INCIDENCE OF MAJOR INSECT PEST INFESTATION AND THEIR MANAGEMENT IN SESAME
MD. SHAMSUDDIN ELIAS SHAH Registration No. 06-01919
A Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-B angla Agricultural University. Dhaka,
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN
ENTOMOLOGY
SEMESTER: January-June/2013
Approved by:
(Prof. Dr. Mohammed All) Supervisor
Dept. of Entomology, SAU
(Dr. Gobinda Chandra Biswas) Co-Supervisor
Principal Scientific Officer, BARI
(Dr.Tahmina Akter) Associate professor
Chairman
Examination Committee
Prof. Dr. Mohammed All Department of Entomology Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University
Dhaka, Bangladesh
- - - - - - -
Refi Date:
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled, "iNCIDENCE OFMAJOR INSECT INFESTATION AND THEIR MANAGEMENT IN SESAME" submitted to the Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Entomology, embodies the result of a piece of bona fide research work carried out by Md. Shamsuddin Elias Shah, Registration No. 06-01919 under my supervision and my guidance. No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma.
I further certify that such help or source of information, as has been availed of during the course of this investigation has duly been acknowledged.
Dated
SAU, Dhaka
(Prof. Dr. Mohammed Au)
Supervisor
Department of Entomology
SAU, Dhaka
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, all praises are due to the almighty Allah Rabbul Al-Amin for his gracious kindness and infinite mercy in all the endeavors the author to let him successfully complete the research work and the thesis leading to Master of Science.
The author would like to express his heartfelt gratitude and most sincere appreciations to his Supervisor Prof. Dr. Mohammed All, Department of Entomology, faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, for his valuable guidance, advice, immense help, encouragement and support throughout the study. Likewise grateful appreciation is conveyed to Co- supervisor Dr. Gobinda Chandra Biswas, Principal Scientific Officer, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Istitute, Gazipur, for constant encouragement, cordial suggestions, constructive criticisms and valuable advice to complete the thesis.
The author would like to express his deepest respect and boundless gratitude to all the respected teachers of the Department of Entomology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, for their valuable teaching, sympathetic co- operation, and inspirations throughout the course of this study and research work.
The author wishes to extend his special thanks to Ruhul Amin, Jahirul Islam and Arif Hossain for their help during experimentation. Special thanks to all other friends for their support and encouragement to complete this study.
The author is deeply indebted to his father and grateful to his respectful mother, sisters and other relatives for their moral support, encouragement and love with cordial understanding. Finally the author appreciates the assistance rendered by the staffs of the Department of Entomology and Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Farm, Dhaka, who have helped him during the period of study.
The author
INCIDENCE OF MAJOR INSECT INFESTATION AND THEIR MANAGEMENT IN SESAME
Library
Abstract
The experiment studied on the major insect pest infestation and their management in sesame during March to June 2012 . The experiment comprised of seven treatments with different chemical insecticides, botanicals with mechanical control including a untreated control; viz. T1 (Hand picking), T2 (Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50g+2g Detergent/L), T3(Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) @50gm/L), T4(Perfeckthion 40EC@2m1/L), Ts(Diazinon 60 EC@2m1/L), T6(Ripcord 1OEC@lml/L), T7(Control treatment). Hawk moth and hairy caterpillar were observed as the major pest of sesame.
The treatment T3; Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) @50gm/L gave the maximum control of hawk moth and hairy caterpillar which were highest percent of reduction over control. The maximum number of leaves, number of silliqua per plant, yield per plot were found from the same treatment Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50gm/L. T3 showed the highest yield (1.54 t ha') while the lowest yield (1.15 t had ) was found from control treatment. The results indicate that the Hand picking+
Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50gm/L showed the best performance to manage the major pests of sesame as well on the growth and yield as compared to other treatments applied.
CONTENTS
Chapter Title - Page No.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT
LIST OF CONTENTS in
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF APPENDICES vii
LIST OF ACRONYMS viii
INTRODUCTION 1-3
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-10
2.1 Effect of Iii Hawk Moth on sesame 4
2.2 Effect of Hairy Caterpillar 8
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 11-16
3.1 Description of the experimental site 11
3.1.1 Site and soil 11
3.1.2 Climate and weather 11
3.2 Plant materials 12
3.3 Treatments under investigation 12
3.4 Experimental design and layout 12
3.5 Land preparation 13
3.6 Fertilizer application 13
3.7 Sowing of seeds 13
3.8 Germination of seeds 13
3.9 Intercultural operations 14
3.9.1 Weed control 14
3.9.2 Thinning 14
3.9.3 Irrigation and drainage 14
3.9.4 Insect and pest control 14
3.10 Recording of characters 15
3.10.1 Number of major pests and reduction percentage 15
3.10.2 Plant height 15
3.10.3 Number of branch planf' 15
3.10.4 Number of leaves planf1 16
3.10.5 Pod length (cm) 16
3.10.6 Number of silliqua per plant 16
3.10.7 Yield 16
3.11 Data analysis 16
Chapter Title Page No.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 17-31
Incidence of till hawk moth and reduction percentage on
4.1 17
sesame
Incidence of hairy caterpillar and reduction percentage on
4.2 19
sesame
Effect of chemicals and mechanical control on growth of
4.3 22
sesame
4.3.1 Plant height 22
4.3.2 Number of leaves per plant 24
4.3.3 Number of branch per plant 26
Effect of chemicals and combination of botanicals with
4.4 28
mechnical control on yield of sesame
4.4.1 Number of silliqua per plant 28
4.4.2 Yield per plot 28
4.4.3 Yield 30
5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 32-34
REFERENCES 35-37
APPENDICES 3 8-40
LIST OF TABLES
Number Title Page No.
Effect of different treatment the incidence and
01 reduction of hawkmoth on sesame 18
Effect of different treatments the incidence and
02 reduction of hairy caterpillar on sesame 20 Effect on different management practices on the
03 plant height during management of sesame pest 23 Effect on different management practices on the
04 number of leaf per plant during management of 25 sesame insects
Effect on different management practices on the
05 number of branch per plant during management of 27 sesame insects
Effect of chemicals and mechanical to manage the
06 insects and its impact on yield characteristics of 29 sesame
LIST OF FIGURES
Number Title Page No.
01 Effect of different treatments on the seed yield of sesame 3
LiST OF APPENDICES
Appendices Title Page No.
