REVIEW OF LITEI4ATLi 141
2.14 Genetic Parameters Studies
2.14.3 Genetic advance
Muhammad ci al. (2003) studied genotypic and phenotypic variability.
heritability, genetic advance and correlation studies lbr yield and its components in 24 genotypes of chickpea in lslamabad. Pakistan in 1999-2000.
High heritability with low genetic advance of days to Ilowering. days to maturity and 100-seed weight indicated Ihe influence of dominant and epistatic genes for these traits. 1-ugh heritability of secondary branches and biological yield coupled with high genetic advance revealed that additive gene cfkcts are important in determining these characters.
Parslitirani c/ al. (2003) obsened Iligil genelie ;itivaiice lr •tiiirnbcr (ii per plant. pod weight. number of seeds. seed weight per plant and 100-seed weight.
indicating the greater ciThets of additive genes than the environment.
Nimbalkar (2000) observed highest genetic advance lbr 100-grain weight and lowest for number of days to maturity in chickpea.
Chavan etat (1994) studied 870 genotypeS ol chickpea and recorded genetic advance for pods per plant and seed yield. I u gh genetic advance combined with high heritability lbr pods per plant and seed yield indicated the importance ol addi Live genetic variance.
Rao ci aL (1994) observed high genetic advance br IOU-seed weight and plant height. Seed yield, pods and secondary branches per plant had relatively low
heritability estimates with high genetic advance.
Jahagirdar ci at (1994) estimated high genetic advance for 100-seed weight.
days to 50% flowering. iitiwber of secondary branches per plant and number of
pods per plant.
Joshi (1972) and Ram ci a?. (1978) observed low genetic advance for the trait of days to maturity but Indu (1985) reported high value of genetic advance Ibr
this trait in chickpea.
Chandra (1968) reported high genetic advance for the character of prisary branches per plant in chickpea whereas Joshi (1972) Ibund low genetic advance for the trait. Khorgrade ci al. (1985) observed similar result as obtained by
Chandra (1968) in chickpea.
Chandra (1968). Joshi (1972) and Asa,6ka ci (1/. (1977) carried out ditiercnt
chickpea experimen1s and Ikuijid high genetic advance Lw pods per plant.
Moderate genetic advance was reported by Joshi (1972) for the trail of 100 seed weighi whereas high gencric advance lbr the trait was reported by Raw ci a/. (I 97), Indu (1965) and Khorgradc ci at (1985) in chickpea.
Mandel and Rahi (1983) carried offi a chickpea trial with 4() cultivars and reported low genetic advance 1kw harvest index.
Joshi (1972) reported high genetic advance 11w the chziracwr of yield per plant from his observation oVa chickpea trial comprising 20 varielies of chickpea.
2.15 Correlation studies
DifI1.rent orLers studies relatu)IIsl)ip hetncen yield and yield euntribtilitip characters in chickpea. Some ol lie umilporlani ones arc cued heIm
A field experiment was conducted by Cilici ci at (2004) in Turkey to
determine the relationship between the yield and yield components of* 14 chickpea cultivars using correlation. Positive and significant relationships were found among seed yield and plant height, number of branches, number of pods per plant. hiok)gieal yield, harvest index and number of' seeds per plant.
Negative and non-significant relationship was obsen-ed between seed yield and
Muhammad et at (2004) reported grain yield had a positive and significant correlation with plant height. number of pods per plant. 100-seed weight and biological yield.
1'wenty-six genetically diverse genotypes of chickpea were used by Kumar et at (2003) for analysis of correlation coeflicients for days to initial flowering.
(hIVs to )O''o I1oering. tlas to maturity. jIaiit height. priiimarv branches per
plant. secondary branches per plani, pods per plant. seeds per pod. 100-seed weight. biological yield per plant. harvest index and seed yield per plant. In general, the genotvpic correlation coefficients were found to he higher than their respective phenotypic correlations. Harvest index exhibited the highest significant positive association with seed yield fhllowed by pods per plant.
biological yield per plant and secondary branches per plant.
