পদার্থবিজ্ঞান - দ্বিতীয় পত্ৰ

(1)

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(GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg)

(2)

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GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

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(3)

c`v_©weÁvb

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GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cÖKvk Kvj t GwcÖj, 2017

ISBN 978-984-34-3164-6

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(4)

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ (Course Overview)

†Kv‡m©i bvg : c`v_©weÁvb

(Physics)

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RvZxq Rxe‡bi Dbœq‡b I MwZkxj RvwZ MV‡b wkÿvi weKí †bB| mywkwÿZ Rbkw³ Qvov `ªæZ cwieZ©bkxj we‡k¦i P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejv K‡i ‡`k‡K Dbœqb I mg„w×i w`‡K wb‡q hvIqv Am¤¢e| gva¨wgK wkÿvi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨ nj wkÿv_©xi AšÍwb©wnZ †gav I m¤¢vebvi cwic~Y© weKv‡k mvnvh¨ Kiv I cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii AwR©Z wkÿvi †gŠwjK Ávb I

`ÿZv m¤cÖmvwiZ I mymsnZ Kivi gva¨‡g D”PZi wkÿvi †hvM¨ K‡i †Zvjv| RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ-2010 Gi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿvµ‡g †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK, cÖhyw³MZ DbœwZ, Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM e„w×, mgKvjxb Pvwn`v I cwi‡ekMZ welq¸‡jv we‡ePbvq wb‡q‡Q|

GiB avivevwnKZvq GKwU weÁvbgb¯‹ RvwZ MV‡b Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î weÁv‡bi ¯^Ztù~Z© cÖ‡qv‡Mi w`KwU gv_vq

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gyL¯’ we`¨v wbiærmvwnZ K‡i weÁvb wkÿvq wkÿv_©x‡`i AvMÖnx Kivi Rb¨ c`v_©weÁvb‡K AviI RxebNwbô Ges c`v_©weÁvb Aa¨qb mnRZi I Avb›``vqK Kivi †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|

bZzb GB wkÿvμ‡gi Av‡jv‡K `~iwkÿY c×wZi wkÿv_x©‡`i K_v gv_vq †i‡L gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii ¯^-wkLb cvVmvgMÖx wn‡m‡e c`v_©weÁvb cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU iPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| D³ cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖYq‡b wkÿv_©x‡`i mvg_©¨, cÖeYZv I c~e©

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cÖwZwU BDwb‡Ui ïiæ‡Z f~wgKv, BDwbU m¤úK©xq wb‡`©kbv I BDwbU wefvRb (cvV) †`qv n‡q‡Q| Avevi, cÖwZwU cv‡Vi ïiæ‡Z H cv‡Vi wkLbdj hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z wkÿv_©x wkLbdj Abyhvqx Ávb AwR©Z n‡jv wK bv Zv hvPvB Ki‡Z cv‡i| wkÿv_©xi Kv‡Q cvVwU‡K AvKl©Yxq, Avb›``vqK I mnRZi Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb gvwdK Qwe, PvU©, MÖvd, †Uwej BZ¨vw` ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU cvV Av‡jvPbvi †k‡l H cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Av‡jvP¨ welq mswÿß AvKv‡i (mvims‡ÿc) †`qv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z wkÿv_©x cvVwU cybivq Svwj‡q wb‡Z cv‡i| wkÿv_©xi ¯^-g~j¨vq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖwZwU cv‡Vi †k‡l cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡b eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ-DËi Ges BDwb‡Ui †k‡l m„Rbkxj iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

‡`qv n‡q‡Q| ¯^-wkLb cvVmvgMÖx wn‡m‡e `~iwkÿY wkÿv_x©‡`i cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU Avbw›`Z cvV I cÖZ¨vwkZ `ÿZv AR©b wbwðZ Ki‡e e‡j Avkv Kwi|

(5)