Experimental location on the map of Agro ecological 38 Zones of Bangladesh
Soil characteristics of experimental farm of Sher-e- Bangla Agricultural University are analyzed by soil Resources Development Institute (SRDI), Farmgate, 39 Dhaka.
Monthly air temperature, Rainfall and Relative
III humidity of the experimental site during the study 40 period (October, 2010 to April, 2011)
VII
LIST OF ACRONYMS AEZ Agro-Ecological Zone
BARI Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
ppm Parts per million et al. And others
N Nitrogen
TSP Triple Super Phosphate MP Muriate of Potash
RCBD Randomized complete block design DAS Days after sowing
ha 1 Per hectare
G gram (s)
Kg Kilogram
tg Micro gram
SAU Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University SRDI Soil Resources and Development Institute
No. Number
Wt. Weight
LSD Least Significant Difference
°
C Degree Celsiusmm Millimeter
Max Maximum
Min Minimum
% Percent
cv. Cultivar
NPK Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium CV% Percentage of coefficient of variance
Hr Hour
T Ton
viz. Videlicet (namely)
Chapter I
Introduction
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Sesame (Sesainurn indicuin L) locally known as Till" belongs to the family
"Pedaliaceae" is one of the most important summer oil crops in Bangladesh. Sesame is the third largest source of edible oilseed crop after mustard and rapeseed in Bangladesh. Among the various cardinal factors responsible for low yield of sesame damage, insect pests infestation is the major one. A large number of insect pests species damage to the sesame crop in field condition. In Bangladesh 31 insect pests identified for damaging sesame, leaf insect pests' viz., leaf roller/capsule borer, Anligasira calalaunalis Dup.; jassid, Orosius albicinctus Dist.; whitefly, Bern isia lahaci Genn. and mind bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis are considered to be key pests of regular occurrence (Ahirwar et al., 2009). World production of sesame seed gradually increased from 1.5 million t/year in the 1960s to 3.2 million t/year (from 2.7 million ha) in 2005, due to an increasing demand for sesame oil worldwide. Over this period, annual international trade in sesame seed increased from 150,000 ton to 800,000 ton, although it has been replaced for several purposes by other more easily and cheaply produced oilseeds Sesame seed, paste and oil are utilized in a wide range of edible products. Crude sesame oil pressed from the seed can be used directly as cooking oil, while refined oil is used as a salad oil or wherever an edible oil of good keeping quality is needed. Sesame seeds are used in various food preparations, raw or roasted. Throughout the Arab world the seed is crushed into a tasty paste called 'tahini'. The mixture of seeds with sugar and flour is called 'halva'. Toasted seeds are consumed in soups or, mixed with caramelized sugar can be shaped into candies.
Seeds are often sprinkled on breeds cakes, rolls and cookies before baking. Oil is used
in the manufacture of margarine and compound cooking fats. As salad oil it is often combined with other edible oils. In India the oil is used as a component of vegetable
ghee and for anointing hair and skin. It is further used as a carrier for medicines and perfumes and as a synergist for pyrethrin-based insecticides. Poor grades are used in the production of soaps, paints, lubricants and lamp-oil. Sesame cake is an excellent livestock feed and a raw material for several foodstuffs. Young leaves are used as a soup vegetable in sub-Saharan Africa. In southern Africa the leaves are smoked as a substitute for tobacco. The ash of the stem is a substitute for salt, and is viewed as a good source of minerals. Dry stalks are used fuel and as construction material, for building shelters. Various plant parts are used native medicine against variety of ailments in Africa and Asia. Mucilaginous substances in leaves or leaf sap are used to treat fever as a remedy for cough and sore eyes and to kill head lice; the sap is taken to facilitate childbirth, to treat dysentery and gonorrhoea and is used in dressings after circumcision. In eastern and southern Africa the leaves of sesame play a role in the treatment of snakebites and malaria and against cancers in India and China. Sesame seeds are valued for their laxative effect.
The sporadic and minor pests of sesame are til hawk moth, Acheronlia styx Westw bud fly, Dasineura sesami Grover & Prasad etc. The incidence of these pests is very much variable perhaps due to fluctuation in the weather conditions.
Among the different insect pests attacking sesame, hairy caterpillar Spilarctia obliqua (Walk.) is the major and serious pest in Bangladesh (Begum 1995, Das, 1998, Biswas el al., 2002). This lepidopterous caterpillars are voracious feeders and considered as pests of many crops; such as fibre crops, pulses, vegetables etc. The pest is also distributed in India, Pakistan, Sri-Lanka and Eastern Asia (Ahmad and Kumar, 1993; Atwal and Dhaliwal, 1997). The pale buff coloured adult moth lays
2
eggs in clusters on the lower surface of leaves. After hatching. the I st and 2nd instar larvae damage the sesame leaves and tender part of the stem voraciously leaving the bare stem which inhibit the growth of plants. Later on 3rd and onward instar larvae disperse and move from one plant to another and feed on the older leaves, shoots, sterns, flowers and pods causing enormous losses resulting significant reduction in yield (Hussain and Begum, 1995). So far, the study of incidence, nature and extent of damage and suitable management technique of S. obliqua in sesame crop are of great importance (Pandey et al., 1991). But in Bangladesh, information on different aspects of S. obliqua in sesame crop and its management are very scanty.
Considering the facts as stated above, the present investigation was undertaken with the following objectives:
To record the incidence and severity of pest.
To find out the most effective management technique for managing the pest.
thrrv
I,
r
Chapter ii
Review of literature
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Bioecology of Til Hawk moth, acherontia styx
Biology
Acheronlia slyx is a Sphingid moth found in Asia, one of the three species of Death's- head Hawkmoth, also known as the Bee Robber. It is very fond of honey and bee keepers have reported to have found dead moths in their hives as a result of bee stings. They can mimic the scent of bees so that they can enter a hive unharmed to get honey. Their tongue, which is stout and very strong, enables them to pierce the wax cells of the beehive and suck the honey out. They are also known to be a pest of yuzu (Cilrus junos) in South Korea, using their tongue to pierce and damage the fruit. This species is similar to the European A. atropos but differs in having two medial bands on the underside of the forewing, instead of one, and usually no dark bands across the ventral surface of the abdomen. The skull-like marking is darker and there is a faint blue tornal dot enclosed by a black submarginal band on the hindwing upperside. The forewing discal spot (stigma) is orange; in A. atropos it is usually white.