Correlation studies were carried out by Arun ci at (2000) in IS cultivars ol' chickpea. 5 each derived through intervarietal and interspecific (('leer
arlefinum x C. reticulatu,n) crosses and mutation breeding. Most of the characters under study exhibited strong correlation with biological and grain yield per plant. harvest index, and 100-seed weight both at phenotypie and genotypic levels. The number of seeds per pod. in general. showed poor correlation with other characters. In some populations. yield showed signi Iieant and positive correlation with protein content. Since most ui 11w cotiiponents showed positive association with yield amongst themselves, it ould he easier
Muhammad et at (2003) reported that the grain yield had positive and significant correlation with plant height, pods per plant. 100-seed weight and biological yield of chickpea.
Arora es at (2003) studied with eighty genetically diverse genotypes of chickpea for eighteen traits, including seed yield per plant. The correlation study revealed that primary branches per plant expressed the highest significant positive relationship with seed yield per plant followed by biological yield per plant. pods per plant. #00-seed weight. plant height. canopy spread. seeds per plant, secondary branches per plant and harvest index. Biological yield per plant had the highest positive direct elThct on seed yield per plant followed by harvest index, pods per plant. I 00-sect) weight and seeds per pod.
Pankaj ci at (2003) studied Ibrty-six genetically diverse chickpea genotypes from various parts of the world and observed significant positive correlation among various characters to first podding, days to 50% podding, days to 100%
podding, 100-seed weight primary branches per plant, pods per plant and seeds per pod. Yield per plant showed significantly negative correlation with days to first flower, days to 50% flowering. days to 100% flowering, plant length.
Among other most important positive correlations were observed between pods per plant and primary branches per plant, pods per plant and seeds per pod, primary branches per plant and seeds per pod. pods per plant and days to 100%
podding.
Narayana and Reddy (2002) studied the correlations among 9 characters and their association with seed yield in an experiment conducted on 31 chickpea genotypes There was a significant association between seed yield and harvest index, number of pods per plant and number of' secondary branches per plant, both at genotypie and phenotypic levels.
Jeena and Arora (2002) studied fbrty chickpea genotypes fbr the correlation between yield and yield component traits (plant height, canopY spread. length of' pod-bearing branches. first pod-forming node, number of pods per plant.
100-seed weight, biological yield per plant, and harvest index). Biological yield per plant had the highest significant correlation with seed yield (0.844).
Biological yield per plant, number of pods per plant.
100-seed
weight, and first pod-forming node were the major yield-contributing traits Ihr selection.Kunmr et at (2002) studied some 24 chickpea genotypes lOr the correlation between seed yield and yield components. I larvest index exhibited the highest significant positive correlation with seed yield, Ibliowed by the number of pods per plant. biological yield, and number of secondary branches per plant. Plant height was negatively correlated with seed yield per plant, number of pods per plant, and harvest index. The number of' secondary branches per plant was positively associated with number of pods and biological yield per plant but was negatively correlated with 100-seed weight. 'Ihe number of pods per plant was positively correlated with biological yield per plant and harvest index but
characters were the number of secondary branches and pods per plant, biological yield per plant. and harvest index.
Outer ci all (2001) examined five chickpea lines Ibr relationships between yield and yield components. In the examined characteristics, positive and significant relationships were Ibund between the number of seeds per pod and the number of pods per plant, between the number of seeds per plant and the number of pods per plant and the iuuriibcr ol seeds per pod. Negative and sigiii Iicai it
relationships were tk'lermined between Ike number of pods per plani and IOU seed weight, between the number of seeds per pod and IOU seed weight, between the number of seeds per plant and IOU seed weight.
Singh ci aL (1999) conducted an experiment with 30 diverse populations of chickpea for correlation and path coefficient analysis among different yield contributing traits. The genotypic correlation coefficients were found to be higher in general than their respective phcnotvpie correlations. Number of primary and secondary branches, number of pods per plant and 100-seed weight were the major traits for determining yield. Number of pods per plant and 100-seed weight had maximum direct clThct on yield. I lowever. primary and secondary branches showed indirect effect upon yield through number of pods per plant and, thus. proper emphasis should he given to these during selection.
Yadav and Sharma (I 998) caktilztted yield COl-Telatiofls frr 10 ('jeer ar/etiwn BCJI)lype. Yield wag POsitively c'nrrej;,ft'tl wit Ii l;iy to zlIahIJrjly and number ul' seeds per pod. and negativdy correlated with days to 50% flowering, number of branches per plant and l00-seed weight.
