• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

THERMAL CHANGES OBSERVED AT DRILLING SITE DURING BONE DRILLING Model study in bovine rib | Kusuma | Jurnal Teknosains 3985 6467 1 SM

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2017

Membagikan "THERMAL CHANGES OBSERVED AT DRILLING SITE DURING BONE DRILLING Model study in bovine rib | Kusuma | Jurnal Teknosains 3985 6467 1 SM"

Copied!
6
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

7+(50$/&+$1*(62%6(59('$7'5,//,1*6,7(

'85,1*%21('5,//,1*

0RGHO6WXGL,LQ%RYLQH5LE

'HG\.XVXPD

'HSDUWPHQWRI%LRPHGLFDO)DFXOW\RI'HQWLVWU\ *DGMDK0DGD8QLYHUVLW\<RJ\DNDUWD,QGRQHVLD

(PDLOGHG\NXVXPDXJP#JPDLOFRP

$%675$.

3HQJJXQDDQ ERU WXODQJ GDODP SURVHV RGRQWHFWRP\ GDQ SHUVLDSDQ LPSODQ JLJL GDSDW PHQLQJNDWNDQ VXKXGLVHNLWDUOXEDQJSHQJHERUDQ3HUXEDKDQWHUPDODGDODKSHUWDQGDSHQWLQJXQWXNSHQ\HPEXKDQ WXODQJ VHFDUD ILVLRORJLV NDUHQD SHQLQJNDWDQ VXKX GL DWDV DPEDQJ EDWDV KDUXV GLPLQLPDONDQ 7XMXDQ GDUL VWXGL SHPRGHODQ LQL DGDODK XQWXN PHPEDQGLQJNDQ SHUXEDKDQ VXKX \DQJ GLKDVLONDQ VHODPD SHQJHERUDQWXODQJGHQJDQEHUEDJDLNHFHSDWDQ'HODSDQEHODVWXODQJUXVXNVDSLVHJDUGLSLOLKNDUHQD NHVDPDDQVLIDWILVLNGDQGLPHQVLUDKDQJEDZDKPDQXVLD6HEXDKERUNRQVWDQGHQJDQEHEDQ1 GLWHUDSNDQGLVHOXUXKSURVHGXUSHQJHERUDQPHODOXLWDOLSHQJHERUDQ7XODQJUXVXNVDSLGLERUGHQJDQ PHQJJXQDNDQEXUJHRPHWU\\DQJVDPDWZLVWGULOOSRLQWDQJOHSDGDNHFHSDWDQUHQGDK USPUSPUSP

3HUXEDKDQVXKXWXODQJ\DQJGLKDVLONDQROHKSURVHVSHQJHERUDQGLXNXUGHQJDQWKHUPRFRXSOHWLSH. .HFHSDWDQUSPPHQJKDVLONDQSHUXEDKDQVXKXPDNVLPXPGLNHGXDMDUDNPPGDQPPGDUL OXEDQJ SHQJHERUDQ 3HUXEDKDQ VXKX PLQLPDO GLUHNDP XQWXN NHFHSDWDQ USP 7HV $129$ PHQXQMXNNDQUDWDUDWDSHUXEDKDQWHUPDOXQWXNVHWLDSNHFHSDWDQSDGDMDUDNGDQPPGDULOXEDQJ SHQJHERUDQ EHUEHGD VHFDUD VLJQLILNDQ 0DQIDDW NOLQLV PHQJJXQDNDQ NHFHSDWDQ GL EDZDK USP SHUOXGLSHUWLPEDQJNDQNDUHQDEHUSRWHQVLPHQLPEXONDQULVLNRNHUXVDNDQWHUPDO

.DWDNXQFLNHFHSDWDQSHQJHERUDQEXUJHRPHWU\NHUXVDNDQWHUPDOVXKXWXODQJ

$%675$&7

(2)