Development
Eggs are laid primarily on Bignoniaceae, Fabaceae, Oleaceae, Pedaliaceae, Solanaceae and Verbenaceae. In India, the larvae sometimes occur in such numbers as to cause serious damage to crops, such as Sesarnum indicum. Mature larvae can attain 120mm, and come in green, yellow, or brown color forms. Larvae closely resemble those of A. airopos except that the dark blue dorsal speckling is more pronounced on
the anterior half of each abdominal segment. and the tail horn is less curved and lacks a reflexed tip. Pupation occurs in an underground chamber, excavated less than 10 cm below the surface of the soil.
Distribution
A. slyx nwdusa occurs throughout eastern continental Asia, from northeastern China (to where it is a migrant) and Japan, south through eastern China and Vietnam to Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand.This pest is also found throughout the islands of Malay Archipelago. A. styx occurs from north-central and western China westward across northern Thailand, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Iran to Saudi Arabia and Iraq.
Development
Arni, Clerodendrurn phiornidis L. was recorded as a new alternate host to hawk moth, Acherontia styx Westwood (Sphingidae: Lepidoptera) for the first time. Hence, the biology of hawk moth, A. styx was also studied on C. phiomidis for the first time under laboratory conditions at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India during kharif 2010. The adult moths laid small bright bluish coloured eggs individually on the plant. The incubation period lasted for 6.0±0.67 days. The larva passed through five instars occupying total larval period of 19.8±1.23 days. The pre-pupal and pupal periods were 6.5±0.85 and 20.3±2.99 days, respectively. Average fecundity was 140.5±15.64 eggs/female. Total life cycle was completed in 52.6±3.75 days. The longevity of the female and male moths was 13.10±0.88 and 9.60±0.70 days, respectively (Kanaburgi et al. 2012).
The bioecology of til hawk moth, Acherontia styx Westwood was studied on Sesamurn indicuni (Linn.) variety TKG-22 under field and lab. condition during 2004-
5
06. The eggs were globular in shape. yellow in colour with 0.70-0.95 mm in size. The incubation period of the eggs was 2-4 days with the neonate period of 1 0-1 5 minutes.
There were five larval instars and length of the completely developed larva was 68-79 mm with larval period of 20-2 1 days. The maximum larvae were obtained during late August to September. The pre-pupal and pupal periods were 3-4 and 14-23 days respectively, with pupae conical in shape. The mating was always at morning (0.07- 0.10 minutes) followed by oviposition (24 to 36 hours) with fecundity of 5-8. Life span of the adult was 3-5 days, total life cycle was completed in 39-52 days. Mean adult emergence (%), sex ratio and growth index were 95 to 100%, 1:1 and 2.64 to 2.27 respectively. There are only three generations in a year. The plants were infested to the extent of 31.6% by this insect. Maximum damage is caused during September- October (Ahirwar and Gupta, 2010).
Pests and diseases attacking oilseed crops are generally controlled by synthetic pesticides. As an effective, economical and eco-friendly alternative to these chemicals, plant products in the form of crude materials (water/solvent extract, oil, cake) and formulations (commercial pesticides) prepared from indigenous plants have been recommended for plant protection. A product may act as an antifeedant, repellent, oviposition deterrent, growth regulator or as a contact pesticide for the life stages of insects. The inhibition of spore germination and the growth of pathogens constitute an important mode of action against disease infection. Improvements in the quality of seed, production of chemical-free oil and an increase in crop productivity are possible benefits to farmers. In India, 33 plants have been exploited to extract bioactive components whose bioefficacy against pests and diseases of oilseed crops is equal to or greater than that of chemicals. Extension activities and government
support for the use of botanicals in plant protection would benefit farmers and consumers. and would also encourage international trade (Gahukar. 2008).
The sphingid. Acheronlia slvx Westwood has assumed a major pest status on Sesame in North Karnataka. The investigations were conducted on biology, seasonal incidence and management of A.sfyv Westw. on sesame during 20 10-11. It was interesting to record that, during off season (Nov-Feb) the pest survived on weed host, Clerodendruni phiomidis completing one generation. A. styx is being recorded for the first time on C. phloniidis.
The development of egg, larva, pre-pupa and pupal periods occupied 6.0+0.91, 19.55±0.23, 5.70±0.69 and 19.70±1.65 days on S. indicuni and 6,0±0.67. 19.80±1.23, 6.50±0.85 and 20.3±2.99 days on C. phiornidis. In the first fortnight of July, the initial population of sphingid was low with an average of 4.0 larvae per 10 plants with 30%
defoliation of S. indicurn. The peak population was in August with 5.33 and 5.66 larvae per 10 plants with 38 and 42 per cent defoliation during first and second fortnight, respectively. Among the different chemical insecticides, fiubendiamide 480 SC wassuperior to rest of the chemicals followed by spinosad 48 SL, emamectin benzoate 5 SG, deltamethrin 2.8 EC and indoxacarb 14.5 SC. Among the ovicides, methomyl was effective. The neem based insecticides, nimbicidine was effective followed by NSKE 5%. Use of Trichogramma chilonis in three different doses Viz., Tchilonis @75000, 150000 and 225000 revealed effectiveness of T chilonis 1,50,000/ha with egg parasitization of 72%. Maximum grain yield was obtained with flubendiarnide 480 Sc (5.92 q/ha). Among neem based insecticides, nimbicidine recorded higher grain yield (2.91 q/ha), while NSKE 5% had minimum (2.48 q/ha).
Grain yield of 3.97 q/ha was obtained with T. chilonis @ 1,50,000/ha. Benefit:Cost ratio of different chemicals revealed higher B:C ratio (3.62) with flubendiamide 480
VA
SC compared to other chemicals. NSKE 5% treatment recorded only B:C ratio of 2.00 (Kanahurgi. 2011).
Compared to most other sphingids with a much longer and more slender proboscis for the extraction of dilute nectar from flowers, the probosces of death's head hawkrnoths are relatively shorter and more robust, which better acilitates their consumption of viscous honey from within honey bee colonies (Kitching, 2002, 2003). Hence, these moths are considered to be kleptoparasites of honey bees (Kitching, 2006).
In Borneo, Acheroniia lachesis has been documented to visit colonies of giant honey bees (Apis dorsala), with an individual hawkmoth observed to spend about ten minutes within a colony and emerging unscathed thereafter Koeniger ci al., 2010). In this aspect of its biology, Acheroniia lachesis appears to be host-specific, as are the other two species of Acherontia, with Acherontia slyx associated with Apis cerana and Apis koschevnikovi, and Acherontia airopos associated with Apis mellifera (Koeniger ci al., 2010).
