Note that "constraint-driven" design is an alternative term since the parameters are not necessarily geometric, and the term parametric in this context refers to the relationships between and among all elements of the building design, which will enable the coordination we desire. Note that the term parametric in this context refers to the relationships between and among all elements of the building model—not just the geometric associations—that will enable the desired coordination.
INTRODUCTION
Background
Clarification
Business / Industry Imperative
Time Slice
Overall and Long Term Strategy
EARLY DESIGN AND MODELLING
- What is Early Design ?
- Massing Models
- Two and Three Dimensions
- Key Factors, Parameters and Issues
- Sample Building Type
- Given Simple Data – Design System ?
- Parametric Approach
- Summing Up
At an early stage of planning, this project can be represented by considering a massive model of the entire building complex (as an envelope or a series of prisms, see Figure 1) - according to the expected use/occupancy types and the area that will be dedicated to each use (commercial, residential, parking). and building core required for services. In this case, the text has a parameter that sets it to the scale of the drawing.
PRODUCT MODELLING
STEP in the Construction Industry
EXPRESS Family of Modelling Language
Establishment of IFC’s (Industry Foundation Classes)
In the case of the construction sector, this translates into a data model built around building entities and their relationships with each other. A simple example of the difference between a geometric data model and a building data model can be illustrated in the representation of a beam.
DESIGN MODELLING
Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
Integrated Digital Building Database
Parametric Modelling
For the building owner, BIM provides the tools to understand and manage the total cost of ownership of the completed building. For example, IFC2x2 - the latest release of the IFC (IAI, 2003) consists of nine domains, namely; Architecture, building management, construction.
Server Database
CAD Customisation
Software Architecture
Service Component Architecture
Architectural Desktop (ADT)
In addition to the more traditional ADT system, Autodesk now has an innovative new product called Revit® - a building modeler known for its ability to create a detailed building. However, it can be used for the conceptual design phase of a building to perform 3D massing studies. Once the massing model is developed, a basic analysis and necessary changes can be made to ensure that the requirements are met.
Unfortunately, since the project was dedicated to examining several existing systems, newer systems such as Autodesk's Revit building modeler were not examined in detail.
Microstation Triforma
This interface allows users to process a fairly sophisticated building model developed in Microstation and saved as a Microstation V8 blueprint (or .dgn) file, and to 'translate' many different Microstation custom objects into an equivalent representation within the IFC schema. framework for use with different analysis systems (see Figure 12). In the Kingdom of the Elements, plates; beams; columns; walls; openings; grids; ribbons; raft panels; mats for pads; pilots; piers; and pile caps were selected as the elementary objects of most interest, while in the field of materials the scope of the research work was limited to “in-situ concrete” and “steel”. However, for the content structure projects analyzed for this research, the rate of successful categorization between "native" .dgn Microstation objects and IFC objects varied from.
80% to of ~2,300 objects), so at least for the structural modeling this interface has provided a valuable tool for parsing proprietary Microstation .dgn build files within the neutral or non-proprietary IFC context.
ArchiCAD
The height of IfcSpace corresponds to the number of floors multiplied by the height from floor to floor. Offices, residential space and the building core can be modeled as prisms in GDL, and the building core prism can be automatically generated from the office and residential prism definition (see Figure 15). The mass model is defined by a GDL script (see Figure 16 above), which defines parametric relationships between spaces of use, such as residential and office spaces, and the core of the building.
Parametric variables can then be adjusted to generate different permutations or variations in the mass model, as shown in Figure 17.
CATIA
For example, the retail structural grid on the ground floor may differ from that of the upper office floors, which in turn differ from that of the upper residential floors. The 3D modeling effort in Rhino begins in conjunction with the development of physical mass models. In a further example focusing on the 2nd floor of the model, the placement of the walls, slabs and columns (only) of that level of the model has been re-adjusted in one direction.
In the third variant the researchers changed the floor-to-floor height of the Rhino 1 model only on one side, i.e.
Major Impressions
There is another scenario to consider and that is the return trip out. Somewhat newer software approaches, included in the specialist architectural design tool ArchiCAD and the mechanical product design tool CATIA, were assessed as currently having greater potential for immediate use in the early design phase. On the other hand, there are discussions about new tools and increased power for ArchiCAD and a version of CATIA with a lower entry price, which will be released in the near future, so - as often happens with commercial software in Slovenia.