IRUHDFKRIVSHHGDWGLVWDQFHDQGPPIURPGULOOLQJ KROH 7KH FOLQLFDO EHQHÀWV RI XVLQJ VSHHG EHORZ USP QHHG WR EH FRQVLGHUHG GXH WR WKH SRWHQWLDO ULVN RI WKHUPDOGDPDJH

.H\ ZRUG GULOOLQJ VSHHG EXU JHRPHWU\ WKHUPDO GDPDJHERQHWHPSHUDWXUH

,1752'8&7,21

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

WUDEHFXODHRIVSRQJ\ERQHDQGOLQHVWKHLQQHU VXUIDFHRIFHQWUDOFDQDO0DUWLQL

7KH UHTXLUHG VSHHG DSSOLHG IRUFH KHDW JHQHUDWLRQ DQG ERQH GDPDJH DUH WKH PDLQ SDUDPHWHUVWREHFRQVLGHUHGZKHQHYDOXDWLQJ WKH GULOOLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH 2KDVKL HW DO GHILQHWKHIDFWRUV ZKLFKLQIOXHQFHWKH GULOOLQJ TXDOLW\ DQG QHHG WR EH GHWHUPLQHG WKHEXUJHRPHWU\DQGPDWHULDOVWKHVSHHGRI URWDWLRQWKHWRUTXHWKHDSSOLHGIRUFHWKHXVH RI LUULJDWLRQ SUHGULOOLQJ LH GULOOLQJ ZLWK D VPDOOHU GLDPHWHU RI EXU EHIRUH GULOOLQJ ZLWK GHILQLWLYH GLDPHWHU DQG ILQDOO\ WKH FRUWLFDO WKLFNQHVVDQGERQHGHQVLW\

7KH WKHUPDO FDSDFLW\ DQG FRQGXFWLYLW\ RI ERQH FRQVWLWXWHV RWKHU LPSRUWDQW IDFWRUV DIIHFWLQJWKHWHPSHUDWXUHULVH7KHWHPSHUDWXUH GHYHORSHG ZLWKLQ D VHFRQG RI ERQH WLVVXH GHSHQGV RQ KHDW GLIIXVLW\ WKH DELOLW\ RI PDWHULDOWRKHDWVXSDQGWKHUPDOFRQGXFWLYLW\ WKHDELOLW\RIPDWHULDOWRWUDQVIHUKHDWIURPD VRXUFH8QOLNHGULOOLQJPHWDOWKHWHPSHUDWXUH RI WKH ERQH ZLOO UDLVH PRUH GXULQJ WKH SURFHVV GXH WR LWV SRRU WKHUPDO FDSDFLW\ DQG FRQGXFWLYLW\ FKLSV FDUU\LQJ DZD\ D VPDOOHU SHUFHQWDJHRIWKHKHDW.DUPDQL6

6HYHUDO HYLGHQFHV KDYH JLYHQ PXFK DWWHQWLRQ RQ KHDW HOHYDWLRQ GXULQJ LPSODQW RU VXUJHU\ SURFHGXUH 0DQ\ SRVW RSHUDWLYH FRPSOLFDWLRQ FDVHV LQ GHQWDO VXUJHU\ KDYH D VLPLODULW\ VLJQ DQG V\PSWRP ZLWK WKH LPSDLUHGERQHKHDOLQJGXHWRWKHUPDOQHFURVLV ,Q RWKHU VLGH GLUHFW HYLGHQFH LV VWLOO KDUG WR ILQG EHFDXVH GXULQJ VXUJHU\ SURFHGXUH WKH UHDOWHPSHUDWXUHLVQRWPHDVXUHGDFFXUDWHO\

(3)

0DWHULDOVDQG0HWKRGV

D3UHSDUDWLRQRIERQHVDPSOH

(LJKWHHQ IUHVK ERYLQH ULEV ZHUH FKRVHQ GXH WR WKH VLPLODULW\ RI SK\VLFDO SURSHUWLHV DQG GLPHQVLRQ ZLWK KXPDQ PDQGLEOH 1DP 2HWDO