2.2 Bioecology of Hairy Caterpillar, Spilarctia obliqua
Biswas (2006) were studied in the field and laboratory of the Oilseed Research Centre, BARI, Gazipur, during March to July, 2000 and 2001, respectively. The pest appeared in the sesame crop in the fourth week of April at the flowering stage at 45- 55 Days After Sowing (DAS) and remained up to third week of June at the pod maturity stage at 90-95 DAS. The peak populations of S. obliqua (4.00 - 4.50 larvae per plant) and their severe infestation (100% plant) were recorded in the fourth week of May, at the pod filling stage at 60-70 DAS of the crop. The yield reduction of sesame caused by S. obliqua in the treatments 1 spray, 2 sprays, 3 sprays, and 4 spray frequencies with Diazinon 60 EC @ 2 ml/litre were calculated 25.00, 30.86, 35.24
and 37.23 percent. respectively. One spray of Diazinon 60 EC applied at the pod formation stage at 50-55 DAS gave the highest benefit cost ratio (4.20).
Among the different insect pests attacking sesame, hairy caterpillar Spilarctia ohliqua (Walk.) is the major and serious pest of sesame in this country (Begum 1995, Das, 1998, Biswas et ai., 2002). It is a polyphagous pest having a very wide range of host plants including oilseed crops, fibre crops, pulses, vegetables and some medicinal plants. The pest is also distributed in India, Pakistan, Sri-Lanka and Eastern Asia (Ahmad and Kumar, 1993; Atwal and Dhaliwal, 1997). The pale buff coloured adult moth lays eggs in clusters on the lower surface of leaves. On hatching I st and 2nd instar larvae of S. obliqua damage the sesame leaves and feed apex of shoots veraciously leaving the bare stem which inhibit the growth of plants. Later on 3 and onward instar larvae disperse and move from one plant to another and feed on the older leaves, shoots, stems, flowers and pods causing serious damages and resulting significant reduction in yield (Hussain and Begum, 1995).
The castor hairy caterpillar, Euproctis lunata Walk. in Bangladesh has six larval instars that averaged 33 + 007, 35 ± 008, 37 ± 011, 47 ± 012 and 50 ± 0i5 days respectively; 204 + 65 eggs were laid per female; 972 ± 037 eggs hatched.
Male and female moths lived 400 ± 016 and 445 ± 013 days, respectively. Most larvae were found in September and October with castor the most preferred host. The fifth- and sixth-instar larvae consumed more leaves than did those of the first four instars. When larvae were released on plots there were subsequently fewer late-instar larvae where most had been released. Yields were significantly reduced if there were two or more larvae per plant (Islam el at. 1988).
Efficacy of microbial pesticides on tested pests: relative efficacy of all ten tested B.
rhuringiensis subsp. and strains, irrespective of stage of the insect reveal that Bik HD-73, Bi
60,
so/to and Bi aizui'ai were highly effective and registered 75.83%. 74.72% and 73.05% larval mortality, respectively. Bi N IC!, Bik HD-I • Bi il/uringiensis and Dipel formed the next effective group of test pathogens and were at par with the above mentioned group of B.
ihuringiensis as they registered more than 65.00% mortality. Rest of the subsp. and strains viz., Bi entoniocidus, Bi galleriae and Bik path- I were less effective as they registered comparatively low mortality i.e. less than 65.00%. In the present study B/k HD-73 was found superior over all others tested B. thuringiensi.s' subsp. and strains by registering 75.83% mean larval mortality however, B/k path-I was noticed least effective against all the tested instars of S. obliqua by registering 60.22% mean larval mortality.
Among the six larval stages, males and females, the first instar larvae, in comparison to second instar were found to be more susceptible to all the tested B. ihuringiensis subsp. and strains except Dipel and B/k path-i which caused low mortality. The second instar larvae, in comparison to third instar were found to be more susceptible except Bik HD-73 which registered equal mortality in both the instars. The third instar larvae, in comparison to fourth instar, fifth instar and sixth instar larvae exhibited greater mortality to all the tested B. thuringiensis subsp. and strains. Critical growth phase, responsible for changes in the susceptibility of the insect was noticed between hatch and third instar. Once this stage is over, little difference occurs between treated and control larvae of S. obliqua (Aslam Khan. 2009).
Spilarctia obliqua nucleopolyhedrosis virus (SoNPV) has been found effective against S. obliqua (Walker) as well as Porthesia xanthorrhoea Kollar. LC50 concentration of S. obliqua SoNPV against S. obliqua and P. xanthorrhoea was 2.5 x 10(4) and 3.7 x 10(4) POBs/ml, respectively. LT50 of SoNPV against S. obliqua was 5.73 days, while it was 6.98 days for P. xanthorrhoea. Cross infectivity of SoNPV against P.
xanthorrhoea and ease of its mass production may make it an ideal biopesticide
Chapte r i I i
__ __ Materials and Methods
CHAPTER III
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted at the experimental field of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU), Dhaka from March to June, 2012 to study on the insect infestation and their management of sesame. Materials used and methodologies followed in the present investigations have been described in this chapter.
3.1 Description of the experimental site 3.1.1 Site and soil
Geographically the experimental field was located at 230 77 latitude and 900 33 E longitudes at an altitude of 9 m above the mean sea level. The soil belonged to the Agro-ecological Zone Modhupur Tract (AEZ 28) (Appendix-I). The land topography was medium high and soil texture was silt clay with pH 8.0. The morphological, physical and chemical characteristics of the experimental soil have been presented in
Appendix-TI. '
rry
3.1.2 Climate and weather 'N
The climate of the locality is subtropical which is characterized by high temperature and heavy rainfall during Kharif season (April-September) and scanty rainfall during Rabi season (October-March) associated with moderately low temperature. The prevailing weather conditions during the study period have been presented in Appendix-IT.
3.2 Plant materials
The experiment was carried out with sesame variety "BARI til-4". Seeds of shohag were collected from Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur.
