The image of woman in the works of Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of M.A. in French at Massey University

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Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for

a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and

private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without

the permission of the Author.

(2)

Th.P. Jmag,e. a{ .. /iJa"1,Cl..J1. l n -th.e lJa1t..k4

0?

5 -Lnon.e. de. Be.mwa lit..

and

'J-ran.-Pau) __ Sa.1lVt,e..

II. ;th,e/.J

-w

^plle/.Jen .. tR-d ln. pa.lvtla..l {-u,Lf,lJ..nen.A:..

a ?

.the 1t..e.q.ul1t..r-1r1-r?.n.:/:.4 tall. .th.e. der;.1t..e.e. at

m .

^fl. ln

t

lt..ench a.t.

flea.the.It..

m .

^/jJ^,l./.4^an^'

1975

(3)

T h..e .th.e..-1-l-O ex':111.ln.r>-4 f ,i_1t4 :t .tfte ^/.JLtu.a..t .. -l 'Jrt a{... worn.en ,t..rt

r

^lU:Utcr .tOM-1.J.. (1.J1.(I .t.h .. e..lll.. a...t.t-i.uulc--:, ,tr; :th.'!.. c.uuen.;t q.u..e.4.tlon-lng..

o!- 1JJorv:? n' ^/.J ll..fi'_¾, 1JJh..fr ... h. /-t..__17_..(J a1Ll,1r-..n. ln. w..ll.t f-lt-ori .th..e ;'U.Wllu:.,t__,i..an.

af S-i..11.onr dtz. B~au11nill..',:, [_,,_ JJcuxlt!nc. /.J<'X<', c,.n.clndlnq..

:t'w..:t

,,rtJn.vi nll..e. d-i.11 la' ,,,,:1_ ln .thr..lll.. 11 l ^,.,.W/.J.

Th..r>. c• .. a..itJ.Jj- U...f.e o..n' !.Jc..cl-4/l..aun.c' a.: Si,-:1.tm,~ cl.,... /3-a.uvr;-llt.. c..n.d ']can-l'nuL Sa../vt.1t,.e. Me caf'l..(J-i..r1'?.1t..2d, CJl.r' -tit. lit.. ll..c..la..J:..lan. .. h..-i.r (IJl.d i-h..ellt.. a,t;t,lv.,v'"-4 -ta lo!le , 'UJ.Jullcu'_nll..UJ, ln. .tho-1e 1t..e-1prc:l/.J wh..-lch h.ave ln.{... ! ... u.n...n.ccd :tlv2.l1t.. 1Jll..-i...t-ln.g..

Th.l-1 l-0 to U_o1JJed. ^);11, a ':1t..l<?..f.. accawvt ol Mp.ec:t/.J o-! iz.xl-1.t-

~n.tlu-l,1.t.. '>lillo-100.fu;.. ^M -tlU!..l,' .. h.a..!le a...f.../evtR..d .tlte -Ll11M o,f. -th..e wo awt.h..oM, and 1t1h..lch.. a.ll.e ll.'!..le11an.-t ln. .th.e ,1t..uciJ.;.. a{.. :th.elll. taonie.n.

ch.aJw.c-telt/.i, no.tln.q. ,th,.a.:t l.t l-0 S lrtan.e de BeaUJ.Ja-lll W'ha h.a.4 e. x-

",LO ll-" .d .the no llCL-L ca f'l..(J '!..que.n.cr>,,:, a/... -L-i.11 ln..c;. ln. a..cca lt..d..a..n..ce IJJ l.th..

exl-1-tcn..t.la.ll/.J-t -th..ea1t..l ¾ .

Th.r> 'UL-ln.. ,'20-ln.:t/.J o/... Slri.on'?. de. Br.>auvallt..' -1 Le JJeu.x-i.en..e ,1exe f'J..ll.". /.JU'1.i.ll.lll3-<>.d, u-U.h -:,am.~ cor:u:i"NA an e1t..l.t-lcl-:,M...(J o • l.t, natln..(1...