)LJXUH )UHVKERYLQHULEV

E 0HDVXUHPHQW VSHHG RI WKH EXU ZLWK PRWRUV\VWHP

7KH EXU ZDV LQVHUWHG LQWR WKH GULOOLQJ PDFKLQHFRQQHFWHGZLWKWKHHOHFWULFSRUWDEOH PRWRU V\VWHP ZLWK YDULDEOH FRQWURO VSHHG UDQJH EHWZHHQ ă USP +DQQHVVL 6'(+.RUHD,QWKHFOLQLFDOVLWXDWLRQWKH GULOOLQJ LV GRQH HLWKHU LQ ORZ RU KLJK VSHHG 7KHUHIRUH LQ WKLV UHVHDUFK WKH VSHHG ZDV VHW XS DW USP ORZ VSHHG USP DQG USP KLJK VSHHG 7KH GULOOLQJ PDFKLQHZDVIL[DWHGZLWKDGMXVWDEOHFODPSWR PLQLPL]HWKHYLEUDWLRQ:HLJKWZDVSODFHGRQ WKHSODWIRUPWRSURGXFHIRUFH1)LJXUH

F 0HDVXUHPHQWRIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIERQH 7KH ERQH WHPSHUDWXUH ZDV PHDVXUHG E\ .W\SH WKHUPRFRXSOH 2PHJD ,QF 86$ ZLWK DFFXUDF\ LQ UDQJH WR Ĉ& 7KH WKHUPRFRXSOH ZLWK GLDPHWHU PP ZDV LQVHUWHGLQWRSUHGULOOHGKROH7KHUPRFRXSOH ZDV SODFHG DW D GLVWDQFH RI DQG PP IURP WKH EXU KROH WKDW ZDV SUHYLRXVO\ PHDVXUHGZLWKVOLGLQJFDOLSHU7KHGHSWKRI WKHUPRFRXSOH¶VLQVHUWLRQZDVVHWDWPP7KH WKHUPRFRXSOHVZHUHFRQQHFWHGWRDQ2PHJD 'LJLWDO 7KHUPRPHWHU ,QLWLDO WHPSHUDWXUH ZDV UHFRUGHG EHIRUH GULOOLQJ WKH ERQH

7HPSHUDWXUHLQFUHDVLQJZDVUHFRUGHGGXULQJ ERQHZDVGULOOHGDWPPGLVWDQFHZLWKVSHHG RIHDFKDQGUSP)LJXUH )RUHDFKVSHHGWKHUHFRUGLQJZDVGRQHLQ RQHKROHLQHDFKVDPSOH

)LJXUH

6FKHPDWLFRIPRGHOVWXG\

)LJXUH

6FKHPDWLFGUDZLQJRIWKHUPDOFKDQJHV PHDVXUHPHQW

(4)

*UDSKLF

3DWWHUQRIWKHUPDOFKDQJHVGXULQJERQHGULOOLQJ ZLWKYDULRXVVSHHGVPPIURPGULOOLQJKROH

7KHPHDQDQGVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQRIWKHUPDO FKDQJHVGXULQJERQHGULOOLQJZLWKYDULRXVVSHHG DWPPGLVWDQFHIURPGULOOLQJKROH

*UDSKLF DQG VKRZ WKH SDWWHUQ RI WKHUPDO FKDQJHV WKDW WHQGV WR GHFUHDVH ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ RI VSHHG DW D GLVWDQFH RI PP DQGPPIURPGULOOLQJKROH7KLVVWXG\XVHG FRQVWDQW IRUFH 1 DQG WKH VDPH GULOOLQJ GHHSPPLQDOOVSHFLPHQV

7DEOH

7KHUHVXOWRI$129$7HVW

5HVXOWWKH$129$WHVWWDEOHVKRZHG WKHVLJQLILFDQWO\PHDQGLIIHUHQFHVSRI WKHUPDOFKDQJHVIRUHDFKRIVSHHGDWGLVWDQFH DQGPPIURPGULOOLQJKROH