3.3 Treatments under investigation
There were single factor in the experiment application with different mechanical and chemical control as mentioned below:
T1 -Hand picking
T2- Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50g/L+2gm Detergent (Surfexcel)/L of water T3-Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50gm/L of water
T4-Perfeckthion 40EC@2m1/L of water
T5-Diazinon 60 EC@2m1/L of water T6-Ripcord 1 OEC@ 1 ml/L of water T7-Control(Untreated control treatment)
3.4 Experimental design and layout
The experiment was laid out in a one factor randomized complete block design (RCBD) having three replications. Each replication had 7 unit plots to which the treatment combinations were assigned randomly. The unit plot size was 5 m2 (2.5m x2m). The blocks and unit plots were separated by 1.0 m and 0.50 m spacing respectively.
12
3.5 Land preparation
The experimental land was opened with a power tiller on 14tui March, 2012. Ploughing and cross ploughing were done with country plough followed by laddering. Land preparation was completed on 291h March, 2013 and was ready for sowing seeds.
3.6 Fertilizer application
Cowdung was applied at the rate of 10 t ha1 during land preparatin. Other fertilizers were applied as basal dose at final land preparation where N, K2O, P20 Zn and S were applied @ 100 kg ha1, 30 kg ha', 45 kg ha1, 1.8 kg ha 1 and 20 kg ha' respectively in all plots (Mondal and Wahhab, 2001). All fertilizers were applied by broadcasting and mixed thoroughly with soil.
3.7 Sowing of seeds
Seeds were sown at the rate of 5 kg ha' in the furrow and the furrows were covered with the soils soon after seeding. The line to line (furrow to furrow) distance was maintained treatment arrangements with continuous sowing of seeds in the line.
3.8 Germination of seeds
Seed germination occurred from 3rd day of sowing. On the 4th day the percentage of germination was more than 85% and on the 5th day nearly all baby plants (seedlings) came out of the soil.
3.9 Intercultural operations 3.9.1 Weed control
Weeding was done once in all the unit plots with care so as to maintain a uniform plant population as per treatment in each plot at 15 DAS.
3.9.2 Thinning
Thinning was done at 20 and 35 DAS. Plant to plant distance was maintained at 10 cm.
3.9.3 Irrigation and drainage
Irrigation was done as needed. During experimental period, there was heavy rainfall for several times. So the drainage of the excess water from the field was done.
3.9.4 Insect and pest control
Saraphousplus, Diazinon, Cypermethrin and NSE+2gm Detergent, were sprayed in assigned plots and dosages by using Knapsak sprayer. The spraying was always done in the afternoon to avoid bright sunlight. The spray materials were applied uniformly to obtain complete coverage of whole plant of the assigned plots. Caution was taken to avoid any drift of the spray mixture to the adjacent plots at the time of the spray application. At each spray application the spray mixture was freshly prepared.
Handpicking was done in the morning 7.00 to 10.00 am because maximum number of larvae was present during that period.
14
3.10 Recording of characters
3.10.1 Number of major pests and reduction percentage
Numbers of major insect pests (Hawk moth, hairy caterpillar) were recorded. All plants per plot were collected for recording the data. Data on number of insects were recorded one time. Reduction percentage was also recorded on the basis of control treated plant where the maximum number of major pests were attacked. The following formula were used for taking the reduction percentage
A1-A2 Population infestation % Reduction over control = x 100
Al
A1 Mean population on infestation in untreated plot A2= Mean population on infestation in infested plot 3.10.2 Plant height
Plant height was measured during harvest and their average data was recorded per replication. Plant hight also recorded 10 randomly selected plants located at the inner rows of each plot. Plant height was measured from the ground surface to the top of the main shoot which were expressed in cm.
3.10.3 Number of branch plant-]
The data on number of branch per plant was recorded from 10 randomly selected plants of inner rows of each plot.
3.10.4 Number of leaves planf'
The data of leaf number per plant was also recorded from the randomly selected ten plants of inner rows of each plot.
3.10.5 Pod length (cm)
Pod length was measured in centimeter (cm) from randomly selected ten pods. Mean value of them was recorded as treatment wise.
3.10.6 Number of silliqua per plant
Number of silliqua per plant was recorded after harvesting the crop from ten pre- selected plants. The silliqua per plant was calculated from their mean values.
3.10.7 Yield
Seed yield was recorded from per plot. After harvesting the plant was sun-dried and threshed by handstick. Seeds were properly sun-dried and weighted. Seed yield was then converted to t ha'.
3.11 Data analysis
The collected data were compiled and analyzed statistically using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the help of a computer package program MSTAT-C and the mean differences were adjusted by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) test (Gomez & Gomez, 1986).
Ef1
Chapter IV
Results and Discussion
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The experimental results were studied on insect infestation and their management of sesame under different chemical and mechanical control.
Beside different crop characters, yields and yield contributing characters have also been studied and discussed in this chapter with some tables and figure as follows:
4.1 Incidence of till hawk moth and yield performance on sesame
Incidence of hawk moth and their reduction percentage on sesame showed significant differences which is presented in Table 1. Different chemicals were used to suppress the incidence of hawk moth and to test the effectiveness of their control whereas the maximum incidence of hawk moth (8.67/plot) was found under the untreated treatment (control treatment) on sesame. Among the treatments, T3 (Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50gmIL) gave the maximum control of hawk moth (3.00/plot) and it was highest percent of reduction over control (65.3 9%). While compare to other treatments, use of T2 (NSE+2gm Detergent) showed less effectiveness to suppress the hawk moth (6.67) which was highest percent of reduction over control (23.08%).
17
Table 1: Effect of different treatments on the incidence and reduction of sesame hawk moth
Treatments
Number of hawkmoth
per plot
%
Reduction over controlT 5.33 c 38.47
12 6.67 b 23.08
T3 3.00 e 65.39
T4 4.33 d 50.01
T5 5.33 c 38.47
T6 4.00 d 53.85
17 8.67 a 0.00
LSD 0.05 0.84
CV% 8.84
In a column, means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical at 5% level of significance.
T1 -Hand picking
T2- Neem Seed Extract (NSE) @SOg/L+ Detergent (Surfexcel) @2g/L of water T3-Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) @50g/L of water
T4-Perfeckthion 40EC@2m1/L of water T5-Diazinon 60 EC@2m1/L of water T6-Ripcord 1OEC@lml/L of water T7-Control
The three chemical insecticides i.e perfecthion. Diazinon. and Ripcord treated plots showed moderate number of hawkmoth as 4.33. 5.33 and 4.00, respectively. From the above results investigation, it was interesting that the Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50gm/L treated plots were more effective to reduce the hawk moth as well as maximum percent of reduction over control, which might ensure the greater yield. There are no set thresholds for hawk moth in sesarnes. Severe infestations most likely reduce sesame vigour and yield.