.:the. /.J onethn.e..-1 hr0.ti;, a.n.c' n..ai· q.uU:..r> ri I..J,l ctlv"' ll.<.> .. a.cJ:..lof'l..(J a " -:, r,m,"'.

e1t..l.tlC/.J an.r' ,l;,':.,,(J -:,11npa..-tf> .. e:..:tlc 1t..cc,., '1-:tlon. lu. -:,a--i.r: , .uu..-t na:t -L-Ll,

ti! a ri.cn. lt..P-nd c lt/.i •

• am.~ r-h.a.Jw..c.;te.lt/.i ln .th~ wall.KA a.f cr..ch.. au...th.01t.. alle (? --er • lrt" d., :ta -:, ee. h.atJ

/-alt-

-the -uw.g.e p.11,c, -4 ui.-te.c^{1 ,,}x '>/Z.e-:,,1 e-:, .th.e ,ah.A .. La-1 a p.h.lcn_.L

lcie..a-1 a./ :th.e au;th.alt/.i, wl.th. ^COT"l.rtert-t/.l an. .the dl/--{.e1t..e.n.cr>4 -ln. -tlw a;U.-U,u.de-1 o r t.h.,,. ^,t.i,ro a.tl..-th..a lt/.i .to -th.e cha lt..'Lc-te.lt/.i , an.cl wor:i'UI. a.If..,;,_

.:th.en. C'Jf'l.,(Jlde.Jz..e.d M .the.lJ, a.p.p,eall ln. -th.e.lll. 1t..?..la-tlof'l.,(Jh.lP4 1JJl-th. m.en., C"'lrt11r>_n.;tlonal alt.. uncan.11en.:tlanal.

The. con.~lan. l-1 -th.a..-t tJie.. ,lm,a_g.e. o{ t.11om,a.n. plle-:,cn.ted l-1 na-t an.e -th.a..-t fM.Jf he. c0Mlde.1t..ed an. lde.a..l ll.e .. plle-:,e.n.:ta,,tlan. at

IJJOr.terL -L-l11ln.q, acca1t..dln.r1 t...a exl/.J-t--n.-tla.ll-1.t pllln.clp,u!-4, bwt. -:,how-:, t.11am.en. a!- dl/-f...ell<:!Jl..t de..qA.ee-:,

of...

exl-1.te.n;t.,i,,a.-Ll-1-t cz.u..thR..n.-tlcl.tJJ.,

g..1UJ,p.p)_ln.tJ wl.th ^,the pllol.,~ o.f.. ll{..e.

(4)

<;IUVt.<'.,f--ll L a.c!Utaw Lec!g.e.m,en,t -l-1 due. t.a D ll.

c;, .

^lil^. ^{Clla p.p.}

fall /1-c.ll /1.,tlp, -ln t.h.c o ll(JLUl-.{,,j ,lng, c..nd ;"'.lt..epa./l..!U:,-lan o/- .th..{,.-:, t.h .. e,c,.£,j; cAd ~a t.h.c.. D~pt:L/l,U'l.e.n.,t at fllodelln La.ng..ucu;,e.-1 a.;t

lTlM,M?-lJ.- lln.-l1Je.MU.,1j. [oil t.h.e. g,r> .. nell..ol.v.} cx/.,t?..fl/.)-lon at .t.lm..e

n..<:C(!,,j,j"./1.,1/- .f'-oll -lM ca."Lp.hdA .. on.

-U.-l

(5)

Paae

--

,1.h/.J ;tlw,cA:,. ,l ,l

;1ck.not..r '...e,dg,em.c.n:t/.J. ,l,l ,l

Jnvioduc.;t.,lan. 1

S,lric,nP, de !3ea..1.wo,l1t.. cuid 'jean-Paul Sa/UA.e, 6

[x-l/.J;tc.,n,tlaLwm. 15

S,lr71.,ane dP.. Beauvol1t, cuid lJom,en' /.J Cortd,L;t,Lr,n 2?

!.Jom,e.n Cfu:ulc.;t.c../l,/.J ,ln

me

^b)all,K.4 ^a.f^- ^{S -Lm.ane}

de Be.alw0,L1t,.

liJam,e.n Cfu:ut.avleM ln .the !Jall..K.4 a? J-ec..n.-Pcu.u.

Sa/Vtlle..

!J a men , /Tl 12-n. and J r,_,ti.,r,.,a,c.i;.. Co ncuv., la n.

