CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Myiasis is an invasive infestation affecting live or dead tissues in vertebrates’ body caused by maggots (larvae) of depteran flies (John et al., 2006). It is parasitosis in which the fly larvae invade the neglected open wounds and natural body openings of man and domestic animals and intake the living or necrotic tissue, ingested food and body fluids for their nutritional source (Zumpt, 1965). There are more than 100 known species of dipterans flies may cause myiasis (John et al., 2006).The hosts are usually mammals (human or vertebrate animals), occasionally birds and less commonly, amphibians or reptiles (Anna, 2001).Myiasis is a major concern to veterinarians as this condition in animals are frequently observed especially in underdeveloped regions (Otranto, 2001).
Myiasis is an infestation with seasonal variation, the prevalence of which is related to the latitude. Therefore, this parasitosis is limited to the summer months in temperate zones, but may occur all the year round in the tropical area (Maier et al., 2004; Marty et al., 2005). Its occurrence is higher in tropical latitude, south-east Asia and subtropics of Africa as warm and humid climate remains almost throughout the year, but unusual in United States (Bolognia et al., 2008). But it is also reported in temperate climates (Hall et al., 1993).
Variations in myiasis are dependent on the availability of fly species. In most cases, some flies lay eggs in open wounds, then larvae may invade intact skin or enter inside the body through the nose or ears, and some others may be swallowed when the eggs are deposited on the lips or on food (John et al., 2006).The gravid flies are attracted to open wounds or even natural body openings with foul smelling discharge to lay their eggs. Even the wounds as small as the sizes of a tick bite are reported to be possible to attract the flies to the affecting site (M. Hall et al., 1995). Oviposition is observed where foul smelling and purulent discharge from the diseased tissue. The exact chemosensory cues causing
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attraction for oviposition are unknown but presence of pus and bacterial metabolites in the wounds are known to increase the attractiveness of wounds as oviposition sites (J. D.
Humphery et al., 1980). After hatching, the larvae invade the broken skin surface and with their chitinous mandibular oral hooks either burrow into the dermal layers or pre- existing wounds and feed on the tissues, resulting into their fast growth. Feeding of tissues causes serious tissue damage, resulting in to loss of body condition, injury to the hide and results in secondary invasion (J. D. Humphery et al., 1980). Myiasis affected animals do not feed properly, become weak, anemic and in serious cases may result into death caused by toxemia and septicemia if left untreated (V. H. Guerrini, 1988). As clinical point of view, myiasis can be classified as cutaneous myiasis, anal myiasis, genitor-urinary myiasis, nasopharyngeal myiasis, ocular myiasis, body cavity myiasis, wound myiasis, aural myiasis and intestinal myiasis (Palmer, 1970).
The infested animals bite and rub the affected area due to itching which leads to a very poor quality hide and wool production as a consequence of skin abrasion (McKelvie et al., 1993; Liakos, 1986). Myiasis related to the domestic animals is a worldwide problem causing huge economic losses in livestock through reduced productivity, tissue damage and further complications (Chhabra et al., 2009). A report shows that the monetary loss to Australian livestock industry due to myiasis was estimated to be $200 million a year (Anon, 1979) although no such estimate has been reported in Bangladesh but similar huge economic loss due to myiasis among domestic animals is also deducible a major threat to livestock industry in Bangladesh.
The most commonly affected host for myiasis is cattle and goat (46.4%), followed by pigs (6%), horses (4%) and sheep (1%) (Sergio et al., 2007).The prevalence of myiasis has been reported to be 37.4%, the infection rate may however go up to 100%
(Papadopoulos et al., 1997). Cattle frequently recover different types of skin wounds and it appears from clinical impression that a good percentage of these wounds are complicated with myiasis. This problem in cattle is less common in the field condition during in the season of fly prevalence (John, 1999).Prevalence of 11.0% (Rahman et al., 2 | P a g e
2009), 1.07% (Nooruddin et al., 1986) and 2.20% (BC Das et al., 1996) of maggot- infested wounds has been reported in cattle from Bangladesh. It was reported in a study in Bangladesh (N. S. Juyena et al., 2013)that the female animals (66%) were more frequently affected than the males (34%) also reported the occurrence of myiasis was higher (41%) in animals of less than 6 months of age, 57% were in crossbred and 43%
were in local breed irrespective of sex and age including more affection was observed from March to June (80%). In another report showed that (Alahmed et al., 2004) lower infestation during dry hot season (June-August, 5%) and cold season (December- February, 1.5%).
