CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 Crop yield parameters
4.2.7 Harvest Index (HI%) .1 Effect of irrigation
4.2.7.3 Interaction effect of irrigation and Biochar and Potassium (K) management
The results indicated that the interaction effect of different irrigation levels and varying quantities of biochar and potassium (K) had a significant impact on wheat harvest index (%) (Table 7). The highest straw harvest index (%) was 49.80 that observed from I2B2K2 (two irrigations with K:36 kg ha-1+ Biochar: 5 t ha-1). On the contrary, I0B0K0 (no irrigation with K: control + 5 t ha-1 Biochar had the lowest harvest index (%) 41.01.
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CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
This field experiment was conveyed at the Agronomy research field of Sher-e- Bangla Agricultural University (SAU), Dhaka-1207, during the period of November 27, 2019 to March 21, 2020 to study the enhancement of growth and yield of wheat through biochar and potassium (K) management under different water stress condition. This field location is under the Agro-ecological zone 28 (Madhupur Tract). 16 treatments with three replications, the experiment was set up in a two- factor split-plot design. Irrigation stresses were put in the main plot and the sub- plots were given varied doses of biochar and potassium (K).
The study was conducted with four different degrees of irrigation, as well as four distinct biochar and K management practices. Factor A was different irrigation stresses those were, I0 = Control (without irrigation), I1 = irrigation at crown root initiation stage, I3 = irrigation at crown root initiation stage and flowering stage and, I4 = irrigation at crown root initiation stage, flowering stage and grain filling stage.
Factor B was different Biochar and Potassium(K) managements those were B0K0 = Biochar: 5 t ha-1 and K: Control (no Potassium), B1K1 = Biochar: 5 t ha-1 and K:48 kg ha-1, B2K2 = Biochar: 5 t ha-1 and K:36 kg ha-1, B3K3 = Biochar: Control (no Biochar) and K: 48 kg ha-1. There were 48 unit-plots of 2m2 area each (16 treatments combination with 3 replications). BARI Gom 31 were sown on 27th November 2019 and harvested on 21 March 2020. Data on different growth and yield parameters were recorded and analyzed using Statistix10 software.
To determine wheat growth habit through this study, characteristics such as plant height (cm), no. of tiller/plant, leaf area index (LAI) were measured at different day intervals. And after harvest, yield parameters like ear length (cm), number of
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spikelets/ear, number of grains/ear, grain yield (t ha-1), straw yield (t ha-1), harvest index (%), 1000 grain weight (g) were also measured to evaluate the yield of wheat.
Growth characteristics were significantly varied due to irrigation stresses. Plant height showed highest value recorded 65.97cm, 76.77cm, 80.30cm at 60,80 DAS and at harvest respectively from two irrigations treatment one at crown root initiation and other at flower initiation stage whereas at 20 and 40 DAS highest value recorded from one irrigation treatment at crown root initiation. In every cases lowest values (23.44, 43.64, 63.81, 74.30, 78.10cm at 20, 40, 60, 80 DAS and at harvest respectively) were recorded from control (no irrigation). Plant height showed significant differences due to different doses of biochar and potassium.
Highest plant heights were recorded 26.41cm, 48.38cm, 69.07cm, 79.85cm, 85.02cm from 20, 40, 60, 80 DAS and at harvest respectively; while corresponding lowest height were 21.50cm, 39.93cm, 60.48cm, 70.38cm and 73.12cm. Highest height was recorded from biochar: 5 t ha-1 with K:36 kg ha-1 and lowest height was recorded from B0K0 (Biochar: 5 t ha-1 and K: Control). Interaction effect also shown significant differences. The highest plant height was recorded (27.08 cm) from I2B2K2 and lowest value (20.67 cm) from I0B0K0 treatment.
The highest number of tiller/plant viz. 2.77 was recorded from I2 (two irrigation) at 40 DAS which is statistically similar to I3 (two irrigation). In case of 60, 80 DAS and at harvest the highest number of tiller/plant viz. 4.90, 6.01 and 5.76 were recorded from I3 (three irrigation) which are statistically similar to I2 (two irrigation). And the lowest (2.05, 3.78, 4.63 and 4.40 at 40, 60, 80 DAS and at harvest respectively) number of tiller/plant was recorded from I0 (no irrigation). At 40, 80 DAS and at harvest the number of tiller/plant were the highest at B2K2 (2.83, 5.97, 5.73 respectively). At 60 DAS the highest number of tiller/plant viz. 4.90 was recorded from B1K1. Data recorded from B1K1 and B2K2 were statistically similar.