†Kvm©eB AbymiY Kivi wb‡`©kbv

G eBwU `~iwkÿY c×wZi wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨ iwPZ n‡q‡Q| `~iwkÿY c×wZi g~j K_vB nj ¯^wbf©i cvV e¨e¯’vcbv| G c×wZi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x© wbR `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡Ri myweavgZ mg‡q †kLvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ nb| cvVmvgMÖx Dc¯’vcbvi G c×wZ gWz¨jvi c×wZ bv‡g cwiwPZ| GLv‡b cvV¨cy¯ÍK GKmv‡_ cvV¨cy¯ÍK I wkÿ‡Ki f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| G‡Z QvÎQvÎxMY wkÿ‡Ki mivmwi mnvqZv Qvov wb‡RB cov‡kvbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G Kvi‡YB eBwUi welqe¯‘ hZ`~i m¤¢e wb‡R c‡o eySvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i iPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Kvm© eBwUi fveMZ HK¨ iÿv K‡i cv‡Vi welqe¯‘‡K KZ¸‡jv BDwb‡U fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avevi BDwbU¸‡jv‡K KZ¸‡jv cv‡V fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb wb‡RB wb‡Ri cv‡Vi AMÖMwZ g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GRb¨ cv‡Vi †k‡l cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb Ges BDwb‡Ui †k‡l P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb i‡q‡Q| wkÿv_x©iv hv‡Z G eB c‡o AwaKZi mydj jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib †mRb¨ wb‡P wKQy wb‡`©kbv Zz‡j aiv nj t

 BDwb‡Ui wk‡ivbvg I f‚wgKv c‡o m¤¢ve¨ welqe¯‘ Kx n‡Z cv‡i †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv Kiæb|

 cÖ_g cv‡Vi me¸‡jv ÔD‡Ïk¨Õ c‡o G cvV †_‡K Kx Kx wkL‡Z cvi‡eb Zv †R‡b wbb|

 Gici BDwb‡Ui welqe¯‘ fvjfv‡e Aa¨qb Kiæb| welqe¯‘ Aa¨q‡bi ci wkLbdj¸‡jv AwR©Z n‡jv wK bv Zv fvjfv‡e hvPvB Kiæb| hw` wkLbdj AwR©Z bv nq Zvn‡j welqe¯‘ cybivq Aa¨qb Kiæb| †Kv_vI wPÎ _vK‡j wP‡Îi mv‡_ welqe¯‘ wgwj‡q co–b|

 †Kvb BDwb‡Ui welqe¯‘ Aa¨q‡bi mgq †h welq¸‡jv A‡cÿvK…Z KwVb/`y‡e©va¨ g‡b n‡q‡Q Zv wPwýZ K‡i Avcbvi †bvU LvZvq wjwce× Kiæb Ges KwVb welq¸‡jv mgvav‡bi Rb¨ welqe¯‘ cybivq Aa¨qb Kiæb|

 cvV‡k‡l cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡bi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi †`Iqvi †Póv Kiæb| BDwb‡Ui †k‡l †`Iqv DËigvjvi mv‡_

Avcbvi DËi wgwj‡q †`Lyb| me¸‡jv cÖ‡kœi DËi mwVK bv n‡j G cvVwU AveviI fvj K‡i coyb Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi mwVK DËi w`‡Z †Póv Kiæb| Gici P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb As‡ki m„Rbkxj cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi Rvbv Av‡Q wKbv †`Lyb| Rvbv bv _vK‡j mswkøó Ask AveviI coyb|

wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬vm m¤úwK©Z civgk©

 I‡cb ¯‹z‡ji G eBwU QvovI ¯’vbxq ÷vwW †m›Uv‡i Avcbvi Rb¨ cÖwZ gv‡m wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡mi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q|

Avcwb cÖ_‡gB Avcbvi wel‡q KZwU wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬vm cv‡eb Zv Avcbvi ÷vwW †m›Uvi †_‡K †R‡b wbb Ges Avcbvi ÷vwW †m›Uv‡ii cÖwZwU wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m Ask MÖnY Kiæb|

 wUD‡Uvwiqvj mvwf©m‡K Kv‡h©vc‡hvMx Ki‡Z Avcbvi cvV¨cy¯ÍKwUi mKj BDwbU‡K ZZwU As‡k fvM K‡i wbb|

cÖ_g wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m hvIqvi Av‡M Avcbvi fvMK…Z cÖ_g AskwU fvjfv‡e Aa¨vqb Kiæb| Aa¨q‡bi mgq

†h welq¸‡jv A‡cÿvK…Z KwVb/`y‡e©va¨ g‡b n‡q‡Q Zv wPwýZ Kiæb cÖ‡qvR‡b Avcbvi †bvU LvZvq wjwce×

Kiæb | wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m †hvM w`‡q Avcwb eBwU co‡Z wM‡q †h¸‡jv KwVb/`y‡e©va¨ e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb †m mKj welq eyS‡Z wUD‡Uvwiqvj †K‡›`ªi wUDU‡ii (wkÿ‡Ki) mnvqZv wbb|