5(68/76

7KHPHDQDQGVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQRIWKH ERQH WHPSHUDWXUH LQFUHDVH GXULQJ GULOOLQJ SURFHVVDWPPDQGPPIURPGULOOSHULSKHU\ ZHUH VKRZQ LQ WDEOH 7KH DYHUDJH GULOOLQJ WLPHIRUVSHHGDQGUSP ZDVDQGVHFRQGUHVSHFWLYHO\

7DEOH

0HDQRIWKHUPDOFKDQJHVGXULQJERQH GULOOLQJ&Ĉ

'ULOO SHULSKHU\

'ULOOLQJVSHHG

USP USP USP

PP “ “ “

PP “ “ “

7DEOHVKRZVWKDWWKHVSHHGRIUSP SURGXFHGPD[LPXPFKDQJHVRIWHPSHUDWXUH HLWKHUDWDGLVWDQFHRIPPDQGPPIURP GULOOLQJ KROH 0LQLPDO WHPSHUDWXUH FKDQJHV ZHUH REVHUYHG DW VSHHG USP ZKLFK UHVXOWHG WKH GHOWD WHPSHUDWXUH RI ž & DQG ž & DW DQG PP GULOO SHULSKHU\ UHVSHFWLYHO\

*UDSKLF

3DWWHUQRIWKHUPDOFKDQJHVGXULQJERQHGULOOLQJ ZLWKYDULRXVVSHHGVPPIURPGULOOLQJKROH

7KH PHDQ DQG VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ RI WKHUPDO FKDQJHV GXULQJ ERQH GULOOLQJ ZLWK YDULRXVVSHHGDWPPGLVWDQFHIURPGULOOLQJ KROH

7HVWVRI%HWZHHQ6XEMHFWV(IIHFWV 'HSHQGHQW9DULDEOHWKHUPDOBFKDQJHV 6RXUFH 7\SH,,,6XP

RI6TXDUHV GI 0HDQ

6TXDUH ) 6LJ &RUUHFWHG

0RGHO D

,QWHUFHSW

VSHHGV

GULOOBSHULSKHU\

VSHHGVGULOOB

SHULSKHU\

(UURU

7RWDO

&RUUHFWHG7RWDO

(5)

',6&866,216

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

,Q FRQWUDVW WR VHYHUDO SUHYLRXV VWXGLHV WKLV VWXG\ VKRZHG WKDW WHPSHUDWXUH ULVH GHFUHDVHGZLWKVSHHGZLWKWKHFRQVWDQWIRUFH 7KLVFDQEHH[SODLQHGWKDWWKHPDLQFDXVHIRU LQFUHDVH LQ ERQH WHPSHUDWXUH LV GHSHQGHQW XSRQWKHIULFWLRQDOIRUFHVDQGVKHDULQJIRUFHV DWWKHFXWWLQJHGJHV

*UDSKLF

7KHSDWWHUQRIWKHUPDOFKDQJHV

*UDSKLFVKRZWKDWWKHUHZDVPLQLPDOO\ WHPSHUDWXUH FKDQJHV GXULQJ ERQH GULOOLQJ ZLWKVSHHGUSP$WKLJKVSHHGGULOOLQJ WKH EXU ZLOO SHQHWUDWH E\ FXWWLQJ DQG PRUH HIILFLHQWO\UHPRYHERQHFKLSDZD\5HPRYDO ERQHFKLSWHQGWRGHFUHDVHERQHWHPSHUDWXUH ,QFUHDVLQJ VSHHG RI SHQHWUDWLRQ ZLOO WHQG WR GHFUHDVHGULOOLQJWLPH'ULOOLQJWLPHLVUHODWHG ZLWK WKH IULFWLRQ DQG VKHDU IRUFH 6KRUWHU

GULOOLQJ WLPH OHDGV WR DQ RYHUDOO GHFUHDVH LQ IULFWLRQ DQG VKHDU IRUFH 7KH UHVXOWV RI WKLV VWXG\LQGLFDWHWKDWDWKLJKVSHHGWKHGULOOLQJ WLPHLVLPSRUWDQWIDFWRULQLQIOXHQWLDOWKHUPDO FKDQJHVWKHERQH

