Planning for Maori land in the Bay of Plenty : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Regional Planning at Massey University

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PLANNING _FOR HAORI LAND IN T HE BAY _OF PLE NT Y

A Thes i s P resented i n F u l f i l ment of t h e Requ i rements

f o r the Deg ree of Master o f P h i l osophy i n Regi ona l P l a n n i n g a t

Massey U n i ve rs i ty

PET E R R. VARI Febru ary 1985

ABSTRACT

A rece n t pub l i c at i on by t h e New Ze a l a n d Ma ori Cou n c i l e xp ress ed a 11 need " for sepa rate p l a n n i n g cont ro l s fo r Mao ri l a n d . Th i s wo r k s et s out t o d et e rm i n e whet h e r l e gi sl a t i ve c h ange t o p rovi d e f o r s ep a r a t e cont rol s i s i n fact j u st i f i ed .

Th e rel a t i o ns h i p o f t h e Ma o r i peop l e and t h ei r cu l t u re a n d t ra d i t i o n s w i t h t h e i r ances t ral l a n d , mea n s t h a t fi rs t l y , ma r a e a n d u ru p a a re of p aramou nt i mport ance to t h e Mao r i p eo p l e a n d that t h e i r e s t a b l i s hme nt a nd f u r t h e r deve l opme n t i s ene rg et i ca l ly p u rsued ; a nd s e co nd l y , t h at t here i s a s t rong des i re t o e s t a b l i s h h ou s i n g i n con j u n c t i on w i t h t h e ma rae c omp l ex i n o rde r t o fu l f i l t h e t ra d i t i onal con c ep t of 11 a h i k a 11 •

As wo rk i n g ma n i fes t at i o n s of the exi s t i ng p l a n n i n g l eg i s l a t i on ,

d i st ri ct s c h eme cont rol s i n the coas t a l Bay of P l e nty a re i n v e s t i g at ed a nd t h e i r a deq u a cy i n c a t eri ng for t h e abovement i on ed rel a t i o n s h i p a n d i t s i mp l i cat i ons , det e rmi ned .

Ma rae a n d u ru p a a re t h e s u bject of d i ffe rent s peci al o r s i n gl e p u rp o s e pl a nn i n g p rovi s i ons i n t h e Wh akatane O i s t ri ct a n d Ta u ranga Co u nty d i s t r i ct scheme s . Th ese p rovi s i on s operate t o u l ti ma t e ly p e rmi t t he e s t abl i s hme nt a nd f u rt h e r deve l opme nt of ma rae a n d u ru pa a n d t o p e rmi t t he devel opment of h ou s i n g a round t h e ma rae compl e x t o a l e v el t h at h as s at i s f i ed t he l ocal c ommu n i t i e s .

Mao r i l a nd n ot a s s o c i ated wi th a ma r a e or u ru p a i s l a rgely zo ned f o r

" ru ral " p u rposes , b u t t h e re i s n o evi dence t o s u ggest t h a t t h e 1 a n d i s u s ed d i ffe rent ly t o ge n e r a l l a nd , o r t h a t t h e re i s a de s i re t o a l t e r t h i s s i t uat i on .

I t i s con c l u d e d t h e re f o re t h at t h e exi st i n g p l a n n i n g leg i s l a t i o n c a n s at i s fa ct o r i ly p r o v i d e f o r t h e needs a n d des i res of t h e Ma o r i p e op l e . E xt en s i ve l egi s l a t i v e c h a n g e i s t he r e f o re u nn eces s a ry .

i i

ACKNOWLE DGE ME NT S

I n c omp l et i n g t h i s wo rk , I wi s h t o thank na ve Burt on , D e r e k Wi l l i ams , P et e r H o r s l ey and Hu g h No rwood for thei r a d vi ce a n d a s s i s t a n c e .

Th ank s al so t o J a n o .