GKB c×wZ AbymiY K‡i BDwb‡Ui me¸‡jv cvV Aa¨qb †kl Kiæb|

(6)

m~wPcÎ

BDwbU 1 w¯’i Zwor ... 1-58

cvV-1.1 : Avavb: Kzj‡¤^i m~Î ... 1

cvV-1.2 : Zwor †ÿÎ : Zwor †ÿ‡Îi cÖvej¨ I Zwor wefe ... 10

cvV-1.3 : Zwor wØ‡giæ ... 27

cvV-1.4 : aviKZ¡ ... 34

cvV-1.5 : aviK : avi‡Ki mwbœ‡ek I kw³ ... 37

cvV-1.6 : MvD‡mi m~Î ... 45

cvV-1.7 : MvD‡mi m~Î : Gi e¨envi ... 50

BDwbU 2 Pj Zwor ... 59-88 cvV-2.1 : †iv‡ai Dci ZvcgvÎvi cÖfve : Ry‡ji Zvcxq wµqv ... 59

cvV-2.2 : Ry‡ji Zvc Drcv`b m~Î ... 61

cvV-2.3 : Zwor †Kvl : †Kv‡li mwbœ‡ek ... 66

cvV-2.4 : wKk©‡di m~Î : ûBU‡÷vb eªxR bxwZ ... 72

cvV-2.5 : kv›U ... 76

cvV-2.6 : wgUvi eªxR, †cv÷ Awdm e· I †cv‡UbwkIwgUvi ... 79

cvV-2.7 : e¨envwiK : Zv‡ci hvwš¿K mgZv wbY©q ... 84

BDwbU 3 Zwor cÖev‡ni †PŠ¤^K wµqv ... 89-135 cvV-3.1 : Zwor cÖev‡ni d‡j m„ó †PŠ¤^K †ÿÎ : I‡qe‡÷‡Wi cixÿv ... 89

cvV-3.2 : we‡quv-m¨vfuvi m~Î I A¨vw¤úqv‡ii m~Î ... 93

cvV-3.3 : we‡quv-m¨vfuvi m~‡Îi cÖ‡qvM ... 96

cvV-3.4 : †PŠ¤^K †ÿ‡Î MwZkxj Avavb : j‡i›UR ej ... 101

cvV-3.5 : nj cÖfve ... 104

cvV-3.6 : †PŠ¤^K †ÿ‡Î Zworevnx cwievnx I KzÐyjxi Dci ej I UK© ... 108

cvV-3.7 : Kÿc‡_ B‡jKUªb N~Y©‡bi Rb¨ m„ó †PŠ¤^K‡ÿÎ ... 112

cvV-3.8 : M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi: Pj KzÐjx M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi ... 114

cvV-3.9 : A¨vgwgUvi I †fvëwgUvi ... 117

cvV-3.10 : wgUvi weªR e¨envi K‡i †Kv‡bv Zv‡ii Av‡cwÿK †iva wbY©q ... 122

cvV-3.11 : †cv÷ Awdm ev· e¨envi K‡i †iva wbY©q ... 125

cvV-3.12 : †cv‡UbwkIwgUvi e¨envi K‡i `ywU †Kv‡li Zwo”PvjK kw³i Zzjbv ... 129

BDwbU 4 ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K Av‡ek I w`K cwievZx© cÖevn ... 136-158 cvV-4.1 : ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K Av‡ek: Avweó Zwo”PvjK kw³ ... 136

cvV-4.2 : †PŠ¤^K d¬v· ... 138

cvV-4.3 : ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K Av‡ek msµvšÍ m~Îvewj ... 141

cvV-4.4 : ¯^Kxq Av‡ek I cvi¯úwiK Av‡ek ... 144

cvV-4.5 : w`K cwieZx© Zwor cÖevn I Zwo”PvjK kw³ ... 148

cvV-4.6 : w`K cwieZx© Zwo”PvjK ej I Zwor cÖev‡ni Mogvb I eM©g~jxq Mogvb ... 152

BDwbU 5 Pz¤^KZ¡ ... 159-182 cvV-5.1 : Pz¤^K I Pz¤^KZ¡ ... 159

cvV-5.2 : †PŠ¤^K †Wv‡gb ... 163

cvV-5.3 : †PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i †kÖwYwefvM ... 166

cvV-5.4 : wn‡÷‡iwmm †jLwPÎ ... 169

cvV-5.5 : A¯’vqx I ¯’vqx Pz¤^K ... 172

cvV-5.6 : c„w_exi †PŠ¤^KZ¡ ... 174

cvV-5.7 : c„w_exi †PŠ¤^K Dcv`vb ... 176

(7)

