K-wefvM: m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi
cÖkœ-1 : wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU j¶ Ki
♀
jvj dzj
× ♂
mv`v dzj
F1 Rby : †Mvjvcx F2 Rby : ?
K. wRb Kx? 1
L. wj_vj wRb ej‡Z Kx eyS? 2
M. F1 Rby‡Z jvj ev mv`v dzj cvIqv †Mj bv †Kb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. F2 Rby‡Z Kx NU‡e †PKvi †ev‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ we‡kølY Ki| 4
1 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
K wRb n‡jv Rxe‡Kv‡l we`¨gvb eskMwZi wewfbœ ˆewkó¨ wbqš¿YKvix †gŠwjK, †fŠZ I Kvwh©K GKK hv esk †_‡K eskvšÍ‡i ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|
L †h me wR‡bi Dcw¯’wZ Rx‡ei Rxebx kw³ Kwg‡q †`q wKsev evn‡Ki g„Zz¨i KviY n‡q `uvovq †hme wRb‡K wj_vj wRb ev NvZK wRb e‡j| wj_vj wR‡bi Aci bvg n‡jv gviY wRb| wj_vj wRb `yB ai‡bi| cÖKU I cÖ”Qbœ wj_vj wRb, Z‡e cÖK…wZ‡Z ïaygvÎ cÖ”Qbœ wj_vj wRbB cvIqv hvq|
M F1 Rby‡Z jvj, ev mv`v dzj cvIqv †Mj bv, KviY F1 Rby‡Z mvaviYZ cÖKU wRbB cÖKvk cvq| wcZvgvZvi cÖ”Qbœ ˆewkó¨ G †¶‡Î cÖKvwkZ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
wKš‘ G †¶‡Î wcZvgvZvi †Kv‡bv ˆewkó¨ cÖKvk cvqwb| KviY F1 Rby‡Z cÖKU wRb Zvi ˆewkó¨ c~Y©v½fv‡e cÖKvk Ki‡Z bv cvivq bZzb ˆewk‡ó¨i m„wó n‡q‡Q|
DÏxc‡Ki cy‡®ú Giƒc †`Lv hvq| DÏxc‡Ki jvj I mv`v dz‡ji dz‡ji g‡a¨ μm K‡i †`Lv †Mj F1 Rbyi mKj dzjB †Mvjvwc GLv‡b cÖKU wRbwU cÖ”Qbœ wR‡bi Dci Am¤ú~Y© cÖKU nIqvq F1 Rby‡Z me¸‡jv dzj jvj ev mv`v bv n‡q †Mvjvwc n‡q‡Q|
N Am¤ú~Y© cÖKUZvi Kvi‡Y †g‡Û‡ji g‡bvnvBweªW μ‡mi AbycvZ F2 Rby‡Z 3 t 1 Gi cwie‡Z© 1 t 2 t 1 nq|
GKwU ˆewkó¨ hw` Av‡iKwU ˆewk‡ó¨i Ici m¤ú~Y© cÖKU bv nq, Zvn‡j msKi Rx‡e Df‡qi gvSvgvwS GKwU ˆewkó¨ cÖKvk cvq, G ai‡bi NUbv‡K Am¤ú~Y© cÖKUZv ev BbKgwcøU Wwg‡Ý e‡j| DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ dz‡ji F2 Rby‡Z hv cvIqv hv‡e Zv †PKvi †ev‡W©i gva¨‡g wRbZvwË¡K e¨vL¨v †`qv n‡jv :
F1 Rbyi µm gvZv ♀ wcZv ♂ wd‡bvUvBc †Mvjvwc dzj †Mvjvwc dzj
wR‡bvUvBc Rr Rr
M¨v‡gU
F2Rbyi djvdj †PKvi †ev‡W© wb¤œiƒc M¨v‡gU ♂
M¨v‡gU ♀
R r
R RR
jvj Rr
†Mvjvwc
r Rr
†Mvjvwc rr
mv`v
†PKvi †ev‡W©i djvdj we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, F2 Rby‡Z 25% dzj jvj, 50% †Mvjvwc Ges 25 : mv`v dz‡ji Dw™¢` i‡q‡Q|
Avi wd‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ †g‡Û‡ji cÖ_g m~‡Îi 3 : 1 Gi cwie‡Z© n‡q‡Q 1 : 2 : 1| A_©vr F2 Rby‡Z †nUv‡ivRvBMvm (Rr) Dw™¢‡` R wR‡bi Am¤ú~Y©
cÖKUZvi Rb¨B Giƒc NUbv N‡U‡Q|
