Marine Science Question and response book Paper 2

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Clear zone — margin trimmed off after completion of assessment

Book of books used

Question and response book

Marine Science

Paper 2

Time allowed

• Perusal time — 10 minutes

• Working time — 90 minutes

General instructions

• Answer all questions in this question and response book.

• Write using black or blue pen.

• QCAA-approved calculator permitted.

• Planning paper will not be marked.

Section 1 (48 marks)

• 7 short response questions

External assessment 2021

of

LUI School code

School name

Given name/s Family name

Attach your barcode ID label here

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THIS PAGE WILL NOT BE MARKED

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Do not write outside this box.

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Section 1 Instructions

• If you need more space for a response, use the additional pages at the back of this book.

– On the additional pages, write the question number you are responding to.

– Cancel any incorrect response by ruling a single diagonal line through your work.

– Write the page number of your alternative/additional response, i.e. See page … – If you do not do this, your original response will be marked.

• This section has seven questions and is worth 48 marks.

QUESTION 1 (4 marks)

Explain the concept of coral bleaching in terms of Shelford’s law of tolerance.

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The Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) reports for Australian fisheries from 2006 to 2016 are shown in the graphs.

0.0 2006 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Year

Wild caught production value by major species group

Australian dollars (2016 value in $b) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Key other

rock lobster prawns abalone tuna

0.0 2006 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Year

Aquaculture production value by major species group

Australian dollars (2016 value in $b) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Key other

rock lobster salmonids prawns abalone tuna

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a) Identify the most economically valuable species for Australian fisheries in 2016. [1 mark]

b) Determine how changes in fisheries’ practices for wild caught and aquaculture have

impacted the combined value of Australia’s production from 2006 to 2016. [3 marks]

c) Explain one attribute of a major Australian aquaculture species that makes it desirable

to farm. [2 marks]

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The figure shows temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide data for the past 800 000 years, derived from Antarctic ice cores and climate model predictions for the Caribbean Sea. The climate model encompasses the years 2006 to 2100 under the RCP8.5 emissions scenario.

Threshold

Atmospheric CO₂ content (ppm)

Deviation from year 2000 temperature (ºC) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Threshold

20062025 2050 2075 2100 6

4

0

– 2

– 4 2

– 6

ice core climate model Key

a) Identify the ecological tipping point associated with changes in carbonate chemistry

and explain how this applies to coral reefs. [3 marks]

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b) Contrast the ice core data with the climate model predictions. [2 marks]

c) Predict how the community composition of a Caribbean coral reef will change

between now and 2100 under the RCP8.5 emissions scenario. [4 marks]

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Fish species diversity and coral cover were surveyed at a coral reef before and after a cyclone. The results of the fish transect data were collected and their trophic groups are shown.

Before cyclone Species

Family h d co ca i o p Total

Acanthuridae 1 1 2

Chaetodontidae 2 2

Labridae 1 3 7 2 13

Pomacentridae 8 7 15

Scaridae 0

Key

After cyclone Species

Family h d co ca i o p Total

Acanthuridae 1 1 2

Chaetodontidae 0

Labridae 0

Pomacentridae 4 3 7

Scaridae 3 3

h = herbivore d = detrivore co = corallivore ca = carnivore i = benthic invertivore o = omnivore p = planktivore

0

Depth (m)

Transect seconds (10 s = 1 m approx.) Rugosity transect data before cyclone

6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

50 100 150 200 250 0

Depth (m)

Transect seconds (10 s = 1 m approx.) Rugosity transect data after cyclone

6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

50 100 150 200 250

a) Determine the family most affected by the cyclone. Explain your reasoning. [2 marks]

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b) Draw conclusions about how changes in habitat complexity influenced the diversity of

fish species found at the reef. [6 marks]

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Changes in average Australian sea surface and surface air temperatures, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration and average sea surface pH in Australian waters are shown on the graphs.

Average sea surface and surface air temperatures

Temperature anomaly (°C)

–1.51910 –1.0 –0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

Average sea surface pH

pH

8.061860 8.08 8.10 8.12 8.14 8.16 8.18 8.20

1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

Year

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration

CO2 concentration (ppm)

2501900 300 350 400 450

1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

Year

Key sea surface temperature surface air temperature

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a) Identify the relationship between global temperature, the concentration of

atmospheric CO₂, and the pH of Australian waters. [3 marks]

b) Explain the relationship between atmospheric CO₂, the pH of Australian waters and

calcification rates in terms of hydrogen ion and carbonate ion concentrations. [4 marks]

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No-take marine reserves (NTMRs) or green zones that are closed to commercial and recreational fishing are widely advocated as conserving exploited fish stocks and biodiversity. The effect of zoning on coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus) in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) is shown.