BDwbU 6 R¨vwgwZK Av‡jvKweÁvb ... 183-244

cvV-6.1 : Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb I cÖwZmi‡Yi m~Îvewj ... 183

cvV-6.2 : cÖwZmiYv¼ I †mœ‡ji m~‡Îi mvaviY iƒc ... 188

cvV-6.3 : dvg©v‡Ui bxwZ I Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb I cÖwZmiY ... 193

cvV-6.4 : wcÖR‡g Avv‡jvi cÖwZmiY... 198

cvV-6.5 : wcÖR‡g Av‡jvi we”QziY ... 202

cvV-6.6 : †Mvjxq c„‡ô Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY ... 206

cvV-6.7 : †jÝ ... 209

cvV-6.8 : †jÝ ˆZwii mgxKiY ... 214

cvV-6.9 : †j‡Ýi mvaviY mgxKiY : weea©b ... 217

cvV-6.10: †j‡Ýi ÿgZv : †j‡Ýi mwbœ‡ek ... 222

cvV-6.11 : AYyexÿY hš¿ : mij I †hŠwMK AYyexÿY hš¿ ... 225

cvV-6.12 : `~iexÿY hš¿ : cÖwZmviK I cÖwZdjK `~iexÿY hš¿ ... 230

cvV-6.13 : e¨envwiK-5 t `c©Y I DËj †jÝ e¨envi K‡i Zi‡ji cÖwZmiYv¼ wbY©q ... 235

cvV-6.14 : e¨envwiK-2 t †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ I ÿgZv wbY©q... 237

BDwbU 7 †fŠZ Av‡jvKweÁvb ... 245-276 cvV-7.1 : ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K Zi½ ... 245

cvV-7.2 : Zi½ : nvB‡Mbm& Gi bxwZ ... 250

cvV-7.3 : nvB‡Mbm& Gi bxwZi mvnv‡h¨ Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb I cÖwZmiY e¨vL¨v ... 252

cvV-7.4 : Av‡jvi e¨wZPvi : Bqs Gi wØ-wPo cixÿv ... 254

cvV-7.5 : e¨wZPvi †Wvivi cÖ¯’ ... 259

cvV-7.6 : Av‡jvi AceZ©b I mgeZ©b ... 264

BDwbU 8 AvaywbK c`v_©weÁvb ...277-320 cvV-8.1 : cÖm½ KvVv‡gv ... 277

cvV-8.2 : gvB‡Kjmb-†gvi‡j cixÿv ... 279

cvV-8.3 : AvBb÷vB‡bi Av‡cwÿKZv ZË¡ ... 283

cvV-8.4 : M¨vwjwjI iƒcvšÍi ... 285

cvV-8.5 : j‡i›UR iƒcvšÍi ... 287

cvV-8.6 : ˆ`N©¨ I mg‡qi Av‡cwÿKZv : ˆ`N©¨ ms‡KvPb, Kvj `xN©vqb ... 290

cvV-8.8 : Kv‡jv e¯‘i wewKiY : cø¨v¼ Gi ‡Kvqv›Uvg ZË ... 299

cvV-8.9 : Av‡jvK Zwor wµqv ... 304

cvV-9.3 : †ev‡ii cigvYy g‡Wj ... 327

cvV-9.4 : wbDwK¬qv‡mi MVb... 335

cvV-9.5 : †ZRw¯ŒqZv ... 342

cvV-9.6 : wbDwK¬q wewµqv ... 348

cvV-9.7 : wbDwK¬q wdkb I wbDwK¬q wdDkb ... 351

cvV-9.8 : wbDwK¬q wiA¨vKUi ... 353

cvV-10.2 : e¨vÛ ZË¡ ... 360

cvV-10.3 : Avavb evnK : B‡jKUªb I †nv‡ji aviYv ... 364

(8)

cvV-10.5 : Wv‡qvW : pn Rvsk‡bi ‰ewkó¨ †jL ... 370

cvV-10.7 : UªvbwR÷i ... 379

cvV-10.8 : wewfbœ ai‡bi b¤^i c×wZ ... 386

cvV-10.9 : evBbvwi I eywjqvb Acv‡ikb ... 395

cvV-10.10 : jwRK †MBU ... 398

cvV-10.11 : †M‡Ui mgevq ... 401

cvV-11.3 : gnvwe‡k¦i g~j e¯‘ I NUbv ... 421

b¤^i eÈb I bgybv cÖkœ ... 432

(9)

