No field experiments were conducted, but they obtained i n c r e a s e d rhizoctonia damping of s u g a r b e t s e e d l i n g s with p e b u l a t e and pyrazon in greenhouse t e s t s . While cycloate enhanced rhizoctony mitigation of s u g a r b e e t seedlings in the greenhouse (4), we found no effect of the chemical on field-ripened beet rot. Desmedipham a n d phenmedipham were applied as a mixture in a b a n d 18-cm above the row when the p l a n t were in s t a g e four leaves before t h i n n i n g.
Averages for the disease index (DI) and percentage of harvestable roots (%H) in three tests on the effect of herbicides on rhizoctonia root rot in field-grown sugar beets.a.
Developing Concepts in Low Damage Harvesting of Sugarbeets
And on the other hand, the success of the rest of the machine could not be measured if the newly designed lifting mechanism failed or needed extensive modification. These rolls remove some dirt, and most of the leaves and weeds are lifted from the fists. The trough then serves as a slide to complete the construction of the beet mound on the bottom of the truck.
That year a number of mechanical problems were overcome, but sufficient data was collected to demonstrate the value of the harvester in reducing damage compared to other beets delivered to the Twin F a l l sp i l i n g ground. All modifications must be in accordance with standard piling procedures and must be designed to operate continuously under adverse conditions for the duration of the harvest season.
Effect of Cossette Liming on Dewatering of Beet Pulp
When the e x h a u s t e d p u l p was the desired p r o d u c t , samples of beet foods were placed in cheesecloth b a g s or in wire b a s k e t s and suspended in slowly flowing hot water for up to one hour to completely carry out the s a t . Also, many of the samples of e x h a u s t e d beet pulp were produced as a by-product of extraction r u n s designed to produce t y p i c a l raw juice in a bench-scale type semi-continuous e x t r a c t e r using multiple a i n . Removal of s u g a r from the pulp was not quite as complete in the e x t r a c t i o n scheme as in the first method, but as far as could be ascertained, there was no difference in the n a t u r e of the exhausted pulp.
As some samples were so soft that they could not be pressed in the Carver P r e s , Succolometer t e s were made on almost all samples to give consistency. This was somewhat su r p r i s i n g because Ca(OH)2 is not soluble even at the 1% level in beet juice, and even after d i p p i n g, suspended Ca(OH)2 was present in the dipping solution.
The lack of acceptance for forced v e n t i l a t i o n cooling on a commercial scale is due to s e v e r a l factors — the most important of which is the price of s u g a r . Forced v e n t i l a t i o n of sugar beet storage piles should provide s e v e r a l a v a n t a g e , including more r a p i d cooling, reduction in the frequency of hot spots and thus lower sucrose losses. We have developed a successful computer simulation model of a s u g a r b e e t storage stack (4) to indicate the effectiveness of forced ventilation in v a r i o u s climates to provide free convection cooling.
This paper compares free convection and forced ventilation cooling in v a r i o u s g e o g r a p h i c a l a r ea s in the United States and e v a l u a t e s the relative benefits of developing low-respiration genotypes for long-term genotypes. These a r e a s were selected to represent a broad range in climatic conditions during h a r v e s t and the e a r y storage p e r i - o d . The first increment represented a r e l a t i v e l y e a r l y h a r v e s t for the location, and the remaining 20 days of h a r v e s t covered the normal h a r v e s t period in each of the geographic locations.
In most cases, 10 cfm/ton gave the greatest increase in the amount of sucrose saved over free convection cooling. Estimated Free Convection Cooling Sucrose Losses and Estimated Aeration Sucrose Savings in cfm/ton During the First 50 Days of Storage in Selected U.S. In 1972, at Hereford, a very cold location, losses were significantly lower and the benefits of ventilation were m a r g i n a l .
In 1973, however, the s u b s t a n t i a l amount of sucrose saved as a result of the ventilation of the fourth increment represented a significant insurance factor. However, the fall of 1972 in Saginaw was much cooler, and the effects of forced v e n t i l a t i o n were minimal. The capital investment can be reduced and the problems involved in installing a ventilation system can only be reduced by ventilating.
Effectiveness of P Fertilizer Placement Methods and N Fertilizer Sources on Fertilizer Utilization
Skarlou and C. Nobeli Received for Publication April 23, 1981
In the N fertilizer sources experiment (1978), Pf e r t i - lizer was applied before planting, while N was applied immediately after emergence. Regarding the use of P fertilizer, the data in the above t a b l e s show t h a t transmission and incorporation of f e r t i l i n g at a depth of 12 cm gave the lowest value for the percentage of P derived from fertilizers (Pf). This conclusion is consistent with evidence reported in the literature (Romsdal and Schmehl 1963) which also shows that broadcasting and disking superphosphate fertilizer is the least effective method of placement.
It should be noted that the data are inconclusive on the effect of the r a t e of P fertilizer application and of the depth of band formation on P fertilizer u t i l i z a t i o n . However, the amounts of P obtained from fertilizers were different in the three experiments (Tables 3, 4 and 5), in view of different a v a i l a b i l i t y of the added fertilizer P and p o s s i - can be a differentiated root growth in each case. It is clear from these data that the addition of P fertilizer favorably affected growth at their e a r l y growth s t a g e .