4.2 Incidence of hairy caterpillar and yield performance on sesame
Hairy caterpillars significantly affected on sesame which results are present in Table 2. Incidence of hairy caterpillar and their reduction percentage on sesame showed significant difference. Different insecticides were used to suppress the incidence of hairy caterpillar and also tested their effectiveness. The highest incidence of hairy caterpillar (7.33) was found in the untreated treatment (17) on sesame.
19
Table 2: Effect of different treatments on the incidence and reduction of sesame hairy caterpillar
Treatments
Number of hairy
caterpillar
%
Reduction over controlT1 5.67 b 22.72
T2 3.33 d 54.55
T3 3.00 d 59.09
14 4.33 bed 40.91
T5 5.00bc 31.82
T6 4.00cd 45.45
T7 7.33 a 0.00
LSD 0.05 1.32
CV% 15.86
In a column, means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical at 5% level of significance.
T1 -Hand picking
T2- Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50g/L+ Detergent (Surfexce1)2g/L of water T3-Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) @50g/L of water
T4-Perfeckthion 40EC@2m1/L of water T5-Diazinon 60 EC@2m1/L of water T6-Ripcord 1OEC@lml/L of water T7-Control
in this experiment. NSEH-2g detergent (T i ) treated plots showed highest number of hairy caterpillar as compared to other treatments except control. On the other hand. 13 treated plots showed best performance where the least number of hairy caterpillar was observed. From the observation table 2, it was found that the sesame plant when treated by Diazinon 60 EC@3rn1/L (15), incidence of hairy caterpillar was (5.00) which had reduction (3 1.28%) of hairy caterpillar as compared to control treatment. Among the treatments, T3 (Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) @SOgm/L) was more effective against hairy caterpillar controlled as well as the hairy caterpiller number was the lowest (3.00) on sesame research field which increased the natural growth and maximizing the yield of sesame. The treatment showed the highest reduction (5 9.09%) over control treatment (Table 2).
From the above results observation on incidence of hairy caterpillar and their controlled by different treatment, it was found that the controlled agent Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50gm/L on sesame research field decrease the number of hairy caterpillar. Whereas Hand picking+ Neern Seed Extract (NSE) 50gm/L was showed the best performance against hairy caterpillar. The results obtained from perfecthion, Diazinon and Ripcord treated plots other treatments showed intermediate percent incidence of hairy caterpillar compared to highest and lowest incidence.
21
4.3 Effect of treatments on plant height of sesame 4.3.1 Plant height
Plant height was significantly affected by the application of chemicals or botanicals and combined with hand picking used as treatments. Among the treatments, the tallest plant (107.00 cm) was observed at 13 (Hand picking+
Neern Seed Extract (NSE) @50gm/U while minimum number and more reduction of insects was recorded which was closely followed by T1 (Hand picking) (103.60 cm). On the other hand, the shortest plant (90.67 cm) was recorded from control treatment (Table 4).
The plant height percent increase over untreated control was the highest
(18.01%) under 13 (Hand picking+ Neern Seed Extract (NSE) 50gm/L) and
the lowest (2.93%) was in T2( Neern Seed Extract (NSE) 50g/L+2grn
Detergent/ Surfexcel/L) (Table 3). In the rest of the treatment the plant height
increased over control was 13.60% T, 10.62 % in Diazinon 60 EC@3m1/L of
water the most effective insecticide against insects on sesame. The trend of
efficiency among different treatments including untreated control in terms of
plant height was T3>T1 >T5>T6>T4>T2.
Table 3. Effect of treatments on the plant height of sesame
Treatments Plant height (cm)
%
increase of Plant height _over_controlT 103.00ab 13.60
12 93.33 cd 2.93
T3 107.00 a 18.01
T4 99.00 be 9.19
T5 100.30b 10.62
T6 99.33 b 9.55
17 90.67 d 0.00
LSD (0.05) 2.537
CV(%) 5.39
In column, the treatments means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical at 5% level of significance.
T1 -Hand picking
T2- Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50g/L+ Detergent (Surfexcel)2g/L of water T3-Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50g/L of water
T4-Perfeckthion 40EC@2m1/L of water T5-Diazinon 60 EC@2ml/L of water T6-Ripcord 1 OEC@ 1 ml/L of water T7-Control
23
4.3.2 Number of leaves plant'
The treated plots of sesame showed significant variation in respect of number
of leaves planf 1 . Among the treatments, the maximum number of leaves
(67.67) was found from the treatment T3 (Hand picking+ Neern Seed Extract
(NSE) 50gm/L) and the maximum percent increase by number over control
(53.80%). The lowest number of leaves was counted in control treatment
(Table 4). The minimum percent increase of leaf over control in Diazinon 60
EC@3m1/L (18.18%). The trend of efficiency among different chemicals and
mechnicals including untreated control in terms of number of leaves per pinat
was T3>T6>T4>T, >T2>T5
.Table 4. Effect of treatments on the number of leaves per plant of sesame
Treatments Number of leaves per plant
% leaf increase by number over control
T 62.00 b 40.91
17 53.33 c 21.20
T3 67.67 a 53.80
T4 62.33 b 41.66
T5 52.00 c 18.18
16 62.33 b 41.66
T7 44.00 d 0.00
LSD(005) 3.09
CV (%) 7.02
In column, the treatments means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical at 5% level of significance.
Oo T1 -Hand picking
T2- Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50g/L+ Detergent (Surfexce1)2g/L of water T3-Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) @50g/L of water
T4-Perfeckthion 40EC@2m1/L of water T5-Diazinon 60 EC@2m1/L of water T6-Ripcord 1 OEC@ 1 ml/L of water T7-Control
25
4.3.3 Number of branch per plant (cm)
A significant variation was also found while the sesame plots were treated by different chemicals, botanicals and mechanical management in respect of number of branch per plant. The maximum number of branch (3.67) was found at 13 (Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) @SOgm/L) treatment. On the contrary, T1 (Hand picking) showed the less control of insects while resulted the minimum number of branch (2.00) (Table 5). The percent increase number of branch over untreated control was the highest (119.28%) under 13 (Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) @50gm/U and the lowest (19.98%) was in Hand picking (Table 5).