The available literature reviewed of different regions of the world related to myiasis contains a full description of myiatic wound, responsible flies with their life-cycle, pathogenesis, and clinical history with diagnosis and therapeutic regimen which was effective against the condition. In Bangladesh, Rahman et al., (2009) conducted a study on clinical evaluation of different treatment regimens for management of myiasis in cattle. Imtiaz et al., (2014) undertook a study on prevalence and risk factors analysis of myiasis in Bangladesh. However, so far, very limited research was found with a view to explore prevalence and associated risk factors of myiasis with comparative success of therapeutic effects in Bangladesh.
.
The study was designed with the consideration of obtaining following objectives:
To investigate the prevalence of myiasis in different species of domestic animals in SAQ Teaching Veterinary Hospital (SAQTVH), Chittagong and Upazilla Veterinary Hospital (UVH), Manirampur, Jessore.
To study the episode of myiasis in these species with respect to age, sex, breed, season and predilection site etc.
To examine the depthness of myiatic wounds.
To compare the effects of conventional treatments for myiasis in field condition.
To observe the complications associated with myiasis cases.
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CHAPTER II
MATERIALS AND METHODS
2. 1. Area and Study Population
This study was performed on different species of animals at SAQTVH in CVASU. As a tropical country, Chittagong city and the surrounding regions have a moderate and dry climate. Besides, the study was further extended to Upazilla Veterinary Hospital (UVH), Manirampur under Jessore district.
The animals were selected and examined from those animals admitted to SAQTVH and UVH. The species of animals examined mostly goats of cross-bred and of local goat and breeds available in Bangladesh. A total of 20 myiasis affected animals of different species were recorded during the period of 2nd January to 10thApril, 2017for 3 months, during the internship placement.
2. 2. Study design
During the period (January to April 2017) all the cases were thoroughly inspected and examined in the SAQTVH of CVASU and in UVH, Manirampur under Jessore district.
The total number of cases is shown in Annex-I. The study design is schematically shown in the Figure 1.
2. 3. Questionnaire design and Data collection
A well structural semi-open type questionnaire was carefully prepared on the basis of the objectives of the research. The questionnaire was designed to include mostly closed ended (categorical) questions to ease data processing, minimize variation and improve precision of responses (Thrusfield, 2005). The questionnaire was filled up by interviewing with the animal owner, personal observation of patient and taking records from register book. The data recorded included affected animals, species, breed, age, sex, body condition of the animal, weakness of the animal, onset and duration of illness, affected sites of myiasis, frequencies of myiatic larvae and pre-disposing factors of the case. Other information also included the housing pattern, type of the floor in the animal
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Patient data
Species, Breed, Age, Sex and Weight
Identification of the myiasis by
Epidemiological study (Questionnaire)
Identification of the affected cases on target groups orpopulation Selection of the study area
Depthness of the wound Temperature
Exploration of larvae Disease history
Pre-disposing factor Onset and duration of illness
Weakness of patient
Anamnesis Clinical Examination
Inspection/
Observation
Palpation and determination
Affected region of the body Hair coat and Skin
Close Inspection Distant Inspection
General attitude, Posture, Gait and Body Condition Score (BCS)of the patient.
house (dirty floor/ muddy/ brick/ concrete), rearing system (intensive/ semi-intensive/
free-range). For tentative diagnosis, clinical examinations were performed.
2. 4. Case Identification The methods included:
i. Owner’s complaint ii. Clinical History
Figure 1: Schematic representation of the study design
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Identified the pre-disposing factors of myiasis infestation on this different species of animals.
iii. Clinical examination which included:
a. Inspection
Distant Inspection: Firstly, the general attitude of the patient (alertness/ dullness/
depression) was carefully inspected as reported by Radostitiset al.(2000). In addition, posture and gait (normal or defective) were also examined by distant inspection.
Close Inspection: After distant inspection skin lesions, nature of lesions (foul odorous discharge, crusts, scale and dandruff), location/ distribution of those lesions were also closely examined.
b. Palpation
Myiatic wound(s) identified by inspection were further examined for more precise diagnosis.