38

60 75

87

94

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1

Todai.J- women. ln 1llance, M wewhe.lle, aJie hecomlni ln-

~ea.6lnCJ-UJ, voc,l-f.e.llol.1/.J ln ,the,l1t,, clalrM t~ a lllg,M -to have. a ce.ll-taln ~:ta:tu/., ln ~ocle.t.JJ-, M lle.ce.lve. coMldella.,;/:,.lon M a.u,to- homoM lndlvld.AJ.IU./.i. T!i..-lA L-:, p.all,t of.- a wo!Ud-wlde lle.va-lJ..LM,,i..on of- -the 1t.ole. o,f.. women. ln ~oclvtJJ,. :J,t .-lA no,t a new m.ovem..e.n..:t, lJ uA:. -the. l m ~ Lt ha.4 g.alned ln ll..e.ce.n..:t IJ--eG..M ¼ pa.ll,t,l,.,,t due -to -the wollk. done bu Slnrrne de Beauvolll ln -the 1950' .o.

Jn 1llance., ,the.Ile ¼ a long, .viacU.,-tlon ot llu,p.ec,t toll.

women.. 1-len.Jil Pei.µ,.,e. will-tu,:

no o-thell h.-lA.t.OIUJ, ¼ pA.01.JM,U.J, M lllch M ,tha,t of.- 1 llance. ln lle.mall.kable wom..en.: ~aln:t.4, q.ue.eM, couu- e.oa.rv.>, {..rmoUlll-te/.J, ,t;µ.an.nlcal mo-theM, waJt,,/..,,lk.e hello lne.o • 1) own -t.o ,the. elg.Mee.n..:th certb.VuJ -thue.

f.-loull-lAh.,ed. w o m,o,te women wll,U,eM of- :the /-lM-t

!lank. ln 1llance ,than ln : J ~ , Spa.ln oil B,il;taln.

ma.Ille de 1llance ~ no eq.utLl ln artlJ- o-thell medi- eval ll,tell,a;f:,ulle; nail have madam.e de S€vlcµie an.d madam,e de £a,f.,a.11-e,tu oil -the pllolltlc and p,a44lona-te J...eUe;z. w;z.l..;te~ o.f- ,the ••• ¹¹flr;,e o/.- Re.G4on. ¹¹ <;,eo1t.g,.e.

San.d and madam,e. de S-tae.l we.Ile., ln ,the Ronw.n.tl..c e.Jia,

-the -1..a/.,,t (J-ll-ea,l 4UIW'lt10M at a loni 4e.1t,,le.o o-f- WOffl,e.n ttJ1t.-i..:teM who -Uved melll nove.w whlle wlll;tlng, :them. ( 1) The col.LWJj ~a~ 4ang, of J...ove, p).,a,clng. :the lad11- on a p,ede.o,taJ.... liJILUeM of.- ,f.a);Llaux pa,ln-te.d a molle. down-:to-e.auh p,,i._c,tUll,e.. T MoLUJ-h -the aq,e.o worie.n fuwe he.en ,aolU.IUUJ-e.d ln 1 ILench l-Lle.lt,a,tulle ag,alM,t ,the /Jack.q,Jiound at ,th,elll .t.lme.o. :Jn addhtlon,

4 ,ln,ce. .t.he ,th,llL:tee.n..:th ce.n..:lu.lUJ, ;tJielle have been. o~:tandlng, taomen.

wlll-teM and p.a,tllan<v.J4<v.J at ,the a,JU.,,j, 4uch M flUe.n.oll d' flqul- -talne and hell dauCJ-Mell ma.Ille, filalu;,uuL,te. d' 11.ng,a u,,l.em,e, q.ueen.

of.- navalllle., madarn,e. de

£.a/-alJe,;U,.,e

^and-the maJUµ.L.-lAe. de RanwoulUe.t.

The.Ile have. he.en 40,n,e, f.-llom fflcu:1am.e de S,ta.U and ~e.ollq,e Sand ,to Simone. de Be.auvol,t, who have no,t accep,ted pa4~lt1e.,u;, ,t,h,e woman.¹4 vw.dl-tlanal ,wle. ln ~ocleA:.1/-, and who have e.xpll,<v.J~ed.

-the.ill uncanve.n..:tlonal lde.M ln -the.lll l l ~ wait.KA and p.u,t ,them, ,ln,to p}Uldlce. ln me-Lil 01JJn llv<v.J.