The result observed that the maximum insects attack reduce the plant growth
but pesticide using reduce the insects and maximum the plant growth as well as
plant height, number of leaves, number of primary branch etc.
Table 5. Effect of different treatments on the number of branch per plant
Treatments No. of branch per plant
% branch increase by number over control
T 2.00 be 19.98
T2 2.67 abc
59.99T3 3.67a 119.98
T4 3.33 ab 99.94
15 2.67 abc 59.99
16
3.33 ab 99.94
T7 1.67 c 0.00
LSD
(0.05)1.28
CV(%) 6.01
In column, the treatments means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical at 5% level of significance.
T1 -Hand picking
T2- Neeni Seed Extract (NSE) @ Og/L+Detergent( Surfexce1)2g/L of water T3-Hand picking+NSE50g/L of water
T4-Perfeckthion 40EC@2m1/L of water T5-Diazinon60 EC@3m1/L of water T6 Ripcord 1OEC@ lml/L of water T7 Control
27
4.4 Effect of treatments on yield of sesanie 4.4.1 Number of silliqua plant'
A significant variation was also found while the sesame plots were treated by different chemicals, botanicals and mechanical management in respect of number of silliqua planf'. Among the treatment, 13 (Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50g/L) produced the maximum number of silliqua planf' (64.33) which was closely followed by 14 (Perfecthian 40EC@ 2ml/L) (55.67) where the minimum number of insects was effective on sesame. Similarly, the minimum number of silliqua planf1 (36.00) was recorded from control
(Table 6).
4.4.2 Yield plot' (g)
Yield plof' was significantly affected by the application of various chemicals
and mechnical control as a pesticide of insects. Various chemicals and
mechnical control were used as pesticide to manage the insects in this study. As
a result, T3 (Hand picking+ Neern Seed Extract (NSE) @50gm) showed the
highest yield plof' (772.20 g) where the maximum reduction was found in
insects. On the other hand, the lowest yield plof' (573.70g) was found in the
control treatment (Table 6).
Table 6: Effect of different treatments against the major insect pests and its impact on yield component of sesame
Treatments Number of silliqua per plant
Yield per plot (g)
T1 47.00 d 655.00 d
T7 45.33 de 656.30 cd
T3 64.33 a 772.30 a
T4 55.67b 671.30b
T5 43.33 e 662.00 c
16 51.67c 672.70b
T7 36.00f 573.70e
LSD(O05) 2.83 5.75
CV (%) 6.24 6.48
In column, the treatments means having similar letter(s) are statistically identical at 5% level of significance.
T1 -Hand picking
T2- Neem Seed Extract (NSE) SOg/L+ Detergent (Surfexcel)2g/L of water T3-Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50g/L of water
T4-Perfeckthion 40EC@2m1/L of water T5-Diazinon 60 EC@2m1/L of water T6 Ripcord 1OEC@lmlIL of water T7-Control
29
4.4.3 Yield (t ha')
The yield of sesame was influenced by the tested treatments. The yield performance of sesame due to different treatments is presented in figure 1.
Various chemicals and mechanical control were used as pesticide to manage the insects in this study. As a result, T3 (Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50gm/L) showed the highest yield (1.54 t ha 1 ) where the minimum infestation was found. On the other hand, the lowest yield (1.15 t ha1) was found in the untreated control treatment.
Considering all the parameters tested by different treatments, hand picking
combined with NSE showed best performance in each and every cases. So this
treatment can be the promising control measure against the major pests of
sesame. Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50gm/L showed the best
performance on control the major insects pest as well as on growth and yield of
sasame.
1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80
> 0.60 0.40 0,20 0.00
11 12 13 14 15
Treatments
16 17
Fig. 1. Effect of different treatments on the seed yield (t ha') of sesame
T1-Hand picking
T2- Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50g/L+ Detergent (Surfexce1)2gIL of water T3-Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) @50WL of water
T4-Perfeckthion 40EC@2m1/L of water
T5-Diazinon 60 EC@2mlIL of water '' naryi1v
/ T6-Ripcord 1OEC@lml/L of water
T7-Control -.
31
h a pitpr V
Summary and Conclusion
1
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The experiment was conducted at the experimental field of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka from March to June. 2012 to study on the insect infestation and their management of sesame. The exerirnent consists of seven different treatments including chemicals and combination of botanical & mechanical control including control treatment viz. T1 -Hand picking, T2- Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50g/L+2gm Detergent (Surfexcel/L), T3-Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 5Ogm/L, T4-Perfecthein 40EC@2m1/L, T-Diazinon 60 EC@2mlIL, T6- Ripcord 1OEC@lml/L, T7= Control treatment were used as treatments. The experiment was laid out according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) single factor with three replications.
Significant differences were observed among different management practices in terms of infestation and pest control during the management of sesame insects.
Different chemicals were used to suppress the incidence of hawk moth and showed the effectiveness of their control. Among the treatment T3 (Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50gmIL) gave the maximum control of hawk moth (3.00) and it was highest percent of reduction over control (65.39%) and the lowest (23.08%) was in T3 (Hand picking+NSE@SOgm/L).
The treatments applied against the hairy caterpillar showed vital effect on this pest management. The treatments, T3 (Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50gmIL) was most effective against hairy caterpillar and the number was the lowest
32
(3.00) on sesame plots which increased the growth and maximizing the yield of sesame. The treatment showed the highest reduction of pest (59.09%) over control treatment.
Plant height was significantly affected by the application of examined measure uses as treatment. The tallest plant (107.00 cm) was observed at T3 (Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50gm/L) while the shortest plant height (90.67 cm) was recorded from control treatment.
Combination of botanicals and mechanical control had an effect on the leaf number &
branch. The maximum number of leaves (67.67) was found from the treatment T3 (Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50gm/L). The maximum number of branch (3.67) was found at T3 (Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) @SOgm/L) treatment.
A significant variation was found due to the effect of different chemicals and mechanical control agent against insects on sesame in respect of number of silliqua plant-'. Among the treatment, T3 (Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE)
@50gm/L) produced the maximum number of silliqua plant-'(64.33). The minimum number of silliqua plant' (36.00) was recorded from control.
T3 (Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50gm/L) showed the highest yield plot' (772.20 g) where the maximum reduction was found in insects. On the other hand, the lowest yield plof' (573.70g) was found control treatment. T3 (Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50gmIL) showed the highest yield (1.54 t ha') where the maximum reduction was found in insects. On the other hand, the lowest
Conclusion
From the above results, it could be concluded that among the all applied chemicals and mechanical control treatments in this study, Hand picking+ Neem Seed Extract (NSE) 50gm/L showed the best performance to manage the insects of sesame as well as on growth and yield characteristics and Hand picking showed the lowest performance.
