The aim of this study was to investigate the potential use of phenmedipham and EP-475 for weed control in sugar beet by evaluating the efficacy, effect on yield and effect on recoverable sugar content of the sugar beet root by these compounds. Particularly notable was the lack of damage to sugar beets following two post-emergence applications (Tables 4, 5). Research has been conducted into the possible use of phenmedipham (methyl-m-hydroxycarbanilate) and EP-475 (ethyl-m-hydroxycarbanilate carbanilate) for weed control in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris I.).
Effect of Pile Covering on Weight and Sugar Shrink in Pile Rims
A large loss of recoverable sugar occurs in the edge on all uncovered sides of the stack. On the other hand, there is increased sugar loss in the interior of the pile caused by a temperature of five degrees F. The loss of recoverable sugar in the edge of uncovered piles is three to four times greater than in the interior from the pile.
Reduction of Sugar Loss in Sugarbeet Piles with Straw and Plastic Covering
Only one of the twelve comparisons had greater shrinkage in the covered than in the uncovered pile. The drop in the purity of the clear juice was one percent less in covered piles than in uncovered piles. The loss of recoverable sugar was lower in the covered straw than in the uncovered piles in all 12 tests.
Effect of Topping Procedure on Beet Quality and Storage Losses
The respiration rate of unpeeled beets was lower than that of peeled beets during the entire storage period. Sugar losses and recoverable sugar losses, such as respiration rate, were higher in topped beets after 35, 92 and 180 days of storage (fable 1). Just like last year, respiration and sugar loss were on average higher for topped beets than for untopped beets.
Sugar and recoverable sugar losses averaged 12.6 and 11.3 percent less, respectively, in beets not covered than in beets with the lowest leaf scar. In each test, losses were numerically, but not always statistically, less in the uncovered beets. Sugar and recoverable sugar losses in the stopped beet were as high as or higher than in the covered beet.
The quality of topless beets was lower than that of top beets at harvest, but the difference was not as great after storage. The quality of half-top beet was almost equal to that of top beet at harvest. The recoverable sugar yield per hectare in beets without tops after storage was 3.5 and 7.2 percent higher than in half-top or top beets, respectively (tale 5).
The differences in beet quality between topped and non-topped beets used in the storage study may have been less than normal.
From Research Results to Field Performance — Why the Gap?
It must be directed towards positive solutions to the more pressing problems facing the industry; We recognize that many factors can affect the performance and selectivity of herbicides, such as soil texture, soil structure, soil salinity, irrigation method used, amount of water used, climatic conditions, weed species present, weed growth strength, accuracy of spray calibration, method of application herbicide etc. Perhaps the complex nature of the problems encountered under maintained conditions is the reason for the gap between research results and field performance.
We listed the complex problems encountered in vegetation management and suggested that the complexity of the problem could be the reason for the existing gap between research results and field performance. They are eager to learn and we will be happy if they become experts in the eyes of the grower. We must continually emphasize that weed control must be an integral part of overall crop production.
We have a number of herbicides registered for use in sugar beet, but we must emphasize that only through knowledge of the weed infestation can we select the most effective herbicide to use. We need to constantly emphasize the importance of accurate application through proper calibration of the spray rig and adjustment of the application and incorporation equipment. In sugar beet, we have a unique opportunity to close the gap between research results and field performance by working more closely with processors' fieldmen.
In conclusion, in applied research work we must continuously explore the various needs of the beet growers.
Search for Causative Agents of the Sugarbeet Yellow Wilt in Chile 1
50 yellow-type diseased plants were detected in the phloem tissue of the yellow wilt-affected plants. Morphological configuration indicative of binary fission, budding, extrusion of the protoplasm, and densely lined bodies similar to those previously thought to undergo reproduction in sieve tube elements (16) or in phloem-parenchyma cells (17) were also seen in the phloem of vellow wilt-affected sugar beet plants. Morphological features of the particles differed from microtubules and phloem protein (P-protein) fibrils, which are normal cytoplasmic constituents (Fig. 7).