†Kvm©wU Aa¨qb Kivi c~‡e© †Kvm©wU‡Z ch©vqµ‡g †h mg¯Í AvBKb/cÖZxK e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q †m m¤ú‡K© Avcbv‡K cÖ_‡gB cwiwPZ n‡Z n‡e| G‡Z cy‡iv †Kvm© gwWDj Gi †KvbwU wkLbdj, †KvbwU welqe¯‘/g~jcvV, †KvbwU cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb, †KvbwU P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© mn‡RB AewnZ n‡Z cvi‡eb| wb‡¤œ e¨eüZ wewfbœ AvBbKb ev cÖZxK¸‡jv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb DËigvjv mvnvh¨/cÖ‡qvR‡b

c`v_©weÁvb wel‡qi A‡bK¸‡jv AwWI/wfwWI †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv eZ©gv‡b wewUwf/esjv‡`k †eZvi KZ…©K mßv‡ni wbw`©ó w`‡bi wbw`©ó mg‡q cÖPvwiZ n‡q Avm‡Q| wkÿv_x©eÜziv, Avcbviv ÷vwW

†m›Uvi †_‡K †cÖvMÖvg wmwWDj msMÖn K‡i wbw`©ó w`‡bi wbw`©ó mg‡qi cÖPvwiZ †cÖvMÖvgwU †`L‡j DcK…Z n‡eb e‡j Avkv KiwQ| Gmgq c`v_©weÁv‡bi welq¸‡jv †evSvi myweav‡_© eBwU mvg‡b wb‡q emyb Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq welq¸‡jv †bvU Kivi Rb¨ KvMR, Kjg mv‡_ ivLyb| †Kvb welq eyS‡Z Amyweav n‡j cÖ‡qvR‡b Avcbvi wUDU‡ii mnvqZv wbb|

AwWI/wfwWI

e¨envwiK

wkÿv_x©eÜziv, c`v_©weÁvb wel‡qi eënvwi‡Ki Rb¨ 25 b¤î i‡q‡Q| b¤î eÈb cvV¨m~Px/wm‡jev‡mi †k‡l m„Rbkxj cÖkœc‡Îi mvaviY KvVv‡gv As‡k †`Lyb| Avcbv‡ì wm‡jevmf~³ eënvwiK cixÿY¸‡jv Avcbv‡ì Rb¨ wbav©wiZ c`v_©weÁvb eB‡qi wewfbœ Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avcbvi ÷vwW †m›Uv‡ii j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z cixÿY¸‡jv wUDU‡ii mnvqZvq fvjfv‡e iß Kiæb|

evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq, MvRxcyi-1705|

2. DgvkÖx ai

evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq, MvRxcyi-1705|

cÖ‡qvR‡b

(10)

b¤^i e›Ub m„Rbkxj cÖkœc‡Îi mvaviY KvVv‡gv

ZË¡xq-75

(K) m„Rbkxj (KvVv‡gve×) cÖkœ- 40 b¤^i

†gvU 6wU cÖkœ _vK‡e| †h ‡Kv‡bv 4wU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| 410 = 40

G‡Z cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi ïiæ‡Z GKwU `„k¨Kí ev DÏxcK (Stem) _vK‡e hv n‡Z cv‡i GKwU mvaviY m~Pbv e³e¨, PvU©, mgxKiY, wPÎ, MÖvd BZ¨vw`| `„k¨Kí ev DÏxc‡Ki †k‡l 4wU cÖkœ _vK‡e|

cÖkœ 4wUi b¤^i e›Ub n‡e wb¤œiæc:

K. Ávb šÍi- 1 L. Abyaveb ¯Íi- 2 M. cÖ‡qvM `ÿZv ¯Íi- 3 N. D”PZi `ÿZv ¯Íi- 4

cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi GB 4wU As‡ki †gvU b¤^i n‡e 10|

†gvU 35wU cÖkœ _vK‡e| cÖwZwU cÖkœ 01 b¤^i| 3501 = 35

e¨envwiK - 25 b¤^i

`yBwU cixÿY- 62 = 12 e¨vL¨vmn djvdj Dc¯’vcb 2.52 = 05 = 25

†gŠwLK cixÿv- 05

e¨envwiK LvZv- 03

পদার্থবিজ্ঞান - দ্বিতীয় পত্ৰ

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