cÖkœ-2 : M‡elYvMv‡i Kv‡jv I mv`v Bu`y‡ii g‡a¨ μm NwU‡q †`Lv †Mj Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i 25% å~Yve¯’vqB gviv hvq| weÁvbx Zvi e¨vL¨vq ej‡jb, GwU we‡kl GK ai‡bi wRb Gi Kvi‡Y N‡U|
K. A¨vwjj Kx? 1
L. mKj †U÷ μmB e¨vK μm wKš‘ mKj e¨vK μm †U÷ μm bq †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Bu`y‡ii g‡a¨ D‡jøwLZ we‡kl wRb bv _vK‡j F2 Rbyi djvdj Kx n‡e e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡kl wRbhy³ Bu`y‡ii F2 Rbyi AbycvZ e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
K †nv‡gv‡jvMvm ev mgms¯’ †μv‡gv‡Rv‡gi wbw`©ó †jvKv‡m Aew¯’Z GK †Rvov wRb hw` wbw`©ó ˆewkó¨ wbqš¿Y K‡i Zvn‡j Zv‡`i ci¯ú‡ii A¨vwjj e‡j|
L e¨vK µm : AcZ¨ eskxq (F1 Rby) †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei m‡½ wcZvgvZvi †h‡Kv‡bv ˆewk‡ó¨i μm‡K e¨vK μm e‡j| cieZ©x cÖR‡b¥i wd‡bvUvBc ev Zv‡`i AbycvZ we‡kølY K‡iB GB cixÿvi dj cvIqv hvq|
A_©vr e¨vK µm = Tt TT A_evTt tt
†U÷ µm: AcZ¨ es‡ki Rx‡ei mv‡_ (F1 ev F2 ev F3 BZ¨vw`) Zvi cÖ”Qbœ wcZvgvZvi μm‡K †U÷ μm e‡j| †Kv‡bv Rxe †nv‡gvRvBMvm bv †nUv‡ivRvBMvm Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ G cix¶v Kiv nq|
A_©vr †U÷ μm = Tt tt
ZvB cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, ÔmKj †U÷ μmB e¨vK μm wKš‘ mKj e¨vK μm †U÷ μm bqÕ|
M DÏxc‡Ki Kv‡jv I mv`v Bu`y‡ii g‡a¨ D‡jøwLZ we‡kl wRbwU n‡jv wj_vj wRb| GB wR‡bi Dcw¯’wZi Rb¨ Kv‡jv I mv`v Bu`y‡ii g‡a¨ μm NUv‡j Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i 25% åƒYve¯’vq gviv hvq| Bu`y‡ii g‡a¨ wj_vj wRb bv _vK‡j F1 Rbyi djvdj †g‡Û‡ji 1g m~·K mg_©b Ki‡e|
cÖ_g m~Î :g‡bvnvBweªW μ‡m wcZvgvZv †_‡K AvMZ d¨v±i ev wRb¸‡jv wgwkªZ ev cwiewZ©Z bv n‡q cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges cieZ©x‡Z Rbb‡Kvl ev M¨vwgU m„wói mgq ci¯úi †_‡K c„_K n‡q hvq|
aiv hvK,
Bu`y‡ii Kv‡jv is Gi Rb¨ `vqx wRb = B (cÖKU wRb) Bu`y‡ii mv`v is Gi Rb¨ `vqx wRb = b (cÖ”Qbœ wRb)
R r R r
wcZvgvZv : wd‡bvUvBc ♂ Kv‡jv ♀ mv`v wR‡bvUvBc BB bb M¨v‡gU
F1 Rby : wR‡bvUvBc
wd‡bvUvBc me Bu`yi msKi Kv‡jv
F1Rbyi Bu`y‡i μm : wd‡bvUvBc ♂ msKi Kv‡jv + ♀ msKi Kv‡jv wR‡bvUvBc Bb Bb M¨v‡gU
♂ ♀
BB (Kv‡jv) Bb (Kv‡jv) Bb(Kv‡jv) bb (mv`v)
F2 Rby‡Z Bu`y‡ii wd‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ = 3 Kv‡jv : 1 mv`v = 3 : 1 Ges wR‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ = 1 BB : 2 Bb : 1 bb = 1 : 2 : 1
N DÏxc‡K M‡elYvMv‡i Kv‡jv Bu`y‡ii gv‡S μm NwU‡q †`Lv hvq †h, Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i 25% åƒYve¯’vB gviv hvq| Avi GUv nq wj_vj ev NvZK wRb bvgK GK ai‡bi we‡kl wRb Gi Kvi‡Y| GB wR‡bi Dcw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y Bu`y‡ii g‡a¨ μm NUv‡j G‡`i wd‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ 3 : 1 Gi cwie‡Z© 2 : 1 nq|
