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Growing chinese cabbage in Western Australia - Digital Library

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Bulletins 4000 - Agriculture

6-2006

Growing chinese cabbage in Western Australia Growing chinese cabbage in Western Australia

John Burt Dennis Phillips David Gatter

Follow this and additional works at: https://library.dpird.wa.gov.au/bulletins

Part of the Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons, and the Horticulture Commons

Recommended Citation Recommended Citation

Burt, J, Phillips, D, and Gatter, D. (2006), Growing chinese cabbage in Western Australia. Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia, Perth. Bulletin 4673.

This bulletin is brought to you for free and open access by the Agriculture at Digital Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bulletins 4000 - by an authorized administrator of Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected].

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These strains rapidly become the dominant pasture species and grazing sheep are forced to consume large amounts of the clover, which in time produce the toxic effects listed above..

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