Large differences are observed in the percentage of nitrogen obtained by fertilization (Nf) of the petioles. Such differences continue to exist until the final harvest and appear in the calculated percent utilization of the labeled fertilizers. The observed more efficient use of nitrates and sodium nitrates in the component could be very important in fertilizer practice.
This discrepancy is probably due to the fact that t-labeled NH4+ of ammonium n i t r a t e is taken up by the p l a n t roots in the presence of equal amounts of unlabeled NO3--N. Correspondingly labeled NO3- builds up in the presence of equal amounts of unlabeled NH4+-N. This fact also indicates a slower utilization rate of the applied nitrates compared to ammonium or urea.
Evaluating Sugarbeet Seedlings for Resistance to Powdery Mildew *
A r a t i n g of 1 indicated very sparse mycelial growth and no evidence of s p o r u - l a t i o n , while a r a t i n g of 5 indicated dense mycelial growth and abundant sporulation. Plants were grown in the greenhouse for 3 weeks until the cotyledons were fully expanded and the first true leaf began to emerge. Cotyledon sections were placed from bottom to top in a complete random p a t e r n block on a moist filter sheet of p a p e r .
The filter paper sheet was positioned at the bottom of an inoculation chamber consisting of a plywood column 1.2 m high and 0.5 m s q u a r e . Inoculation was accomplished by shaking the infected leaves in the upper part of the chamber, so that the conidia were uniformly placed on the surface of the cotyledon sections. The inoculum dose was measured by placing g a r strips with the cotyledon sections and counting the conidia on the agar surface.
T r a y were sealed in zip-locked polyethylene to prevent evaporation and incubated for 6 days in a growth chamber. Each section was assigned a r a t i n g from 1 to 5 based on the extent of mycelial growth and abundance of sporulation as in field assessments. D i s k s were placed face up on moist filter paper in a complete randomized block and inoculated using the same procedure described above for cotyledon sections.
All nine lines that received a field rating above 3.0 were rated 3.0 or higher in the whole seedling test. These results indicate that the method of evaluating powdery mildew resistance using whole seedlings could effectively identify susceptible lines, but would sometimes fail to identify a resistant line. It should be noted that a growth chamber was used for inoculation and disease development, as this investment was incompatible with non-disease work done in the green house.
Insecticidal Prevention of Curly Top in Beets *
60 1/ The conditions for fodder beets were the same except that they were lifted and hand-topped with 6 replicates and. Treatment means within sets followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% probability level. Curled top ratings and root yield affected by three insecticides applied two ways/at planting/ to N.
Effect of 1/ three insecticides used by Rusken in planting three varieties of sugar beet on curly top quality, tare percentage, sugar percentage and yield. Relationship between curly top scores and percentage of plants infested using treatments for 3 cultivars over 3 years; curves are drawn by eye. Effect of 1/ carbofuran (2 lb. AI/A) applied at planting with three methods on cultivar GW-D2 on curly top and yield.
Values in columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% confidence level. Effect of curly top on taro, sugar percentage and yield The effect of CT infection on percentage quantity is shown in 2/. Sugar yield as a percentage of calculated potential and as a percentage increase over untreated, for three cultivars treated at planting under three curly top conditions.
Thus, it can be said that the most effective insecticide treatment under these conditions more than compensated for the effect of plant resistance to CT in untreated AH10. Injecting below the seed or at the side of the seed row was not significantly different in any respect, but both were significantly different from the Rusken application and the untreated check. Try controlling curly and beet yellows by controlling beet scale and green peach aphids with insecticide-treated sugar beet seeds.
Effect of Nitrogen and Irrigation Levels, Location and Year on Sucrose Concentration
N. Carter
Therefore, the relationship between N uptake level and dry matter concentration was accompanied by a positive r e l a t i o n s h i p between percent dry matter and sucrose concentration in beet roots (Figure 2D). Sucrose concentration of dry roots (Figure 3A, B) a n d wet roots (Figure 3C, D) during the season depended on the level of N fertility and the time that N was taken up by the beetroot. The decrease in sucrose concentration with the addition of N p r e p l a n t or during the season was due to a decrease in dry matter sucrose p e r cent and a decrease in wet root dry matter concentration at plant growth stages in a l l in a country in and 1978 (Table 1).
Sucrose concentration of the wet roots was dramatically affected by moisture s t r e s of the p l a n t during the growing season and at h a r v e s t (Figure 4C, D). Following this, the increase in sucrose concentration due to water s t r e s , the r a t e of increase was similar to that of the control. This indicated that the increase in sucrose concentration as determined on a wet weight basis was due to dehydration of the roots.
This showed that the level of t i r i r i gation can affect the concentration of dry matter and sucrose in beet roots at harvest. However, better correlations using data from all locations and years existed between total nitrogen uptake and p e r - c e n concentration of wet root dry matter or sucrose and. The concentration of sucrose in the roots was primarily dependent on the concentration of dry matter in the roots with a smaller but very significant concentration of sucrose in the dry matter.
An increased level of N l e v e l , as shown previously, reduced the sucrose concentration in the wet roots by reducing the percentage of dry matter and the sucrose concentration in the dry grind. The results of these experiments at several different locations and years showed that the concentration of sucrose in sugar beet roots was the result of the level of dry matter concentration and the concentration of sucrose in the dry matter of the roots. It turned out that the concentration of sucrose in beet roots is very dependent on the total nitrogen intake and the time when the plant takes up nitrogen.