:J,t ~ , t no,t he ~ag.g,e.o-ted ,tha,t all women., oil all 11te.nch- 1.11omen, canf.-01t1n, M a ~-te.lleot.J.J,p..e., and ,l,t ¼ p a ! U , i ~ ,im,p.olvt.an.;t na,t -to he. .ta,k,e.n ,in b!J- -the lrn.aq.e p11.e.oen,te.d hlf p,o p.ulall w1tlUru;,:

1-L f.-au.,t q.ue no~ am..-lA de -L' e;l:.Jt.,an,g,ell ne -.,e -la¼4e.n..:t PM ,.,eduille ou ~ca.ru:La.l¼ell pal(, le p,oJt;tJw.U -.,c,uve.n..:t ln-f-U/.J-te. e,t 9-ene.llalem.en.-t corwen-tlanne.l q.ue .vio ~ de CJeM on-t

,t1t,ace

d' une "f llall.~e. cl -La .tUe Uq.,vie.

unlq.uem.e.n..:t p11.£0 ccu~e de. mode e,t de g,.a--l.an,te/lle..

CofT1Jll,e. fULll.i:-ou-t d.atv.J -Le. monde., on t.llouve en 1llance.

nomJJlle de femm..e.o -i.alJollleM<v.J, valllan-t~ devan-t -l<v.J rpuuui~ epll,eu.V<v.J de -la V le; e.,l ,l<v., m,e/l<v., .f-Juzn-ca,L.o <v.,

j

(7)

n.e. le.

c'eden.,t

^{p .}^.o^-lnA:.. ^aux^~en de..v a uem,en.,t /.3 l-le.n.- cle.ux

a

L'eq,cvul de UI..Vl /-OIJ,e.ll• (2)

2

T wen;t,le,th c ~ /.3 a cleb.J, ¼ cfu..7..11,g..-lng, w .Uh -lnaeMi-ln.g, 1t..ap,,ld0:.11,~ 1n .t,un,e..:, at Cli¼¼,

of.-

wh-lch. m.an.11- have he.en ~e.en ln .the. we.n...tle,th ce.nfulu;,, wam.<Ut have ~hown .the-lll me.Ule and wk.en .the.ill p,lace. a.lon(J,/.3-lde. at me.n:

1 l 1/- a ^c.v., adm,l//.aUle-0 ll~ ¼ w.n..:te..:, qul hlell, CUJ..11/.J .le m.aq.U,(/.) eA:. /.30LM le

!--e.u

dVJ p,e.,lo.taM d' e.xe.eu,t.fon anA:..

.tem.o-i.g,rte. d' un cauJULg.,e. au m,O-lM ig,al

a

^ce.lui^d^e,:,

homm.e..:, • ( 3)

1n 1961, 1 IUU't<j-O¼e. c;,.-LIW.U..d e.xp1le-0/.3ed .the a p.,l,n-lan .tha.A:. IJ,OU!UJ worn.en no ,lanq,ell needed .to /--lg,h,.t /-alt. /.3e.lf,-llea.l~a..tl on and M/.3UIUUice , .tha.A:. .the.i;, plle,/_e1t..1t..ed .the ^IIold /.3VLU,w)..,e. .ta {_.lnd a h,u-:,,/;and and -to k..e.ep. h-i.m.", .tluvt

.the.lJ-

^u-:,ed .the.lll weap.an/.3 of- ha.,l1t..-/.3-t.Jµ.e./.3, cla.tf-Le.-0 and co/.3me.t-lC4 .ta car,_q.ue.Jl lu.nt, hu.t 1t..e,jec.ted a.n.lJ, -lde.a al, doml- na..t-lan: "Puh.a,u /.3he k..naw-0 wha.t -0he. would he. la-0-lng,-- .the velve.t g,lave. wh-lch conce,(UA .the -lllon fuuu:l henwA:Ji. ¹¹ ( 4)

1n 1974, a 1t..wlewe1t.. of tlt..an<j-O¼e. Pall.tult..£e1t..' -0 Le,t;t,J,.,e

auvelt...te. aux {e.mm.e.-0 n o ~ .th.a.t allt..e.adlf a..t .the. l.Je.qhin-lng, of .the ce.n.lulllJ- fila1t..ce.,l P1t..e110"3.t ln h¼ LJ!M.Jie..-0

a

¹^llanf ^O¼e. ⁽¹⁹⁰²^{- 1928)}^'

luu1 fo11.,e..-0ee.n a fenun¼.t ma11eme.n.t:

•••• 'Jama~

-L' ^e..-0p.lll.t de la femm.e. n' a / , ~ com.me.

ci

ce.t.te. he.u1t..e.. La

fem.m,e

llepllen.d p.a.ll-dWeJUj /.3 a ,l .le -0auc.£ de. -0an honh.eu.ll au Ueu de. le canf,i..ell

a.