Til hawk moth and hairy caterpillar were identified as the most damaging insect pests of sesame.
Maximum infestation occurred during 3 week of May at the pod formation stage of the sesame crop.
Hand picking of larvae with spraying of Neem Seed Extract is considered as the most eco-friendly control technique.
34
Chapter vi References
REFERENCES
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Ahirwar, R.M., Banerjee, S. and Gupta, M.P. 2009. Insect pest management in sesame crop by intercropping system. Ann. P1. Prolec. Sci. 17: 225-226.
Ahmad, M. and Kumar, S. 1993. A bibliography of Spilosoma obliqua (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) supplement 4. Bangladesh JEntom. 3(1&2): 47-58.
Aslam Khan, M. 2009. Microbial control of Spilarciia obliqua (Lepidoptera Arctiidae). Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Jazan University. 8 5-87 101
Atwal, A. S. and Dhaliwal, G. S. 1997. Agricultural Pests of South Asia and their Management. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, India. 487 pp.
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Biswas. G. C.. Das, G. P. and Kabir. S. M. i-I. 2002. Incidence and economic management of some major insect pests on sesame. Bangladesh J Agril Res.
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Kitching, I. J. 2003. Phylogeny of the death's head hawkmoths. Acheronlia [Laspeyres], and related genera (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae: Sphinginae:
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Kitching, I. J. 2006. The Biology of Death 's Head Hawkmoths, Lepidopleran Kieptoparasites of Honey Bees. The Central Association of Bee-keepers, Lecture Booklet Series, Poole, UK. 20 pp.
Koeniger, N. Koeniger G. and Tingek, S. 2010. Honey Bees of Borneo - Exploring the Centre of Apis Diversity. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. Xix. 262 pp.
Mondal, M.R.I. and Wahhab, M.A. 2001. Production technology of oilcrops. Oilseed Research Centre, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur. 11 'pp.
Pandey, S. N., Singh, R., Sharma, V. K. and Kanwat, P. M. 1991. Losses due to insect pests in some kharif pulses. Indian JEntom. 53(4): 53 1-534.
Varatharajan, R. Singh, M.I. and Reeta, L. 2006. Cross infectivity of baculovirus, Spilarctia obliqua nuclear polyhedrosis virus against mulberry pest, Porthesia xanthorrhoea Kollar. Indian JExp Biol. 44(5): 419-421.
37
Appendices
Arakan (MYANMAR)
APPENDICES
Appendix I. Experimental location on the map of Agro-ecological Zones of Bangladesh
7 -1
9I 9T L
AGROECOLOGICAL ZONES (Generised)
211, J 50 0 50 100km
Assam (INDIA)
=Expenmental site
A',sam IP4LMAJ
West Bengal
- 2Y (INDIA)
14izorm (INDIA)
k I'll 11 1
jo, '4
qV .4 ,~ -
C,
tit A Y OF a E
Old Him 4yen Piedmont Plain 16 Middle Meghna River Floodplain 2 [J Adve Tista Floodplain 17 Low9r MegBna Ri6e Floodplain 3 (, J Tista Meander Floodplain 18 Younp Meghna Eatuirie Floodplain 4 lnroloya-BangnIi Floodplain 19 Old Moghna EetuerinO Floodplain 5 L 1 Lowm Atis Bate 20 j Easlten Soor'a-Kokyora FksJp4nir 6 L Lrnirn Punmbhaba Floodplain 21 ) Sylfail Basin
7 L Active Brahrnaputra-JamLina Floodplain 22 OW Northern and Eastern Piedmont Plain 3 Li Yotitig BrahrnapJtV8 and Jamtina Floodplain 2S ChiltagO5 Coattal Plain
9 Old Brahmaputre Floodplain 24 t. i:] St Martins Coral ISland 10 cl so Giogos FloOdplain 25 LasH B3nrid Trnrt
11 l-kgt tangst ftktr El000plarl 28 HrgS BSriird Iran 12 r LOW Ganges River FlOodplali'r 27 NorIrt-easlern Brrrtd 1r1 13 1 GSriçteS Tidal Floodplain 28 Madhupur Tr8Ct 14 oopstganlcrtulna Eleel$
Anal Beet
29 11 Northern and Eastern Hits Akhaura Terr6ce 15
Appendix II: Soil characteristics of experimental farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University are analyzed by Soil Resources Development Institute (SRDI), Farmgate, Dhaka.
Morphological characteristics of the experimental field
Morphological features Characteristics
Location Horticulture garden, SAU, Dhaka
AEZ Modhupur tract (28)
General soil type Shallow red brown terrace soil
Land type High land
Soil series Tejgaon
Topography Fairly leveled
Flood level Above flood level
Drainage Well drained
Cropping pattern N/A
Source: SRDI
Physical and chemical properties of the initial soil
Characteristics Value
Practical size analysis
Sand(%) 16
Silt (%) 56
Clay (%) 28
Silt + Clay (%) 84
Textural class Silty clay loam
pH 5.56
Organic matter (%) 0.25
Total N (%) 0.02
Available P (tgm/gm soil) 53.64
Available K (me/i OOg soil) 0.13
Available S (jigmlgm soil) 9.40
Available B (jigm/gm soil) 0.13
Available Zn (jigm/gm soil) 0.94
Available Cu (igm/gm soil) 1.93
Available Fe (tgmIgm soil) 240.9
Available Mn (igmIgm soil) 50.6
Source: SRDI
Appendix II!. Monthly air temperature, rainfall and relative humidity of the
experimental site during the study, period (October, 2010 to April, 2011)
Year Month
Air temperature (°C)
Rainfall * * (mm)
* Relative humidity
Max. Min. Mean
October 36.6 18.5 27.455 320 74.5
2010 November 30.8 15.8 24.3 14 68.0
December 27.2 11.3 19.75 0.00 66.0
January 28.0 12.8 19.75 0 17.5
2011 February 28.9 16.2 22.55 48 56
March 34.4 23.3 28.85 22 59
April 35.5 24.4 29.95 37 67
* Monthly average
* * Monthly total
Source: The Meteorological Department (Weather division) of Bangladesh, Agargaon, Dhaka
1-3
