In every alternate year, that is, a calendar year ending with an even number, the Committee of each Branch upon election shall, from among its own number, elect Branch Representatives for Council for the ensuing two years, of such number as is specified in rule 5.2.
Branch Annual General Meeting
6.14 An Annual General Meeting of a Branch shall be held in February each year. At this meeting, there shall be presented the Branch Annual Report, the Branch Statement of Receipts and Payments and Branch Balance Sheet for the preceding year.
Notice of Branch Annual General Meeting 6.15 The Branch Secretary shall give notice of
Branch Annual General Meetings to every member of the Branch not less that 14 days prior to the date of the meeting specifying the date, time and venue of the meeting and the business to be transacted.
The lack of receipt of notice by any person or the omission to give notice to any person shall not invalidate the proceedings of the meeting.
Branch General (Technical) Meetings 6.16 Branch General (Technical) Meetings may
be held from time to time as decided by the Branch Committee.
6.17 Except as provided for in Parts 6, 9 and 10 hereof, Branch Committee may formu- late rules for the conduct of Branch General (Technical) Meetings.
Branch Extraordinary General Meeting 6.18 A Branch Extraordinary General Meeting
to discuss any particular aspect of the Branch's activities may be called either (a) by the Branch Committee, or (b) by the Branch Secretary on receipt of
a Notice of Motion or Petition signed by the mover and seconded and supported by the signatures of at least ten Branch members who are entitled to vote. Such a meeting shall be held not more than two months after receipt of the Notice of Motion or Petition by the Branch Secretary who shall give notice of the Branch Extraordinary General Meeting to every member of the Branch not less than 30 days prior to the date of the meeting, specifying the date, time and venue of the meeting and the business to be transacted. No business other than that for which the Extraordinary General Meeting was called may be transacted. The lack of receipt of notice by any person or the omission to give notice to any person shall not invalidate the proceedings of the meeting.
Chairing Branch General Meetings
6.19 The Branch President shall be Chairman of Branch Annual General Meetings, Branch General (Technical) Meetings and Branch Extraordinary General Meetings.
In the absence of the President, the meeting shall elect a chairman from among those present.
Quorum
6.20 A quorum at a Branch Annual General Meeting or any Branch Extraordinary General Meeting shall consist of fifteen members personally present and entitled to vote.
6.21 If within fifteen minutes from the lime appointed for the Branch Annual General Meeting or any Branch Extraordinary Meeting, a quorum is not present, the meeting, if convened on the requisition of members, shall be dissolved. In any other case, the business shall be deferred for consideration at a subsequent Annual General Meeting or E x t r a o r d i n a r y General Meeting, as the case may be, at which those present shall form a quorum.
PART 7. DIVISIONS Establishment of Divisions
7.1 Divisions of the Society, comprised of members interested in particular aspects
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of the Objects of the Society, may be established in such places and to cover such aspects of the Objects of the Society as the Council may from time to time decide or approve.
Management of Divisions
7.2 Unless decided otherwise by Council.
Divisions shall be managed in accordance with the same rules as apply to Branches, which are laid down in PART 6.
PART 8. SPECIAL PURPOSE COMMITTEES Establishment of Special Purpose Committees 8.1 Special Purpose Committees to conduct
specific activities relevant to the Objects of the Society may be established in such places and to conduct such activities as the Council may from time to lime decide.
Special Purpose Committees
X.2 Special Purpose Committees shall com- prise a Chairman appointed by Council and not less than six or more than eleven other members, appointed by or approved hy Council. One of these shall be the
Treasurer ex-officio but other appoint- ments shall be lor an indefinite period and may be terminated by Council.
Office Bearers
8.3 A Committee Secretary, and a Committee Treasurer (or a Committee Secretary/
Treasurer) shall be elected from members of the Committee.
Meetings
8.4 The Committee shall meet at least once in each quarter, but may meet more frequently as determined by the Committee.
Notice of Committee Meetings
8.5 The Committee Secretary (or Committee Secretary Treasurer) shall give Notice of Special Purpose Committee Meetings to all committee members not less than 10 days prior to the date of the meeting specifying the date, time and venue of the meeting and the business to be transacted.
8.6 The Special Purpose Committee Chair- man shall chair the meetings of the Committee. In the absence of the Chair- man, the meeting shall elect a Chairman from among those present.
Quorum
K.7 A quorum of a Special Purpose Commit- tee shall consist ol at least four members attending in person.
PART 9. MEETINGS Annual General Meetings
9.1 An Annual General Meeting ol the Society shall be held after 31st March hut before 30th June in each year, save that the first Annual General Meeting of the Society after incorporation shall be held in accordance with the special provisions of Section 26 of the NSW Associations Incorporation Act 19X4. At this meeting
there shall be presented the Society's Annual Report and also the Society's Consolidated Statement of Income and Expenditure and the Society's Consoli- dated Balance Sheet for the preceding year, as specified in Rule 11.21.
Extraordinary General Meetings
9.2 An Extraordinary General Meeting of the Society lo discuss any particular aspect of the Society's activities may be called either
(a) by the Council, or
(b) by the Secretary on receipt of a Notice of Motion or Petition signed by the mover and seconder and supported by the signatures ol at least ten members who are entitled to vote. Such a meeting shall be held not more than two months after receipt of the Notice of Motion or Petition by the Federal Secretary, and in the city or centre occupied by the Branch to which the majority of the signatories belong, unless another venue is requested in the documents accompanying the Notice of Motion or Petition.
Notice of Meetings
9.3 The Secretary shall give 30 days Notice of the Annual General Meeting and any Extraordinary General Meeting of the Society stating the date, time and venue of the Meeting and the business to be transacted. No business other than that
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