7KH EXU ELW SRLQW DQJOH KDV D YHU\ KLJK LQIOXHQFH RQ WKH D[LDO IRUFH 7KH SRLQW DQJOH LVFDOFXODWHGRIWKHVXPRIIDQGș)LJXUH )XJHOVR

)LJXUH

6FKHPDWLFGUDZLQJRIEXUELWSRLQWDQJOH

%XU ELW SRLQW DQJOH LV LPSRUWDQW DQG WKHUH LV QR DJUHHPHQW RQ ZKLFK RIIHUV WKH EHVWUHVXOW7KHRU\SUHGLFWVWKDWDVSOLWSRLQW ZLOO UHGXFH IULFWLRQ DQG WKDW D TXLFN KHOL[ LV QHHGHG WR FOHDU WKH ERQH GHEULV HIILFLHQWO\ 1DWDOLHWDO

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

(6)

+HDW LV WUDQVIHUHG WR ERQH PDWHULDO YLD WKUHH GLIIHUHQW PHFKDQLVPV LH FRQGXFWLRQ FRQYHFWLRQ DQG UDGLDWLRQ 7KH PDMRU PHFKDQLVP RI ERQH KHDW WUDQVIHUV LV YLD FRQGXFWLRQZKLFKLVRFFXUUHGGXHWRWKHVKHDU VWUHVVEHWZHHQWKHVXUIDFHRIEXUPDWHULDODQG ERQH&XWQHOO-'DQG-RKQVRQ.:

%RQH LV DQLVRWURSLF PDWHULDO DQG FDQ EH GHILQHG WKHUPRORJLFDOO\ E\ FHUWDLQ SDUDPHWHUV6SHFLILFKHDWFDSDFLW\DQG 7KHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ 6SHFLILF KHDW FDSDFLW\ UHSUHVHQWVWKHHQHUJ\WKDWUHTXLUHGUDLVLQJWKH WHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHV\VWHPE\Ĉ&(TXDWLRQ VKRZVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQKHDW4WKH FKDQJHLQWHPSHUDWXUHDQGWRWKHPDVVPF LVWKHVSHFLILFKHDWFDSDFLW\RIWKHVXEVWDQFH

7KHVHFRQGIDFWRULVWKHUPDOHQHUJ\WKDW UHSUHVHQWVWKHDELOLW\RIDPDWHULDOWRWUDQVSRUW KHDW 7KH HTXDWLRQ EHORZ VKRZ UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ KHDW 4 WKDW LV FRQGXFWHG GXULQJ WLPH W WKURXJK WKH /HQJWK / DQG FURVV VHFWLRQDODUHD$LVWKHWHPSHUDWXUHGLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQWKHHQGVRIEDUDQGNLVWKHWKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\RIWKHPDWHULDO&XWQHOO-'DQG -RKQVRQ.:

7KH HTXDWLRQV DERYH VKRZHG WKDW WKH WHPSHUDWXUH GHYHORSHG ZLWKLQ D VHFWLRQ RI ERQH WLVVXH GHSHQGV RQ VSHFLILF KHDW FDSDFLW\ DQG WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ 7KHVH WZR SURSHUWLHV SHUPLW ERQH WR WUDQVIHU KHDW DURXQGVXUURXQGLQJDUHD

&21&/866,21

&RQWURORIEXUVSHHGURWDWLRQLVLPSRUWDQW SDUDPHWHUVWRDYRLGULVLQJERQHWHPSHUDWXUH GXULQJ ERQH GULOOLQJ %RQH LV DQLVRWURSLF PDWHULDO DQG SRRU FRQGXFWRU 7HPSHUDWXUH ULVHFDQEHVLJQLILFDQWO\KDYLQJWKHSRWHQWLDO ULVNRIWKHUPDOGDPDJHGXULQJVXUJHU\