Figures 17 and 18.—Highly ordered aggregates of the long filamentous particles (FP) in the mesophyll cells obtained from a yellow wilt-infected plant. Thus, the finding of the elongated virus-like particles with the characteristic inclusions suggests that the diseased sugar beet plants examined may be infected with an inclusion-inducing virus. At present, it is uncertain whether elongated virus-like particles are partly responsible for causing symptoms of the sugar beet yellow wilt disease (eg in the wilting phase).
The nature of the long filamentous particles observed in both yellow wilt-infected and apparently uninfected sugar beet plants remains unknown. However, it is clear that controlled plant growth and inoculation conditions are needed in future electron microscopy studies of the yellow wilt agent or agents. An electron microscopic search for causative agents of sugar beet yellow wilt disease in Chile was conducted.
The presence of MLO strongly suggests that they are primarily responsible for causing the yellowing phase of the disease. The presence of elongated virus-like particles accompanied by characteristic inclusions suggests that diseased plants were infected with a virus. Ultrastructure of the aster yellows agent: Mycoplasma-like bodies in the sieve tube elements of Nicotimia rustica.
The Effect of Ammonic-N or Nitrate-N Dominated Fertilizer Programs on the Nitrogen
On the first sampling date, sucrose concentrations in beets grown with 58% nitrate-N in the fertilizer p r o g r a m were 2.7% higher than beets grown with all amnionic-N (Fig. 1). The mean NO3--N content remained consistently higher in beet roots grown with ammonium-N fertilizer than in beet roots receiving little nitrate-N in the fertilizer. The NO3 --N curve for beets grown with low nitrate-N in the fertilizer program is clearly convex until May 17.
The increase in NO3--N content in the leaves of beet plants grown with ammonium-N was quite small. The increase in NO3--N concentration in the roots of beets grown with each of the programs was very rapid after 17 May. On J u n e 4 there was only a small difference in total N content in beet leaves grown in the fertilizer program.
The total N content in the roots of beets grown with low nitrate-N in the fertilizer program was slightly higher than that in the roots of beets fertilized with ammonium-N on the first sampling date. On the other hand, 34;Other-N concentrations in beet leaves fertilized with low nitrate-N decreased significantly until May 15, then increased significantly at the end of the sampling period. On the first sampling date, the "other N concentration" in the roots of beets grown with 58% nitrate-N in the fertilizer program was significantly higher than that found in the roots of beets grown with ammonium-N.
At the end of the sampling period, ammonia-N beet roots contained 1,732 ppm more "other-N" than beets grown with some nitrate-N in the fertilizer program. The yield of beets grown with 58% nitrate-N in the fertilizer program was 10 tons higher than the yield produced with ammonium-N fertilizer (Table 2). 7, showing that "other-N" in roots of ammonium-N-fertilized beets is significantly higher than in beets receiving some nitrate-N in the fertilization program.
Predicting Sugarbeet Storage Losses Using Regression Analysis
Factors were eliminated if their correlation with shrink was of magnitude less than 0.3 or because two factors showed correlation of magnitude. If no more than about eight factors remained, equations were generated using each variable with as many of the other variables as possible, in all combinations that did not include inter-correlated variables in the same equation. If more than eight factors remained, those showing the highest correlation with shrink were used to generate equations first and other variables were added or substituted if necessary.
After the variables were eliminated, the equations were compared and the equation with the largest multiple R-squared became the predictor equation. This method was used to find the weight reduction and sugar loss equation for each region. All sugar loss equations use only three basic factors: campaign length, October temperatures (November temperatures for Ohio), and delivery rate.
The estimated values based on the equations for North Central Colorado are compared (table 1) with actual values for the period 1960-1971. A comparison of the multiple R-squared and standard error of estimate for the equations (Table 2) indicates their accuracy; the weight shrinkage equations account for between 74 and 91 percent of the variation in weight shrinkage, and the sugar loss equations account for 89 to 96 percent of the variation in sugar loss. The final test of the equations' applicability is how storage losses predicted compare to actual losses (Table 4).
The first projection was made up to November 5, 1972 (December 5 for Ohio) using the campaign length estimate, and the second was made later using the actual campaign length.