Khorgade et at
(1995) stated seed yield showed positive significant association with biological yield
per plant, pods per plant, hrzmches per plant.
harvest index and 100-seed weight, whereas days to maturity and seeds per pod had signiricani negative association with seed yieldper plant under both conditions.
Shinde and Saraf (1991) studied Chickpeas cv. Pu.sa 256 and 1550 and observed seed yield was positively correlated with plant height, nodule number and weight, leaf area, pod weight and number, seed number and harvest index in both growing seasons and with branch number and 100-seed weight in I season.
Sandhu c/ ci. (1991 ) studied one hundred genetically diverse lines of chickpea
((leer arwnn,,m) Iitiii X cli l'ft'rt'ni eogr;ipli ical areas. seed yield was positively associated with seeds per pod. primaryand secondary branches and pods per plant and these latter 3 traits were correlated among themselves.
Protein contetil produced no signilicant association.,,.
Malik et at (1988) studied on 7 yield components in IS chickpea genotypes and revealed that pods per plant, seeds per pnl and I 00-seed weighi were
positively correlated with yield.
Guler
etat (2001) reported significani and positive relationships between seed yield per plant and seed number and pod number per plant. It was found that seed and biological yield per plant were the most important traits br determining the seed yield per hectare in chickpea.
Gupta
et al.(1972) reported positive relationship between yield and days to flowering but
Govil etat (1980) Ibund negative relationship between these characters in separate chickpea trials comprising 40 eultivars and 92 varieties respectively.
Grain yield having positive relationship with days to maturity was reported by Islam and I3egum (1985) in chickpea.
Grain yield positively correlated with plant height was reported by l3aluch and
Soomro (1968). Bhardwaj and Singh (1972) also reported the same result
obtained from their study with 60 (kw• arieth, uin cultivars. Singli ci at (1977)
conducted a chickpea trial with 75 lines and reported the similar result. Islam
and Reguin (1985) also reported the saulie
hidMislura 1972) bound negative
relationship between the characters in an experiments with chickpea cultivar
13R77.
Positive relationship between grain yield and primary branches per plant was obscrved by Kliaii ( I9lQ) in a situI ilk I '.:euter;iI iou ol crosse,, between pb7 and F8 chickpea cultivars. Singh (1968) and Sliarina et al. (1969) also reported the similar relationship between the characters. Shadhti and Singh (1970 and 1972) obtained positive relationship between the characters in different trails of chickpea conducted with 60 local and introduced cultivars. Gupta (1972).
Mishra (1972), Singh et al. (1978) also observed the same relationship between the characters. Shahi et ci (1984) studied 36 diverse genotypes of Bengal gram and also found the same relationship. Islam and lIegum (1985) also observed the same relationship as observed by the previous investigators.
Positive relationship ol grain yield with pods per plant was observed by Khan (1949). Singh (1968), Baluch and Sooniroo (1968). I3hardwaj and Singh (1972). Joshi (1972). Sandhu and Singh (1970), Mishra (1972). Sandhu and Singh (1974) conducted a Irial with Si C leer arietinuin cultivars and also observed positive correlation between the traits. l.aI et al. (1977) with 10 chickpea cultivars. Singh dat (1968 and 1977). Rail and Jam (1977) with 16 chickpea culti'.ats. kati'ar (1979) with I and j:, of crosses iuivoliuig 15 chickpea parental materials. Ciovil ci (ii. (1980) Islam ci at (1982), Shalii ci al.
(1984) and Islam and Regum (1985) also reported positive correlation between seed yield and pods per plant. Salintath and l3ahl (1984) working with 21 populations reported pods per plant was the only character showing positive correlation with the yield and was similar to the previous findings.
Positive correlation between yield per plant and 100-seed weight was reported by khan (1949). I3hardwaj and Singh (1972). Joshi (1972). Singh ci at (1973).
I al
d ul. (I 976). Singli el of. ( I 977) and I slam el al.( 1994) also observed similar relationship between the traits which were in supports of the previous findings.
Yield per plant having positive relatRnIsllip with harvest index was reported by
:11 of g;f (1976) hiil