2. 5. Prophylactic efficacy
Another objective in the study was to determine the prophylactic efficacy in the positive myiatic cases. In the study the patient groups were divided into two treatment groups. In all the positive cases the fly larvae (maggots) explored through inspection were removed from the wound(s) and collected for further gross examination. Finally, frequency of larval invasion was determined accordingly as few larvae (< 15 in number) and moderate (15-40).In the first group of positive cases after removal of the maggots from the wound 1) Ivermectin injection (AMECTIN® for Cattle (50 mg/ml ivermectin) ACME laboratories Bangladesh, was administered S/C at 0.2 ml/10 kg bodyweight into the shoulder/upper neck in one single dose and in second treatment group was treated with 1) Oil of turpentine introduced in the wound by soaking in gauze and let it remain for about 20 minutes and then was removed.
2. 6. Treatment effect
The final objective of the study design was to document the treatment effects and following up for a period of 5 days.
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2. 7. Data Analysis
All collected data were imported to Microsoft Excell-2007 and transferred to SPSS-16 software for analysis. Descriptive statistics of some parameters were done. The comparison of different qualitative parameters was performed by using a chi square test.
The differences of different parameters were considered significant when the P- values were < 0.05 and highly significant when P- values were < 0.01.
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Clinical Pictures obtained from different Myiasis cases from the investigated areas
Case of myiasis in the mouth of a goat
Case of myiasis within the hoof of a goat
Case of myasis in the ear of a sheep
Case of myiasis in the prepuce of a goat
9 | P a g e Case of myiasis in the thigh of a adult cattle
Myiasis in the umbilicus of a kid
Case of myiasis in the interdigital space of a cattle predisposed by FMD
Case of myiasis in a goat in the vagina Case sheet in SAQTVH for a myiasis case
CHAPTER III RESULTS
3. 1. Species of animals investigatedThe present study was designed to determine the risk of myiasis, identification of the associated predisposing factors and to compare the efficacy of different treatments used in the field conditions for myiasis A higher number of cases was recorded from the SAQTVH (14 cases) and the lowest at UVH, which was 6.
SAQTVH
UVH
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Myiasis positive cases
Myiasis positive cases
FIGURE 2: Study areas on which myiasis cases were investigated.
*SAQTVH= SAQ Teaching Veterinary Hospital at Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
*UVH= Upazilla Veterinary Hospital, Manirampur, Jessore.
In this study, a total number of 20 myiasis cases were recorded from the designated areas.
Among them 15, 4 and 1 were goats cattle and sheep, respectively (Figure 2). Of them 11 were male and 9 animals were female. The examined animals were categorized into three age groups; more than 6 months old (12 animals), less than 6 months old (7 animals) and exactly 6 months old (1 animal). Breeds of the animals were local and cross.
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FIGURE 3: Comparison of animal species selected for positive myiasis
cases.
3. 2. Comparative risk factors
Variables Level Goat (n=15) Cattle(n=4) Sheep(n=1) p-value
Breed Cross 9 (60%) 3 (75%) 0
Local 6 (40%) 1 (25%) 1 (100%) 0.39
Age
≤ 6 months 6 (40%) 2 (50%) 0
0.88
6 months 1 (6.67%) 0 0
> 6 months 8 (53.33%) 2 (50%) 1 (100%)
Sex Female 6 (40%) 3 (75%) 0
Male 9 (60%) 1 (25%) 1 (100%) 0.30
Table 1: Association between different variables with the presence of larva causing myiasis in goats
3. 2. 1. Risks of myiasis in relation to breed, age and sex
The breed, age and sex specific risk of myiasis is shown in Figure4. The risk of myiasis was higher in cross bred animals than the local breeds, as in goats, 60% cases occurred in cross-bred animals; in cattle, 75% cases of occurred in cross-bred (p ≤ 0.01). In addition, more than 6 months old-goats were more susceptible to myiasis (53.33%)(p ≤ 0.01). Moreover, males (60%) were mostly affected with this disease than the female (40%).In cattle, 75% cases were in female and 25% in (p ≤ 0.01).
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20.00%
5.00%
Goat Cattle Sheep
Cross Local ≤ 6m 6m > 6m Female Male 0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Breed, age, sex comparision risk
FIGURE 4: Risk of myiasis in relation to breed, age, sex.
3. 2. 2. Comparison between species of domesticated animals and frequency of larvae
In case of cattle, all the 4 animals were affected with <15 larvae. In case of goat, 11 goats were affected with<15 larvae (73.33%) and 4 goats were affected with 15-40 larvae
(26.67%).
