Seed of the open-pollinated, self-sterile line C17 (8) was used to develop and evaluate the sand culture technique. Row width x spacing x harvest date interactions were not significant for any of the metrics presented, except for total dry mix yield (Table 2), which was only significant at the 5% level. Therefore, as the density in the rows increased, a greater proportion of the photosynthate distributed to the roots went into sucrose-free dry matter, resulting in a decrease in sucrose dry weight concentration.
As the population increased, there was a highly significant linear decrease in the root to shoot dry yield ratio for both row spacings7 (Table 2).
The Effects of Soil Types, Inoculum Levels, Fertilizers, and Water Regimes
When larval inoculations are carried out over a period, the final inoculum level of 0.4 larvae per g soil the smallest plant-to-plant variation in number of infections. Of five variables examined (soil type, inoculum level, irrigation regime, soil fertility and nitrogen source), soil type and inoculum levels had the greatest effect on plant-to-plant variation in the number of nematode cysts per plant. plant. High proportions of sand increased inoculum efficiency and reduced variation in the number of nematode larvae per plot. plant.
Normal fertility reduced nematode reproduction but had no effect on plant-to-plant variation in number of nematode cysts.
A Field Study of Three Growth Retardants on Sugarbeets
The growth retardants vanadyl sulfate, pyrocatecol and maleic hydrazide applied to foliage seven days before harvest in a field experiment did not affect yield or percentage of sucrose. Effect of vanadium on growth, chemical composition and metabolism: processes of adult sugar beet plants (Beta vulgaris L.). The reduction of storage losses in sugar beet by foliar spraying with maleic hydrazide before harvest.
Some effects of preharvest foliar sprays of maleic hydrazide on sugar content and storage losses of sugar beet.
The Residual Activity of TBZ or Benomyl Against Cercospora Beticola in Sugarbeets 1
Plants grown in soil with benomyl did not show visible symptoms of phytotoxicity, other than a possible slight s t u n t i n early in the growing period at the 320 ppm level. The initial bioassays, which began four months after treatment, indicated that at the 20 ppm level no fungitoxic material could be detected in the plants growing in the T B Z - t r e a t e d soil itself or in the soil itself. In no tests could activity be detected in plants treated in soil or from soil with less than 80 p p m benomyl.
At the end of six months, there was a noticeable decrease in the area of inhibition zones obtained from soil bioassays, compared to that after four months, while activity in the leaf extract had increased.
Water Requirement for Maximum Germination and Emergence of Sugarbeet Seeds 1
All ungerminated "wet" seeds of D were then placed on a relatively dry blotter, which caused an additional 33% germination. A number of seeds originally evaluated from gravel emergence have since been reevaluated for emergence from 4% moisture sand. Random raising of a sugar beet seedling that is highly sensitive to germination and its response to available water has helped to clarify a number of points.
To obtain reliable germination and emergence data, we need to control the amount of water available to the seed much more tightly than has been necessary until now. The variation in moisture adhering to the gravel (3.7 to 4.6% water based on dry weight of gravel) appears to be largely responsible for the large variations in emergence of seed bead D. This means that an increase of no more as 0.9 g of water on the surface of 100 g of gravel was sufficient to significantly suppress the emergence of seed bead D.
Thus, the main advantage of the gravel emergence test as conceived (namely, avoiding precise weights of gravel and addition of water) failed to provide adequate control of water available to the seed. From this investigation we are now able to quantify several aspects of the water requirements for sugar beet germination. If we assume no compaction of wet sand, at 4% moisture, 14.75 ml of sand would have 1 g of water on its surface.
Some D seed fruits were slightly less processed than A, and this could have contributed to greater water uptake by D. When the system contained an excess of free water, the formation of highly sensitive seed was reduced, often significantly.
Yield, Quality, and Sucrose Recovery from Sugarbeet Root and Crown 1
C. ZIELKE 2 Received for publication May 15, 1973
T h e percentages may not be compiled with commercial factory crown tare values because the roots in o u r tests were separated from the crowns with a straight cut across the root instead of the usual cuts. Overall crown/root sucrose content ratios (0.88 both years) indicate a stable, environmentally dependent relationship between the root and crown for sucrose content. 93T Table 3.—Effect of nitrogen, plant spacing, cultivar and harvest date on clear juice purity (CJP) of sugar beet root and crown.
For example, apparent CJP values for roots were adjusted downwards by 1.4 percentage points and for crowns by 2.2 percentage points for the third harvest in 1967. On the comparable date (end of October) in 1968, root values averaged 0.6 per- percentage points and crown values by 0.8 percentage points. The RSPT of roots and crowns increased more between the two harvests in 1968 than between any two harvest dates in 1967.
The respective average percentage contributions of 19% and 14% from crowns were slightly lower than the weight percentage contributions of 22% and 17% from crowns due to the inherent lower quality of the crown material. Sucrose yields from crowns were higher both years at high N due to large increases in crown weight. A rapid and practical method for the determination of extractable white sugar as it can be applied to the evaluation of agronomic practices and growers' deliveries in the sugar beet industry.