%,%/,2*5$3+<

$EX]JLD0%DQG6\PLQJWRQ-0(IIHFWRI 'ULOO 6SHHG RQ %RQH 7HPSHUDWXUH -2UDO0D[LOORIDF6XUJ

&XWQHOO -' DQG -RKQVRQ .: 3K\VLF WK (GLWLRQ86$-RKQ:LOOH\ 6RQV,QF )XJHOVR 0$ ³$ VWDQGDUG FRQLFDO SRLQW

GULOO JULQGLQJ PDFKLQH´ ,QW - RI 0DFKLQH7RROV 0DQXIDFWXUH +LOOHU\ 07 DQG 6KXDLE , ³7HPSHUDWXUH

HIIHFWV LQ WKH GULOOLQJ RI KXPDQ DQG ERYLQH ERQH´- RI 0DWHULDO 3URFHVVLQJ 7HFKQRORJ\

.DUPDQL6³7KHWKHUPDOSURSHUWLHVRIERQH DQGWKHHIIHFWVRIVXUJLFDOLQWHUYHQWLRQ´

&XUUHQW2UWKRSDHGLF

/HXQLJ0DQG+HUWHO5³7KHUPDO1HFURVLV DIWHU 7LELDO5HDPLQJIRU,QWUDPHGXOODU\ 1DLO)L[DWLRQ $ UHSRUW RI WKUHH FDVHV´

-%RQH-RLQW6XUJ%

0DUWLQL))XQGDPHQWDORIDQDWRP\DQG 3K\VLRORJ\ WK (G 6DQ )UDQVLVFR %HQMDPLQFXPPLQJV

1DWDOL & ,QJOH 3 DQG 'RZHOO - ³2UWKRSDHGLF %RQH 'ULOO&DQ 7KH\ EH ,PSURYHG"´-%RQH-RLQW6XUJ%U%

2KDVKL + 7KHULQ 0 DQG 0HXQLHU $ ³&KULVWHO 3 7KH HIIHFW RI GULOOLQJ SDUDPHWHUVRQERQH´ - RI PDWHULDOV VFLHQFHPDWHULDOLQPHGLFLQH

6FKHPLWVFK (+ .RZDOVNL 0- 6ZLRQWNRZVNL

0) +DUULQJWRQ 50

³&RPSDULVRQRIWKH HIIHFW RI UHDPHG DQG XQGUHDPHG ORFNHG LQWUDPHGXOODU\ QDLOLQJRQEORRGIORZLQWKH F D O O X V DQGVWUHQJWKRIXQLRQIROORZLQJIUDFWXUH RIWKHVKHHSWLELD´-2UWKRS5HV

Q= c m T

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

Skema 5.19 Diagram buble pola hubungan ruang pagelaran musik

Pasar modal syariah dapat diartikan sebagai kegiatan dalam pasar modal sebagaimana yang diatur dalam UUPM yang tidak bertentangan dengan prinsip syariah.. Oleh

Merupakan gambar yang menjelaskan urutan proses dengan menggunakan berbagai macam simbol. Merupakan teknik analitis yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan aspek-aspek

[r]

Sayembara adalah metode pemilihan Penyedia Jasa yang memperlombakan gagasan orisinal, kreatifitas dan inovasi tertentu yang harga/ biayanya tidak dapat ditetapkan

3UHSDUDW SHOXPDV WHUPDVXN SUHSDUDW PLQ\DN SHPRWRQJ SUHSDUDW SHOHSDV EDXW DWDX PXU SUHSDUDW DQWLNDUDW DWDX DQWLNRURVL GDQ SUHSDUDW SHOHSDV FHWDNDQ GHQJDQ EDKDQ GDVDU SHOXPDV GDQ

DINAS BINA MARGA DAN SUMBER DAYA AIR PANITIA PENGADAAN

Pada langkah ini siswa harus dapat menentukan apa yang diketahui dan apa yang ditanyakan dalam masalah atau soal yang diberikan. Hal ini harus dilakukan sebelum siswa menyusun