Demand for Universal Primary Education in Bangladesh
4.5 Measurement of Variables
In my problem the dependent variable is Demand for Universal Primary Education ( ) which is taken to be dichotomous one. It indicates the demand for Universal Primary Education of the respondents. It takes on the value one (Yes=1) with probability (say) if the respondent demands Universal Primary Education and zero (No=0) with probability if the respondent do not Demand Universal Primary Education.
Most of the explanatory variables in our analysis are qualitative. In order to interpret the quantitative independent variable, age of the respondent has been taken into an interval scale, such as age group <30, 30 – 45 and and the corresponding variables are denoted by = Age group
<30, = Age group 30 – 45 and = Age group respectively.
Each of the age group is considered as an indicator variable i.e. the respondent belongs to a particular age group has the value 1 and 0 otherwise.
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The profession is a qualitative variable and we denote these professions by = White color job, = Agricultural/Fisherman, = Businessman and = others. Each of the sub -variables is an indicator variable.
Gender is another qualitative variable of the respondent and denoted by
= Male and = Female. Each of the sub-variables is an indicator variable.
Next, religion is a qualitative variable and various religious groups are denoted by = Muslim and = Hindu and others. Each of the religious groups is considered as an indicator variable.
The level of schooling years of the respondent is taken as qualitative and has been expressed into interval scale and denoted by = Illiterate,
Completed less than 6 years schooling, = Completed between 6 – 10 years schooling and = Completed above 10 years schooling.
Each of the sub-variables is an indicator variable.
The stream of primary education of the respondent is taken as qualitative and we denoted by = Illiterate, = General stream, = Ebtedayee Madrassa stream and = Kindergarten stream are respectively. Each of the sub-variables is an indicator variable.
The marital status of the respondent is denoted by = Married and
= Unmarried & others than married category. Each of the marital status is considered as an indicator variable.
The land holding size of the respondent is taken as quantitative and has been expressed into interval scale and denoted by = Land holding size
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is less than 1 acre, = Land holding size between 1 – 3 acre and = Land holding size above 3 acre respectively. Each of the sub-variables is an indicator variable.
Next, the pattern of resident house of the respondent is qualitative and we denoted these pattern by = Pacca building, = Semi pacca building,
Completely tin shed and = Thesed house. Each of the patterns of residential house of the respondent is considered as an indicator variable.
The monthly family income of the respondent is quantitative and has been expressed into interval scale and denoted by = less than 5000 taka, = between 5000 – 10000 taka, = between 10000 – 20000 taka, = between 20000 – 30000 taka and = above 30000 taka.
Each of the sub-variables is an indicator variable.
The monthly family expenditure of the respondent is quantitative and has been expressed into interval scale and denoted by = less than 5000 taka, = between 5000 – 10000 taka, = between 10000 – 20000 taka, = between 20000 – 30000 taka and = above 30000 taka.
Each of the sub-variables is an indicator variable.
The variable access to the mass media is also a qualitative variable. The media radio, television, mobile, dish antenna and everything is denoted by and do not have access to mass media is denoted by . Each of the sub-variables is an indicator variable.
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The family financial condition of the respondent is another qualitative variable is denoted by = Deficit, = Solvent and = Surplus respectively. Each of the sub-variables is an indicator variable.
The Existence of 6 – 12 years aged children in the family of the respondent is a qualitative variable. Respondent have any children and have no children of age between 6 – 12 years are denoted by and
respectively. Each of the variables is an indicator variable.
The level of schooling pattern of the children is taken as qualitative and expressed by = Respondent have no children, = General stream,
= Ebtedayee Madrassa stream and = Kindergarten stream. Each of the sub-variables is an indicator variable.
Another qualitative variable monthly expenditure for school going children of the respondent is denoted by = have no children, = less than 150 taka, = between 150 – 500 taka, = between 500 – 1000 taka and = above 1000 taka. Respondent monthly expenditure for school going children groups are consider as indicator variable.
Future plan about children of the respondent is taken as qualitative variables and denoted by = Have no children, = White color job, =Agriculture/Fisherman, = Businessman and = Others.
Each of the future plan about children of the respondent is an indicator variable.
The variable Demand for Universal Primary Education is qualitative as well as dichotomous one and it is denoted by .
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The another variable Demand for Alternative Primary Education to Universal Primary Education are existing three types of schooling viz., Government Primary schools or General stream indicated by , Ebtedayee Madrassa stream by and Kindergarten stream by . Each of the sub-variables is indicator variables.
Similarly the variable Social identity is also a qualitative one. The mentioned categories of Social identity are denoted by = Primary school teachers, = Madrassa teachers, = Kindergarten school teachers, = High school teachers, = College teachers, = Social leaders and = Students Guardians respectively. Each of the variables is an indicator variable.
Examination of cross tables indicates that 9 of the covariates are not associated with the demand for Universal Primary Education. Excluding the covariates having no significant association with the Demand for Universal Primary Education, the expression is given by
, , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , ,
].
(Here the values of the variables corresponding to the reference category are considered as “0”)
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Table # 4.25: Fitted Logistic Regression Model
Variables Levels Regression
coefficient
Stander Error
Sig. Odds ratio [Exp( )]
Age in years <30 30 – 45 45+ (r)
-0.510 -0.430 -
0.701 0.465
-
0.467 0.355
-
0.601 0.651
- Basic
education at primary level
Illiterate General Primary Ebtedayee Madrassa
Kindergarten (r)
0.020 -0.685 -0.155
-
1.435 0.895 1.019
-
0.989 0.444 0.879
-
1.020 0.504 0.856
- Marital
Status
Married Unmarried (r)
1.573 -
0.920 -
0.087 -
4.823 - Land holding
size
<1 Acre 1 – 3 Acre 3+ Acre (r)
-0.666 -0.589
-
0.584 0.517
-
0.254 0.254
-
0.514 0.555
- Pattern of
residential house
Pacca Semi Pacca
Tin Shed Thesed (r)
-0.131 -0.677 -0.492
-
0.794 0.761 0.776
-
0.869 0.373 0.526
-
0.877 0.508 0.611
- Monthly
family income in
taka
<5000 5000-10000 10000-20000 20000-30000 30000+ (r)
0.965 -0.411 -0.573 -0.582
-
2.178 1.595 1.357 1.244
-
0.658 0.797 0.673 0.640
-
2.626 0.663 0.564 0.559
- Monthly
family expenditure
in taka
<5000 5000-10000 10000-20000 20000-30000 30000+ (r)
1.261 1.769 1.382 0.689
-
2.160 1.894 1.717 1.615
-
0.559 0.350 0.421 0.670
-
3.530 5.865 3.983 1.991
- Schooling
pattern of the children
No children General Stream Ebtedayee Madrassa
Kindergarten (r)
1.199 1.689 1.185
-
0.545 0.483 0.918
-
0.028 0.000 0.196
-
3.317 5.414 3.271
- Alternative
Demand
General Stream Ebtedayee Madrassa
Kindergarten (r)
2.206 -1.103
0.304 0.615
-
0.000 0.060
9.079 0.332
-
Social Identity
Primary school teachers Madrassa teachers Kindergarten teachers
High school teachers College teachers
Social leaders Students Guardians (r)
0.942 -0.484 -22.947
1.361 0.992 1.043
-
1.137 0.695 10857.017
0.737 0.837 0.593
-
0.407 0.486 0.998 0.065 0.236 0.078
-
2.566 0.616 0.000 3.899 2.698 2.839
- Intercept
-2log likelihood Cox & Snell
Nagelkerke Model
df
-0.246 222.588
0.593 0.808 470.294
30 r = Reference category,
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