Progress report on the effect of nitrogen on the yield, sucrose content and purity of sugar beets. Research into the sugar distribution in beets during harvest and into individual differences.
Efficacy of Preplant/Postemergence Weeding Systems on Sugarbeet, 1968-72 1
F. SULLIVAN 2
Post-planting herbicides were foliarly applied in the early stages of species maturity, mainly in the bud stages up to the 2-4 stages of true leaves, in early to late May. Observations were made at the site in each log row that was judged to have the highest percent weed control with the least crop injury (optimal response) and at the four innermost rows of each fixed-rate plot within a square degree that measured 3 inches by 48 inches. Weed control with NC-8438/phenmedipham and other new systems In 1971-72, complete weed control was achieved with several herbicide sequences containing NC-8438 applied in a split application with pre-transplant and post-plant herbicides at normal rates ( table 1).
Similar studies using logarithmic doses gave similar results in rare pigs and grasses, although the cochia control was something like that. Double treatment of sugar beet means control of broadleaf and grass weeds with combined and separate use of chemicals. Current status of selective weed control in North America with emphasis on the irrigated regions of the West.
Evaluation of Systemic Pesticides in Controlling Sugarbeet Leaf hopper 1, 3
All three chemicals were tested as 10% granular formulations at the rate of 2 pounds of active ingredient per acre. Bottom and side dressing applications were made by placing the chemical in furrows 3-4 inches deep. For below-seed applications, sugar beet seed was planted to a depth of 3/4 inch directly over the chemical.
Two shields were caged on the youngest expanded leaf of each of four randomly selected plants per plot. At weekly intervals, beetles were exposed to treated and untreated plants for 24 hours, after which the percentage of beetle mortality was determined. Weekly testing began 12 days after seed and subseed application and 10 days after side dressing application.
An experiment was begun on May 27; however, during this experiment, two replications were destroyed by flooding. Two weeks after planting, 10 randomly selected seedlings from each plot were harvested, dried in an oven for 24 h and weighed. Sub-seed applications of each of the three chemicals produced over 85% leafhopper mortality 12 days after planting (Table 1).
Since seedlings emerged about 7 days after planting, these chemicals were very effective in killing leaf blades within 5 days of emergence. Seed applications of al di c a r b and side dressing applications of all three pesticides were less effective in foliar killing than subseed applications.
Interrelationships of Applied Nitrogen, Applied Zinc, Plant Population, and Frequency
A 1971 experiment was established on Pullman silt loam soil in east-central New Mexico using a rotating central-composite design (1) that included applied nitrogen, applied zinc, plant population, and irrigation frequency as variables. The study included several other crops and it was necessary to keep the total number of main plots small in order to have irrigation frequency as a variable. As zinc sulfate, it was spread over the surface of the beds with a calibrated fertilizer spreader just before planting.
The nitrogen was applied in the form of ammonium nitrate with a fertilizer pellet drill, which worked both zinc and nitrogen into the surface of the beds. Water was used in the middle three furrows of each plot for 10 to 24 hours depending on the treatment with the aim of filling the soil profile. The extractable sugar content, based on the sucrose percentage of the beets, was derived from a table provided by Holly Sugar Corp.
There was a tendency for increased watering frequency to cause decreased iron levels in leaves. Increasing plant population and watering frequency tended to result in a decrease in leaf copper, while zinc had little effect. The amount of applied nitrogen needed depends on the amount present in the soil as well as the likelihood of leaching.
Under conditions of marginally available soil zinc levels and adequate nitrogen, population and irrigation levels, application of four to eight pounds per acre of zinc as zinc sulfate will increase the yield of extractable sugar by 30 to 50 percent. Effect of plant spacing and fertilizer on yield, purity, chemical constituents and evapotranspiration of sugar beet in Kansas.
Individual Plant Selection in Nematode-lnfested Soil 1
The probabilities of the original base selections (predicted probabilities) were calculated based on an adjusted average of each tested selection relative to its partial average. Each of the pollinators within the intersecting block was assumed to contribute pollen equally. All selections yielded more than their respective parents in root yield and gross sugar (Tables 3, 4 and 5).
However, the yields of some of the individual selections were not significantly greater than their parents (Table 6). This confirms the fact that the selection was not made to increase the percentage of sugar, but to maintain the percentage of parental sugar. Thus, selection increased vigor and yield potential regardless of whether the soil was nematode-infested or nematode-free.
The probabilities of the original root selections (predicted probabilities) and the resulting offspring (actual probabilities) are. This may be the result of an overestimation of the genetic variance or an underestimation of the environmental variation in the original selections. Probabilities are based on variances and means relative to the parent line and are therefore comparable.
The use of probabilities can overcome this problem by giving the breeder assurance of selecting genetically superior genotypes. Field planting in uniformly mixed nematode-infested soil reduced environmental variation such that genetically superior.