3D design tools like Rhino and SketchUp seem to fill a niche that is not currently being addressed.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY COLLABORATION
Perspectors
Members of 2002-060-B during the software decide to structure input and output data, but have not used the Perspector software. For example, logical flows and some of the parameters included in the meaning of th. Since a main objective of the project 2002-060-B 'Parametric Building' was to develop multi-criteria decision support methods for various building design professions, the software interfaces for most of these major building sub-systems have been.
All the space types have a scale factor applied to allow for shared communication space.
BUILDING SUB-SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Which Sub-Systems ?
Accordingly, the elevator drive is selected here depending on the number of floors of the building. The area of the car room is given in a reference table, and it depends on the number of lifts in the group and the capacity of the lift. The application of zoning to the different floors of the building is necessary to calculate the cooling heating load and the air flow.
The total loads and airflow for the building are then calculated by summing each of the different zones. The choice of energy system depends on the size of the building and the total heating load. The choice of the air conditioning system is somewhat more complex - it depends first of all on the cooling loads of the building.
Architectural Spatial Layout
Structural System
T stralian – New Zealand standard AS\NZS 117 02 suggests an imposed floor load of 1.5 to 7.5 kPa, with some exceptions for extreme conditions. Standard allowable load for a general office area is 2.5 kN/m2 over approximately 95% of any potentially usable floor area and 7.5 kN/m2 over approximately 5% of any potentially usable floor area to cover high loads. Either the headroom can be reduced to 2400mm, the floor-to-floor height can be increased or the column spacing can be reduced.
Although the longitudinal bars can be bundled together, it is wise to choose element widths that allow one bar diameter between the longitudinal bars.
Hydraulics
References indicate that a 25,000 liter capacity tank is required when a hydrant/hose reel system is required, whereas a larger 30,000 liter capacity tank is required for an automatic sprinkler system. Person/occupancy type is estimated from the total room area and is a user variable, while consumption/person/day is set to 90 litres/day for living and to 40 litres/day for office space consumption - based on our reference. In this case, consumption/person/day for housing is set to 30 litres/day, and office space consumption to 5 litres/day – based on Parlor (1994).
Mechanical
For the lobby dimensions, it depends on the capacity of the lift, and is also detailed in reference tables. The dimensions of the lift shafts are shown on the right side of the panel on Figure 36. The top half of the panel shows the cooling and heating load for the building, as well as the airflow.
The lower half of the panel shows the supply and exhaust air required for the ventilation of the car park.
Electrical
For each type of housing (residential or office), noise level, air flow, number of ducts and side walls. Then each duct section is indicated by the depth of the ceiling void and the sizes of the chilled water and condenser pipes depend on the cooling load. The overall sizes of the cold, condenser, and hot water pipes are added together—as well as the space between the pipes—to calculate plate penetration.
It is clear that changing the clearance between the pipes will change the dimensions of the plate penetration.
Environmental System
Financial Cost / Budget
Even in the early design stages that we were concerned with, each of the building systems is interdependent. This report also indicates that a number of the commercially available design software packages at the time of the study were more suitable for implementing parametric modeling at the early design stage of construction projects than others. The use of the neutral format IFC data .. derived at the early design stage can be retained and further refined as the project progresses from early design to more detailed design and more data becomes available.
Elevator – vertical transport system within a building (also called a passenger or freight elevator). Microstation / TriForma – commonly used software package(s) produced by Bentley Systems Parametric – relationships between and among all elements of the building model.
CONCLUSIONS
Engineering test cases to motivate the formalization of an AEC project model as a directed acyclic graph of views and dependencies. The IFC Construction Model: A Look Under the Hood, AECbytes, Marc 2004, an on-line publication, http://www.aecbytes.com. Rhino – software package from Robert McNeel & Associates Single Project Model – similar to building model.
STEP – Standard for the exchange of product model data (ISO 10303 standard) Virtual building environment – similar to the building model.
GLOSSARY
For example, the entire water supply system can be depicted as below in Figure 47, with its constituent parts as shown in Figure 48 and Figure 49 below. Due to project time constraints, the Power subsystem and the Total Plant Room subsystem, although their Express-G representations have been specified, have not yet been implemented in software. The expected air conditioning (AC) requirements for a building can be calculated at an early design stage using the following logic of Figure 55, and the constituent subsystems shown in the following figures.
Appendix 1
Data Requirements for Selected Building Sub-Systems