< 15 larvae
15-40 larvae 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Comparison of larval presence in different species
Percentages of larvae
FIGURE 5: Myiasis in Cattle, goat and sheep
3. 2. 3. Myiasis according to pre-disposing factors
The study showed that the main predisposing factors causing myiasis were related to housing type, floor materials, parturition, dirty hair or wool, castration, trauma and some 12 | P a g e
diseases, like skin diseases, PPR, Navel ill and FMD. Comparison of myiasis among goat, cattle and sheep according to pre-disposing factors are shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Comparison of myiasis among goat, cattle and others according to pre- disposing factors
Sl.
no. Pre-disposing factors Risk of myiasis (%) p-
value Goat (n= 15) Cattle (n= 4) Sheep (n= 1)
1 Housing type
Intensive 1(6.67%) 0 0
0.02
Semi-intensive 14(93.33%) 2(50%) 0
Free range 0 2(50%) 1(100%)
2 Floor
Mud 5(33.33%) 4(100%) 1(100%)
0.15
Concrete 7(46.67%) 0 0
Semi-concrete 3(20%) 0 0
3 After Parturition 2(13.33%) 1(25%) 0 0.22
4 Dirty Hair or wool 11(73.33%) 2(50%) 1(100%) <0.001
5 Recently castrated 2(13.33%) 0 0 0.04
6 Trauma 3(20%) 1(25%) 0 0.07
7 Skin disease 1(6.67%) 0 0 0.22
8 PPR 2(13.33%) 0 0 0.04
9 Navel ill 1(6.67%) 0 0 0.22
10 FMD 0 1(25%) 0 0.22
3. 2. 4. Comparison of myiasis among cattle, goat and sheep according to pre- disposing factors:
It was observed that, pre-disposing factors of myiasis were almost alike in cattle, sheep and goat though key pre-disposing factors reported were in semi-intensive type housing (50% for cattle and 93.33% for goat). Concrete floor was found to be the key cause to predispose to myiasis (46.67%). In addition, in cattle, occurrence of FMD was a major pre-disposing factor to myiasis (Figure 6).
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0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Cattle Goat Sheep
FIGURE 6: Comparison of myiasis between cattle and goat according to pre- disposing factors
3. 2. 5. Myiasis according to affected body regions
Myiasis was observed regardless of body area - though vagina and perineal region, tail, brisket region, navel, limb, head region, mouth/gum, nasal, ear and neck region were recorded as more vulnerable areas. Details of myiasis affected regions are illustrated in Table 3.
Table 3: Comparison of myiasis among goat, cattle and others according to affected body region
SL
no. Affected body region
Prevalence of myiasis N (%)
p-value Goat (Total
15)
Cattle
(Total 4) Sheep (1)
1 Mouth 2(13.33%) 0 0 0.04
2 Leg 1(6.67%) 1(25%) 0 0.47
3 Umbilicus 3(20%) 2(50%) 0 0.12
4 Brisket region 2(13.33%) 0 0 0.04
5 Ear 1(6.67%) 0 0 0.22
6 Vagina region 3(20%) 0 0 0.01
7 Anal region 2(13.33%) 0 0 0.04
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8 Feet 1(6.67%) 1(25%) 0 0.47
9 Tail 0 0 1(100%) 0.22
3. 2. 6. Comparison of myiasis among cattle, goat and sheep according to affected body region:
Besides, it was observed that, in goat, myiasis was frequently found at vagina and perineal region (20%), brisket region (13.33%), navel (mostly at new born kids). On the other hand, in cattle, myiasis was mostly observed in umbilical region (50%) due to unhygienic management after birth and at inter-digital space (25%),attributed to highly complicated with FMD (Figure 7).
Mouth Leg Um
blicus
Brest
Ear
Vagina region
Neck region
Anal region
Feet Tail 0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
2
1
3
2
1
3
0
2
1
0
0
1
2
0 0 0 0 0
1
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 Goat
Cattle Sheep
Figure 7: Comparison of myiasis between cattle, goat and sheep according to affected body region
3. 2. 7. Comparison Treatment followed, Treatment efficacy and post-treatment complications in different species
Table 4: Comparison Treatment followed, Treatment efficacy and post-treatment complications in different species
Sl no.