^-L^{' hamme..}

Llu'an iou.te. au non ce.t.te. wolu.t-lan, -ll e.-0.t nlg,a.ud de la n-lelt... Ql..L(l.fl,;l au /.3e.n-O de. ce.t.te. e.110,lu,t-lan, po-ln.t n'e-0.t he.-0oln non ~ d'€t.Jie. rpu:uuJ, ^cle.llc^p,oU4 ^l ^'^ap..ell- ce.11 a lit.. La fem.me. , au co Ult..-0 de."3 pllo cha.lne.."3 ant1.fu, .ten.dlt..a de.

P-ill-0

en ,fJA.J.1/.J

a

^1t..ap.;:u^ioche1t,^/.)(2 condl.t-lon dz, celle de. ,l' homm,e.. E..t ~ luwl.tude./.3, l e./.3 ap.,M.lle.nce.."3 m€Jn.e."3 ~ de.ux /.3e.Xe..-O -lncl-lne.llon.t de.

P-ill-0

^e.rt

P-ill-0 a

/.3e. con,tand1t.e.. ( 5)

1nde.ed, -0ome. worn,e.n have. g,one. we.n ~ and have. denuuu.Led e.cµwLU:JJ, tJJl.th m,en. in fTU1J1.J.f -0 ~ • 7 he lt..w leu,e1t. comm,en..t-0:

J,l ne. ,tau,.t fJCU> icou.te.ll ~

faux

p l i a ~

cµ.u

d¼e.n.t aux ~ : "ILU:,en.Ucm.! Le. ef-oU4

au

¹¹⁰¹¹⁴ ^aue.i^~

m,e.m,e,.,

plli1t.og,a:U..11e../.3 q.ue. ~ hom.m,e../.3 vaLL-O dwlen.d!t,e.i ,la feinm-e.-a-1.JaJWe.. II Ceux-la ne. /.)(21/en..t PM q.ue. p.GU/1.,

cuntelt.. 111ta.,lm,en;t une. {-enun,e., l ' almelt. dan..,:, :toM .le-0

<>en-6 du ma.t, U

1-aJJ-.t

la 1t.e..-0p,ec.te1t.. e.t la .te.rult. p.oU.ll

~

a

^-00-l^. (6J

flna:th,e.Ji a.JZ..tlcle (1973) pllac-lalm.-0 .tha..t:

Dan-0 le. man.de. e.n.t-lelt.. le4

te..tJI.IT/,€,/j

houg,en..t, l e."3 f e.mm,e.."3 pall-,Le.n.t, e.t le.ult..-0 110-lx fUl.lll-o¼ d¼<>o~ d¼e.n.t q,u, ~ -0 a n.t en.chatnie./.3 ' dech.£llee../.3 e.n.tlt..e ~ rna.te.lln,l.te/., e.t la lle.n:t.ai.J-i.UU, e.n.tlt.e. le. .tlt..ava.ll "v¼ll.JLe.¹¹

( lleirwn.e.lle) e.t .le :tluwal-L -ln11¼wle. ( /.3UJU11-oLL.te.), en.tile.

.le p,,la.¼l/l, e.t .le dwo-l/l,₁ en..tlt.e le.ult. -0exe hlolaq,lq.ue

(8)

e,t Lewt., -1exe .-:>oclal, e.nf_;ie -l' horw,e. e,t -La -1ocle:ti, d-l-<>f>-n,t CfU' WJv.J veu)_en:t Ull.e lwe.lle.e-1. (7)

The. ,1am,e. au-le-Le. admA.A:A qul.t..e. /-Jt,e.WJ, .t..ha.t.. no.t.. aJ..J... 11Jom.e.n -f-e.e,l

pJle.-denA:.. a .t.Jwe. p,i_ctult,e.. 'f lULrLcov.itt:. <;;.-i..lUUUL' ^-1 M:..t..lcle. lleplle-

~

,;je.ri..;v.) one. ll.eac.t..-lon.. .t..o S urione. de Be.a.uvolll.' -1 11-i..eiJJ-1, .t..he. -La.t..e.ll.