TABLE OF CONTE NTS

Page

A B STRACT

ACK NOWL ED G Et�E NTS i i

L I ST OF F I GUR E S i i i

L I ST OF TAB L E S _V

C HAP TER

1 I NTRODU CTION

1.1 Obje ct i ve 1

1.2 Sp ec i f i c Ai ms 2

1 .3 Ou t l i ne 3

2 CONCEPTUAL RASE 6

2. 1 leg i s l at i on 6

2.2 t�a ori L a n d 14

2.3 ��u l t i pl e Owne rsh i p 23

2. 4 Ma o r i Land : Th e La ndu s e 29 I mp l i cat i on s

T H E BAY OF P L E NTY ^. P HYS I CAL , 36 C ULTUR AL AND SOC I AL SETT I NG

3 . 1 I nt rodu ct i on ₃₆

3.2 Wh a k at an e D i st r i ct 38

3.3 Tau ranga County 53

P ag e

4 D I STR I CT SCHEME P LANN I NG FOR WAAH I TAP U ₆₆ MARAE A ND U RUPA

4.1 I nt r odu ct i on ₆₆

4.2 Ta u ra n ga Cou nty ₆₉

M a rae Commu n i ty Zones

4 . 3 Wh a k at a n e O i s t ri ct : Ove rz o n i n g ₁₁₇

4.4 C o n c l u d i n g R ema rk s _{1 25}

5 G ENERAL RIJ R AL LAND _{13 1}

5.1 I n t rodu et i on 13 1

5.2 Ap p roach _{1 32}

5. 3 Methodol ogy _{1 33}

5.4 Resul t s ₁46

5.5 Ru ra 1 Zo n i n g Des i re f o r C h ange ₁₆₅

5.6 Conc l u s i on _{1 69}

6 CONCL US I ON ₁₇₁

B I BL I OGRAPHY _{1 77}

•

3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3 3 . 4

3 . 5 3 . 1) 3 . 7

3 . 8 3 . 9 3 . 1 0

4 . 1

4 . 2 4 . 3 4 . 4 4 . 5 4 . 6 4 . 7 4 . 8

LI ST OF F I GU RE S

St udy Area De fi ned Wh akatane D i s t r i ct

Whakatane D i s t ri ct R u r a l Areas Pop u l at i on Change 19 7 1 -1 981

Et hn i c Comp os i t i on Compa red

W h a katane Di s t r i ct and New Zea l a nd Bay of P lenty T r i bes

Wh akat ane O i s t ri ct r�a ra e and lJ ru pa Whakatane D i s t ri ct Maori Land D i s t ri but i on Ta u ra n ga r:ou nty

Ta u ra nga Cou nty t.la rae and Uru pa Tau ranga Cou nty

Ma ori Land D i st ri bu t i on

Ta u ra n ga County Ma rae Commu n i ty Zones Loca t i on

Wa i k a ri Ha rae Commu n i ty Zo n e Wa i k a ri Marae Commu n i ty Zone Scheme Change Number 6

Wa i k a ri Ma rae Commu n i ty Zone Provi s i on a l Devel opment P l a n Bet h l ehem Ma rae Commu n i ty Zone L o ca t i on

Bet h l ehem Ma rae Commu n i ty Zo n e Devel opment Pl a n

Bet h l ehem Ma rae Commu n i ty .Zone Re vi s ed Deve l opment P l an

Beth l ehem Ma ra e Commu n i ty Zone L a ndu se - P l a t es 1 - 6

i i i

P ag e

37 39 42

46

48 50 52

54 6 1

63

72

75 78 80

84

87 89 92^-94

4 . 9 4 . 1 0 4 . 1 1 4 . 1 2

5 . 1 5 . 2 5 . 3

Tu a p i ro t�a ra e Commu n i ty Zo n e Loca t i on

Tu a p i ro t�a rae Commu n i ty Zon e O e v e l opment P l a n

Tu a p i ro �a rae Commu n i ty Z o n e

S c h eme P l a n - Re s i de nt i a l P u rposes Tu a p i ro Ma rae Commu n i ty Zo n e

L a nd u s e - P l at es 1 -6

Wh a k at a n e D i s t r i ct Coa s t a l P l a i ns Area

Whak atane O i st ri ct : I n l a nd /Up l a n d s Area

Ta u ra n ga Cou nty : Coa s t a l P l a i ns A r e a I n l a nd/U p l ands Area

i v

P ag e

96 98 100 102-103

138 139 1 40

V

L I ST OF TABLES P age

Wh akat ane D i st ri ct : Pop u l at i on D i s t r i but i on 1971-1981 41

I I Wha k at ane D i s t r i ct :

D i s t ri bu t i on of P opu l at i on 1971-1981

I l l Wha k a t a ne D i s t ri ct : Et h n i c Compos i t i on of Pop u l at i on 1981 44

I V Ta u ra n ga Cou nty Popu l a t i on D i s t ri b ut i on 56

V Ta u ra n ga County Ru r a l Commu n i t i es : P op u l at i on 1971-1981 57

V I Ta u ranga Cou nty R i d i ngs - E xc l u s i ve of R u r a l Commu n i t i es 58

P op u l a t i on 1971-1981

V I I Tau ra nga County : Et h n i c Comp os i t i on of P op u l at i on 1981 59

V I I I Sca l e of Ma ra e nevel opme nt : Ma rae Commu n i ty Zo nes 73

X I V Wh a k atane Di s t ri ct Summa ry of Obs e rvat i on s 147

C o a s t a l P l a i ns X

X I X I I X I I I X I V X V

Whak atane D i s t ri ct Su mma ry of Obs e rvat i on s I n l a nds/Up l ands

Wha katane Di s t ri ct Summa ry of Ob s e rvat i o ns O i s t r i c t Tot a l s

Tauranga County Su nma ry of Ob s e r vati on s C o a s t a l P l a i ns

Tau ra nga Cou nty Sunma ry of Obs ervat i on s I n l a nd/Up l ands

Tau ranga Cou nty : Su mma ry of Obse rvat i on s Cou nty To ta l s

Summa ry of Obs e rvat i on s : Qu a l i t y of Us e Whakatane D i s t ri ct a n d Ta u ranga Cou nty

147 148 148 149 149 1 50