Variables Goat (Total
15)
Cattle (Total 4)
Sheep (1) p- value
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1 Treatment Followed
Ivermectin 7(46.67%) 2(50%) 1(100%) 0.59 Turpentine Oil 8(53.33%) 2(50%) 0
2 Treatment
efficacy
Recovered 15(100%) 4(100%) 0 0.01
Slaughtered 0 0 1(100%)
3 Complications Yes 0 3(75%) 0 <0.00
No 15(100%) 1(25%) 1(100%) 1
In total, 10 cases were followed up with the treatment with subcutaneous ivermectin injection in a single dose, and another 10 with the administration turpentine oil followed by dressing. Their comparative success rates in curing the disease and rates of development of any complications were shown in Table 4, and graphically displayed in Figure 8.
Ivermectin
Turpentine Oil
Recovered
Slaughtered
Complication Yes
Complication No
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Goat Cattle Sheep
Figure 8: Comparison of efficacy of two different treatments for myiasis and post- treatment complications as observed in the study
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CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION
In the study design, 20 myiasis cases were studied on which 75% were from goats, 20%
from cattle and 5% from sheep. Sergio (2007) reported the most infested hosts for myiasis were cattle and goat (46.4%), followed by dogs (15.3%), humans (14.7%), pigs (6%), horses (4%) and sheep (1%). The apparent variation of myiasis infestation might be due to differences in the levels of management, housing, sanitation, diagnostic methods and disease resistance among the breeds.
It was found in the study that crossbred animals were frequently infested with myiasis (60% for cross-bred goats and 75% for cross-bred cattle) (p<0.39). Similar findings were reported by Farkas et al.(1997) in sheep, who observed that incidence of myiasis was significantly higher in imported breeds (28.8%) than in indigenous breeds (5.8%). Kara et al.(2005) also reported a lower prevalence of myiasis along with lower larval load in myiasis in native cattle.
In the study, it was observed that more than 6-months-old domesticated animal species were more susceptible to myiasis (53.33%for goat and 50% for cattle). This finding is related to the report by Rahman et al. (2009) suggesting wound myiasis predominantly occurred in the cattle of over 2 years. Rahman (2010) reported that prevalence of myiasis was lower in camels younger than 2 years ofage (39.8%) compared to those of 2-6 (61.5%) and over 6 years of age (62.8%).Conflicting report was made by Alahmed (2004) saying that the prevalence of larval myiasis among young sheep was 60% and 40% in adults. Paredes-Esquivel et al. (2012) found its prevalence higher in lambs compared with adult sheep (P=0.081).
In this study, male goat were significantly affected with myiasis than the females (40%),and in case of cattle, 75% cases were in males, and 25% cases were in females (p
≤ 0.30) which is opposed to Radfar and Hajmohammadi (2012) who reported no significant sex variation for myiasis in goat. Orfanou et al (2011), Sahar S. Abd El-
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Rahman (2010), Kara et al,.(2005), Farkaset al., (1997) found more cases in males than the females, but Shoorijeh et al., (2011) and Abo-Shehada et al., (2003) reported a similar prevalence in both sexes.
Various pre-disposing factors for myiasis identified causing myiasis were mainly related to housing type, floor materials, during parturition, dirty hair or wool and some diseases like skin diseases, PPR, Navel ill and FMD. Moreover, key pre-disposing factors reported were in semi-intensive type housing (Cattle 50%, Goat 93.33%). Concrete floor was found also a cause to predispose the myiatic condition as staying for a long time during sitting the skin of an animal gets continuous irritation due to hard floor materials. In addition, in cattle, FMD recorded as a major pre-disposing factor complicated with myiasis. Additionally, common sites of seeing myiatic wounds were vagina and perineal, inter-digital space of hoof and limb regions. Rahman et al. (2009) also reported myiatic wounds in navel, vulva, scrotum and shoulder area in cattle at the Veterinary Clinics at Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Giangaspero et al. (2011) vulva and prepuce are the most common sites in sheep in Italy. Gaglio et al.(2011) reported three cases of genital myiasis- in vulva of a goat, scrotum of a ram and prepuce of a dog in Italy. Amin et al. (1997) revealed that sheep were more infested with wound myiasis than goats in Egypt. The deep wound was identified harboring a large number of maggots compared to superficial wounds (p< 0.05).
In the study, the success of two treatment methods applied for myiasis seems similar;
meaning either can be used in field condition. Literature on such verification of the treatment for myiasis used at field situation appears to be very few or absent. However, McIntosh et al. (2011) reported that there was no significant impact of wound cleansing for the treatment on maggots in myiasis. Correia TRet al 2010.also stated that larvicidal efficacy of nitenpyram on the treatment of myiasis is 100% in case of myiasis treatment in naturally infested dogs. Farkas et al. (1996) reported that efficacy of treatment of myiasis was successful but in 30% sheep the wound failed to recover and there is no significant difference found in the treatment group of animals treated with Ivermectin and Moxidectin.