3

auld..,e,1 a d-ltf,e.llen:t lle.aulon .t..o -1-lm,llalt. 11-lei.1M; U 11.fl.4 .t..o be acini-i..Ued .t..ha.t.. .t..he women' -1 de,1 lll.e. :to be UJ,e.ll.at.ed -l-<> /-all P,om.

unlue.Ma-l. m.CUUJ- wo,nen n.ow w-l-<>h :to wollk., ou:l-dlde. :thelll. hom.e-1, bu.t.. .le,1-1 ln ollde.1t.. .t..o g,aln.. ln.de.p,endence ln a m.an' -1 wo/Ud :than .to add .to .the .f,arn,l.l.lf bu.dq,e.t.. :J n a -1ull.11ei;, callllled ou:t. btJ- -l' E..xf),lle-1-<>, .t..he. ,te,1u,l,t,., of- wh-lch Me g,lven.. ln.. ;t/ie. all.:tlcle. -j,I.M:t quo:ted (7),

56%

of- :the. worn.en.. -ln.te.1ivle.wed w-l-<>he.d :to woll.k -f-oll. -f-lna.ncla-l ll.e.a-doM, 796 .t..o g.a-ln lnde.piUl.,dence.

:Jnve.-1:tlga.toM ln :th-l-<> -<>WW~ {-oun.d :tha:t .the. {-ollce.-f-u.,l and nu,lcula.,;t_e. .f.,eJiJ, fJCJ-ll,t,lc~ ln:te-lLe.c.t..ual-d and cl:llf dwe.-Lle.M , mQ_tJ- g,lve. .tlie lmp.1t..e.-1-1 ,i..on .tha:t 7 lle.nch.wom.e.n a./l.e. -ln. a .-:>.t.a.-.te. of- {-em.l- n-l-<>:t tellm,en:t, bu:t. .tha.t.. .t.he olldlnalUJ- p1t,ovlnclal 'f ll.enchwoman. -l-<>

-l-lk.el..J.J, .to .t..e..ll an ln:te.llvlewe.ll .tha-t -1he w-l-<>he.-1 on½ .to be

"/iewt.,e.u-1e a.vec .-:>on.. m-<:Vll, avec ,:>~cun.,n,en_,t d' a.llq,en:t, de.-1 g.o-0-1e,1

ll.a-l-<>onnalJle.-1 en. hon..ne ,:,a.n,,,te." oil:

"'Je.

pll,~e llie com.JTl,(J..(1.d,~e pall un homm.e., call pmu !'Lol, un homm.e. e.,1.t., -0up,.e1t,le.Ulle.." (8).

'f lULrL<jo-l-<>e. PaJutulllell-, ln an ln:teJWle.w pul.;l¼luul ln

'J-u,,u;,,

197 4, exp1t,e-1-0e,1 .t..lie o p,lnlon ,tha.,t :the cull.ll.enA:.. women' -1 m.o uem.e.n.-.t ln 'f IULrLce owe,,., much .to :the ln_/-lu.en,ce o{- women' -1 m.ovem.e.n:t-1 -in R.me.ll.lca..

l.iJorn.en .-:>eem.

Lalufe.v.J-

concell.ne.d wl.th -1uch -<>tw~ M eq.ua.,l fUUf wl.th rn.en, a»ol/Mon and dlvollce.. She., :too, /,ee-l-1 .t..ha:t worn.en' -0 c.a.u-ae -l-<> /..-a.ll. /Jt-on won. The ln:tvwle.w -l-<> headed: "E..n n' o-1an:t

p.04 p,llo/..,l.te.lL de le.ull-0 d.Jt..o.t:t-1, le,,., temm.e-1 ~-<>en:t la ca..tv.>e

de.,1 temm.e-1." 1n .t..lie. cou.t4e o/, l:t, 'f1u1-nfo-l-<>e. PaJt..tUllle.lL -1(LJJ/.J:

Beaucoup, d'honvn.e.-1, en

,tal.t,

con.tlnue.n:t

a

^ne. ^P-M accep:te.ll la

1-emm.e.

allleu,v., q.u' au ^J..,,l;t ou da.n4 la cul,:,lne ••••• le4 te.mm.e..-0' .tllop. -OOUtJe.n:t e.ncolle., Ueve.n:t l'1UM l-lUe-1

.C.OlilJTl,e. eUe.-1 on.t

e:u

^e,levee-1^. ^De.

m,e,.te.