On the other hand, B0K0 (Biochar: 5 t ha-1 and K: Control) showed the lowest
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number of tiller/plant (2.13, 3.93, 4.88, 4.65 at 40, 60, 80 DAS and at harvest respectively). The highest no. of tiller/plant were showed at 40, 60, 80 DAS and at harvest were 3.47, 5.53, 6.80 and 6.60 respectively from I2B2K2 (two irrigations with K:36 kg ha-1+ Biochar: 5 t ha-1). The lowest (1.87, 3.27, 4.40 and 4.13 at 40, 60, 80 DAS and at harvest respectively) were obtained from I0B0K0.
Leaf area index showed significant variation from different irrigation levels. The highest leaf area index was found from I2 (two irrigation) (29.71, 34.75, 27.33 at 40, 60 and 80 DAS respectively). And lowest leaf area index was recorded 27.04 at 40 DAS from I0 (no irrigation), 32.72 and 25.7 at 60 and 80 DAS respectively from I3
(three irrigation). For different doses of biochar and potassium The highest value was found from B2K2 (K:36 kg ha-1+ Biochar: 5 t ha-1) at 40, 60 and 80 DAS (31.08, 38.47 and 31.45 respectively) while the lowest leaf area index was found from B0K0 (K: control + 5 t ha-1 biochar). At 40 DAS, LAI of B1K1 and B3K3 were statistically similar whereas, at 60 DAS and 80 DAS all treatments were statistically different.
At interaction effect the highest LAI were showed at 40, 60 and 80 DAS were 32.15, 42.41 and 34.23 respectively from I2B2K2 (two irrigations with K:36 kg ha-1+ Biochar: 5 t ha-1). On the contrary, the lowest leaf area indexes were found from I0B0K0 (no irrigation with no K and 5 t ha-1 biochar).
Yield parameters such as length of spike (cm), no. of spikelets/ear, no. of grain/ear, grain yield (t ha-1), straw yield (t ha-1) showed significant differences on different irrigation levels. From different levels of irrigation, the highest length of spike (15.54cm), no. of spikelets/ear (16.55), no. of grain/ear (34.61), grain yield (2.74 t ha-1), straw yield (2.97t ha-1) were recorded from I2 (two irrigation) whereas, the lowest length of spike (12.62 cm), no. of spikelets/ear (13.70), no. of grain/ear (28.69), grain yield (1.72 t ha-1), straw yield (2.26 t ha-1) were obtained from control (no irrigation). On the other hand, the highest length of spike (15.49 cm), no. of spikelets/ear (16.38), no. of grain/ear (34.47), grain yield (2.72t ha-1), straw yield
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(3.00t ha-1) were recorded from B2K2 (K:36 kg ha-1+ Biochar: 5 t ha-1) and lowest length of spike (13.04 cm), no. of spikelets/ear (14.10), no. of grain/ear (29.38), grain yield (1.95 t ha-1), straw yield (2.44 t ha-1) were obtained from B0K0 (K: control + 5 t ha-1 biochar). From interaction effect the highest length of spike (17.01 cm), no. of spikelets/ear (18.13), no. of grain/ear (37.70), grain yield (3.53 t ha-1), straw yield (3.56 t ha-1) were recorded from I2B2K2 (two irrigations with K:36 kg ha-1+ Biochar: 5 t ha-1). And the lowest length of spike (10.14 cm), no. of spikelets/ear (10.80), no. of grain/ear (23.70), grain yield (1.46 t ha-1), straw yield (2.10 t ha-1) were resulted from I0B0K0 (no irrigation with K: control+ 5 t ha-1 Biochar).
At different irrigation levels harvest index (%) (47.80) and 1000 grain wt. (45.17 gm) of wheat were recorded from I2(two irrigation) were highest which were statistically similar to others irrigation treatments where corresponding lowest data was recorded from control (no irrigation). Different biochar and K doses shown highest harvest index (%) (47.09) and 1000 grain wt. (45.09 gm) of wheat from B2K2 (K:36 kg ha-1+ Biochar: 5 t ha-1) and lowest (HI%= 45.07, 1000 grain wt.=42.78 gm) were from B0K0 (K: control + 5 t ha-1 biochar).
From interaction effect the highest harvest index (%) (49.80) and 1000 grain wt.
(46.66 gm) of wheat were recorded from I2B2K2 (two irrigations with K:36 kg ha-1+ Biochar: 5 t ha-1). And the lowest harvest index (%) (41.01) and 1000 grain wt. (40 gm) were resulted from I0B0K0 (no irrigation with K: control+ 5 t ha-1 Biochar).
It can be concluded that wheat cultivation with two irrigations aplication at crown root initiation and flowering stage along with 5 t ha-1 biochar with 36 kg ha-1 potassium (K) would be beneficial for the enhancement of growth and yield of wheat under water stresses as it can conserve moisture. However, in order to obtain a precise conclusion and suggestion, more study on biochar with potassium doses under water stress condition should be conducted across different agro-ecological zones.
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APPENDICES