0 1996

0 2 4 6 8 10 5 10 15 20

Coral trout biomass (kg 1000 m–2 )Coral trout density (1000 m–2 )

2000 2004 2008 2012 1980s

Key fished NTMR

fished NTMR

Coral trout data averaged for 2004 to 2012 Coral trout biomass GBRMP

Coral trout biomass (kg 1000 m–2) 0 2 4 6 8 10

fished NTMR

Cover (%)

0 20 40 60 80 100

fished NTMR fished NTMR fished NTMR algae

hard coral

soft coral

Year Zoning

plan GBRMP

protected (%) 1983–1988 Regional 1.0 1989–2003 Multiuse 4.5 2004–present NTMRs 33.0

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a) Identify a management strategy, other than zoning, used to support marine ecosystem

health within the GBRMP. [1 mark]

b) Draw a conclusion about the effectiveness of zoning in the GBRMP as a management

strategy to support marine ecosystem health. Justify your conclusion. [6 marks]

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implementation of NTMRs. [3 marks]

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QUESTION 7 (4 marks)

The average sea surface temperature (SST), the maximum monthly mean (MMM) and the bleaching threshold temperature for coral in two regions of the Great Barrier Reef were recorded.

Great Barrier Reef

region SST (°C) MMM (°C) Bleaching threshold

temperature (°C)

Far Northern 27.5 29.0 30.0

Southern 26.5 28.0 29.0

Compare the potential changes in coral cover and resilience in the Far Northern and Southern regions if the MMM increased to 29.2 ºC.

END OF PAPER

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Write the question number you are responding to.

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ADDITIONAL PAGE FOR STUDENT RESPONSES

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ADDITIONAL PAGE FOR STUDENT RESPONSES

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Clear zone — margin trimmed off after completion o

References

Question 2

Graphs adapted from figures 3 and 4, Mobsby, D 2018, Australian fisheries and aquaculture statistics 2017, Fisheries Research and Development Corporation project 2018-134, ABARES, Canberra, December. https://doi.org/10.25814/5c07b19d3fec4, CC BY 4.0

Question 3 Data sources:

Bereiter, B et al. 2015, ‘Revision of the EPICA Dome C CO2 record from 800 to 600 kyr before present’, Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 42, issue 2, pp. 542– 549,

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2014GL061957.

Parrenin, F et al. 2013, ‘Synchronous change of atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic temperature during the last deglacial warming’, Science, vol. 339, issue 6123, pp. 1060–1063,

https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226368

Dunne, J. P., and Coauthors, 2012: GFDL’s ESM2 Global Coupled Climate–Carbon Earth System Models.

Part I: Physical Formulation and Baseline Simulation Characteristics. J. Climate, 25, 6646–6665, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00560.1.

“The Earth System Grid Federation: An open infrastructure for access to distributed geospatial data”.

Future Generation Computer Systems, 36, 400-417, doi:10.1016/j.future.2013.07.002, 2014 https://esgf.nci.org.au/search/esgf-nci/

RCP8.5 Riahi, K., and Nakicenovic, N. (eds): 2007, Greenhouse Gases - Integrated Assessment, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Special Issue, 74(7), September 2007, 234 pp.

(ISSN 0040-1625) Question 4

Graphs adapted from: Dustan, P, Doherty, O & Pardede, S 2013, figure 3 in ‘Digital Reef Rugosity Estimates Coral Reef Habitat Complexity’, in SCA Ferse (ed.), PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 2, p. e57386 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057386, Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0)

Question 5

Graphs adapted from 'State of the Climate 2020', Bureau of Meteorology & CSIRO, http://www.bom.gov.au/state-of-the-climate/documents/State-of-the-Climate-2020.pdf Question 6

Adapted from AIMS figures 2, 3 and 5. Obtained from 'Twice the coral trout in Great Barrier Reef protected zones' eAtlas 2015, Eatlas.org.au, https://eatlas.org.au/nerp-te/gbr-aims-effects-of-zoning, Licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 | Copyright notice: www.qcaa.qld.edu.au/copyright — lists the full terms and conditions, which specify certain exceptions to the licence. Third-party materials referenced above are