^en^tlUe^-0e ^.tll.an-0-

m,e,t alMl l ' hell,l,tag,e de.-1 ,l,,le.ux C0/7Zl'1..Ufl,,-: <>Wl. le. de.-1.tln de la /,e.mm.e. •••••• £..v., ~ e . - 0 -:,on:t .tllop, -1ouve.n:t comp,llce.-1

de. ,le.ull, M-0e/Wl,:,-1em.en:t. ( )

1 IULrL<;;o-l-<>e. maJ..J...e.t.-'Jo1t.--l-<>, a con:tem.p,ollalllJ- novell,:,.t, exp,lle-1.-:>e-0 .-:> lntlla.ll. v-le.w-1 on women' -1 -1,l.;t,uo,,,-Uon. S fie. -<>CUJ--1:

E..n /_.,a,lt., ,Je Cllol-0 q.ue la femnie.- /-Jt,an,;.a-,i4e de. no.tll.e.

e.p.oq.ue. e.-1:t e.ncolle. M-<>e-f cond-lUonne.e. pall, l' -i.Jn.cu;-e. :llfp,e.

qu, on /.-a-l-<>al:t de -la.

tem.m.e

au dwu:t. du -0-i..(!..c-le..

1-l lJ, a. i.Jeaucoup, de l,em.m.v., q.ul .-:>e. p.o-0en:t de.,1 P1l blenie.,1

(9)

paJice. q.u..' e.UM ,tJ;,.avalUe.nA:.., p,allce. q.u' ~ ont..

une. -.1oue de. coap,l._exe. de. c.ulpa)J-ll-lU, ^p,allce.

q.u' eLlM -tllouven.:t q.u' ~ ne. ,::, 'occ.u.p.e,.,u. fJCUJ

,::,u+f-l-.,c1111JT1,en;t de. le.ulv.> ~ , e.-t q.u' ,l,l If a • •••

un en.v-l1t..onn.e.m.en;t -.1oc,la,l q.u,l condl.t,,i,on.n.e. la f-enurte.

{'.,,t, don;t c.'M.t -lm.p..o,::,,::,,U;,le, q.u'e.Ue. n.e. ,::,oi:t pa,::, f7LCl/l(fuee.. ( 1 0)

liJh.lle. S-i..m,one. de. Be..au.volll-¹^,::, long, e.,::,,::,<U/- on. wofl!.e.n of- :the.

4

1950 ',::,, £..e Deux-l~e Se.xe CJA,-lne.d en;th.u.-.,la,::,t.lc ,::,up.."oU /.-1t..om. m.aruJ.

wom.e.n ,::,1.J111,p.a.,the.t.lc ;tr, h,e.lt, lde.a,::,, U ae.a.ted a .f.,uA.oM o/. owtlt.aq.e.

amoncµ,t. :th.e. con.uen;tlcma,l m.e.nwe.lv.> o,f. .l.;0ullg..e.o,l-., ,::,oc.le,:q,., ^e.c,- p.e.c.l~ -.10,n,e. ot h,e.lt, m.ale al:tlc.,::,, who we.Ile q.ulck. .to [loln.t. -to h.e..1t, unco nven;tlo n.a,l llela:tl o rv., h,l p. w-U:..li

'Jean..-

P au,l S aJU.lle. M pllo o,?

o-f- wha.t. ;t,,h.tUJ ca,l.,Le.c/_ h.e./l. m.olULl de.p;ta.11Lt1.J,. ne.ve!Ut.h.e-l.M,::, h,e/t,

hook. rrtallk.e.d .the. heq,,ln.n.lnc;. ot a wave. o!- /.e.m.lnl,::,m, ln. 1 IULn,ce. and

e.,l,::, e.whelie. •

1n le Deuxle.m,e. ,::,e.xe ,::,h,e. t.Jt.ac.e.d .the olllg.,,iJv., o-f- wom.e.n',::, -.,u);o/ld,i,n.a-Uon and de.pen.de.nee. hack. .to a p.ll.,i,m,,i,Uve. e.lla when .the p.fu.J-4 lcal we.ak..nM,::, of- wone.n wfie.n con./Jt.-on.t.ln.c;. claJuJe.ll a..n..d .tfie.

,,fv.J/.Jlcal dem..an.d/.J of- chA .. ldhe.all-lng and m.ot.h.e.llhood we.Ile. con.,::,,lde.ll- ahle. o..nd ln.e.,::,capa)J,le, luuulica.114. flavinq,. once. g,.ain.e.d a p.o-ci-U:..lon.