†hme wRb †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei g„Zz¨ NUvq ev g„Zz¨i KviY nq, Zv‡`i wj_vj wRb e‡j| cÖKU wj_vj wRb †nv‡gvRvBMvm ev †nUv‡ivRvBMvm Dfq Ae¯’v‡ZB Rx‡ei g„Zz¨ NUv‡Z cv‡i wKsev Rx‡ei Avw½K ˆeKj¨ NUv‡Z cv‡i| cÖ”Qbœ wj_vj wRb †Kej †nv‡gvRvBMvm Ae¯’vq Rx‡ei g„Zz¨ NUvq|
awi,
Kv‡jv Bu`y‡ii Rb¨ `vqx cÖKU wRb = AB(wj_vj wRb) mv`v Bu`y‡ii Rb¨ `vqx cÖKU wRb = a
wcZvgvZv : wd‡bvUvBc ♂ Kv‡jv Bu`yi ♀ Kv‡jv Bu`yi wR‡bvUvBc ABa ABa M¨v‡gU
F2Rby :
♂
♀ AB a
AB ABAB (g„Z) ABa (Kv‡jv) a ABa (Kv‡jv) aa (mv`v)
DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K wj_vj wRb hy³ Bu`y‡ii F2 Rbyi wd‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ = 2 Kv‡jv : 1 mv`v = 2 : 1|
L-wefvM: KzBR cÖkœ I DËi
1. Father of Genetics ejv nq Ñ †MÖMi †Rvnvb †g‡Ûj‡K|
2. me©cÖ_g †K Genetics kãwU cÖPjb I e¨envi K‡ib Ñ DBwjqvg †eUmb|
3. eskMwZwe`¨vi RbK †MÖMi †Rvnvb †g‡Ûj Rš§MÖnY K‡ib Ñ Aw÷ªqvq|
4. †g‡Ûj gUi ïuwU Mv‡Qi Kq †Rvov ˆewkó¨ wb‡q M‡elYv K‡ib Ñ 7 †Rvov|
5. †μv‡gv‡Rv‡g wR‡bi wbw`©ó ¯’vb‡K ejv nq Ñ †jvKvm|
6. Bb-avix RxewU Kv‡jv n‡j Zv‡K ejv nq Ñ †nUv‡ivRvBMvm|
7. †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei wR‡bvUvB‡ci cÖK…wZ Rvbvi Rb¨ †h μm NUv‡bv nq, Zv‡K ejv nq Ñ †U÷ μm|
8. †U÷ μ‡m †Kvb Rx‡ei mv‡_ msKivqY ev μm NUv‡bv nq Ñ gvZ…es‡ki weï× cÖ”Qbœ (Tt tt)|
9. g‡bvnvBweªW μ‡mi †ÿ‡Î, †U÷ μ‡m wd‡bvUvBwcK I wR‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ n‡jv Ñ 1 t 1|
10. ‡g‡Û‡ji cÖ_g m~‡Îi wd‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ -3 t 1|
11. Am¤ú~Y© cÖKUZvi Rb¨ `vqx wRb¸‡jv‡K ejv nq Ñ B›UviwgwW‡qU wRb|
12. Am¤ú~Y© cÖKUZvi AbycvZ Ñ 1 t 2 t 1|
13. mgcÖKUZvi AbycvZ Ñ 1 t 2 t 1|
14. `ywU njy` is‡qi Bu`yi μm Kiv n‡j KZ kZvsk Bu`yi åƒYxq Ae¯’vq gviv hvq Ñ 25%|
15. †mwgwj_vj wR‡bi cÖfv‡e KZ kZvs‡ki †ewk Rxe gviv hvq Ñ 50%|
B b
B b
AB a AB a
B b B b
B b
W
B b
we.`ª.-
m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi (CQ) Rb¨ A¨vmvBb‡g‡›Ui cÖkœ, wewfbœ †ev‡W©i cÖkœ I cvV¨ eB‡qi cÖkœ bgybv cÖkœ wn‡m‡e Abykxjb Ki‡Z n‡e|
eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœi (MCQ) Dˇii Rb¨ eB `vwM‡q, A¨vmvBb‡g‡›Ui cÖkœ, cvV¨ eB‡qi cÖkœ I wewfbœ †ev‡W©i cÖkœ co‡Z n‡e |
cÖ‡qvRbxq wPÎ evi evi AuvK‡Z n‡e|
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