0.f.-

dom.in.a-Uon. ave.IL wome.n, m,e.n lle.nw..ln.e.d ;t,,he,te..

ft WOr:UI./1. ¹,:l dM llt..P., / 0 It..

lw~ ,

e.qua,l,i_tJ.J, and a,u;lh..e,n;tlc,l.tiJ- rrUUf -lead he.IL .to MCfie.w ;f;,h,e. ~;t.ll,a,in,t-ci ot .t.Jt.adUlon.a,l m.all/1.,,lcu:;,e., .thou(Jh ,::,he. ^f'ULIJ, ,::,.:t,U.,L ,?,i,nd ha0-p).n.M,::, wi.th an e.n 1-lg.h.t.e.ned pall.,.tn.e.ll; -l-t doM not. lleq,uill-e. h.e./1.. -t-o de.ru.;.. h.e.ll- e.-.,,::,en;t,la,l /.e.m.lnln,U:.Jf, .the.

{-au

t.ha.t ,::,he. l,::, a wom,a.n,. 1n.

tau,

,::,he. ^fUUJ- f--lnd .tllue. f..i..1,lµl-

m..e.nt.

-ln. wo ll-k.lng, wltli. heli ::uvz,;tne.ll,, 1;1fie.t.heli fie. he. h.u.4ha.nd o ll- -lo ve..1t,, w wa.JUl a co,nm,on g,oa,l.

Jf,.,,e. e.xl,::,;f;,e.nt,laLui:t pJi,iA . ..o/.Joplie.lzA' ou.t-look. ,l-., /.JO -lm.polltan.;t ln con.,::,,ld..e./lln.g, .the. wom.e.n c.ha.M.ct.e.ll/.J ln. :the.lll- nove.1.../.J and p,la;.µ>

:that. l:t ,l,d n.e.CM/.Jalll.J .to exam,,ln.e.

u

hllie..f,lt;., a.f.;tell. a. /.Jh.OU accoun.:t ot .tfie. e.a1t.,,Uf ,l,lve.,::, o/. SM1.one. de. Be.cuwolll and 'Jean..-Pau,,L SalL:t.lLe. and .the.lit -lon<:J M/.Joc.la:tlon wltli. one. a.no.the.IL.

(10)

5

no.uv.,.

1 " /-len,Jt,.l Pe.lJ,lle., ¹¹Con,tem,p,o MIUJ, 1 em,,ln,lne. Li;teM,;t.u/le. ,ln 1 Mnce.¹¹,

ln Jla,le tlle.nc~ S:tudlv., no.

~7, 1 96 1,

p.

47

2.

m.

BIU.Li.J-le.lle. e.;t S,. maug,e.11.,, Cou,v., de. -lan@e. e;t de. clv-lUAa-t..lon

{!tan-F4e.-o,

1 am,e. 1/J, p,. 139

J.

11J.£d.

,,

4 • t

^M.n.C;a^Le,^12. ~-i.luuui, T ~ S e.cond Sex, ¹¹ ln

tJ-a-,Le.

111.,e.nch S ;tud,le4 a p,. c,l;t. , p.

25

5 •

'Jame/.>

de. Ca q.ue.;t, ¹¹1 ll.an<i-o -iA e. pM.,le. aux 1 M n ~ v., ¹¹, ln.

1./..g..a,11.,0 heJ.Jdonuu:l.a,l11.,e ln.:leMa-t..lona-L,

13

^WJ/1.,ll,

1974,

^p,. 6 6. 11Jld.

7.

DanlUe. 1-1.e.i,µn.a.nn, ¹¹J1.U>q.tL'oa van.:l-e.ll€-/.l allell, lM /.-errvn.v.,¹¹^, ln. f_;t maln..te.n,an;t, 5 fltlL/t/.J, 1973 , P-• 1

8 .

^{11Jld. ,} ^P^-•

3

9. 1 n.;te.11.,u -i.,(V.JJ ck 1 ltmt<j-O-v.> e J>allA:,u,;ilell pall P ,leue. D em.e.11.,0 n, -ln l1lM-le.. Clallle., no.

'l _ 6J,

f.-u-llld,

197 4 ,

^P-^•

5

10 •

t

llancr',-iA e l1laLle.:t-1,a ll-iA , Le na,w,llel M ,t une -lo n.aue. e-tude, D-l/.>que 17.o. 77, Co-L-Lec-tlon tll.an~ de no.tile -temp./.).