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CHAPTER V LIMITATIONS
The study was conducted in a small scale, area, short time period which did not represent the sample sizes required for each type of animals studied. Sometimes owners of the animals were not cooperative, so it was difficult to follow up each case of myiasis properly.
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CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION
The study reveals that the crossbred animals are probably more susceptible to myiasis compared with indigenous goats and cattle. The prevalence of myiasis seems to be higher in goats of more than six months of age compared with the younger ones. Ivermectin or turpentine plus proper wound dressing can be used to successfully treat myiasis in the field condition in Bangladesh.
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CHAPTER VII REFERENCES
Abo-Shehada MN, Batainah T, Abuharfeil N, Torgerson PR (2003).Oestrus ovis larval myiasis among goats in northern Jordan. Preventive Veterinary Medicine; 59(1- 2):13-9.
Alahmed AM (2004). Myiasis in sheep farms in Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology; 34(1):153-60.
Amin AR, Shoukry A, Morsy TA, Mazyad SA (1997). Studies of wound myiasis among sheep and goats in North Sinai Governorate. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology; 27(3):719-737.
Anna MW. (2001). Parasitology andpersistence: Infectious Public Health Challenges program in Human Biology; 103.
Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini R. Cutaneous myiasis (2008). In: Dermatology; 1. 2nd edition Mosby Elsevier: 1300-01.
Farkas R, Hall MJ (1998). Prevalence of traumatic myiasis in Hungary: a questionnaire survey of veterinarians. Veterinary Record; 143(16): 440-3.
Farkas R, Hall MJ, Bouzagou AK, Lhor Y, Khallaayoune K (2009). Traumatic myiasis in dogs caused by Wohlfahrtiamagnifica and its importance in the epidemiology of wohlfahrtiosis of livestock. Medical and Veterinary Entomology; 1: 80-5
Farkas R, Hall MJR and Kelemen F. (1997). Wound myiasis of sheep in Hungary.
Veterinary Parasitology; 69,1-2: 133-144.
Giangaspero A, Traversa D, Trentini R, Scala A, Otranto D (2011). Traumatic myiasis by Wohlfahrtia magnifica in Italy.Veterinary Parasitology; 175(1-2):109-12.
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Hall M, Wall R (1995): Myiasis of humans and domestic animals. Advanced Parasitology 35: 257.
Hall MJW, Smith KGV (1993): Diptera causing myiasis in man, in Lane RP, Crosskey RW (eds): Medical Insects and Arachnids. London, Chapman and Hall: 429-469.
John HK (1999). Screw worms: Be on the Lookout. Veterinary Medicine Extension, University of California, Davis Tulare CA 93274.
John, David and Petri, William Markell and Voge’s Medical Parasitology (2006): 9th Edition. Missouri: Saunders Elsevier: 328-334.
Kara M, Arslan M and Gicik Y. (2005). The Prevalence of Bovine Hypodermosis in Kars Province, Turkey. Tropical Animal Health and Production; 37: 617-622.
Liakos BD. (1986). Effect of hypodermatosis on the body weight of young goats, Bull.
Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society; 37: 8-12.
McKelvie L, Hamal K and Reynolds R (1993). Producer and consumer welfare effects of an invasion of screwworm fly in the Australian livestock sector. A BARE report to the Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, Australia.
Mohammed Ashif Imtiaz, Md. Atikur Rahman, Kamrul Islam, Mukti Barua, Md. Abdul Alim, Sharmin Chowdhury, Suchandan Sikder (2014). Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Myiasis in Different Areas of Chittagong. Bangladesh. Research Journal for Veterinary Practitioners; 2(2): 22 – 27.
Otranto D, Traversa D and Giangaspero A (2004). Myiasis caused by Oestridae:
serological and molecular diagnosis. Parasitologia; 46 (1-2): 169-172.
Palmer ED (1970). Entomology of the gastrointestinal tract: a brief review. Military Medicine - International Journal of AMSUS; 135: 165-176.
Papadopoulos E, Himonas C and Boulard C (1997).The prevalence of bovine hypodermosis in Greece. Parasitologia; 39 (4): 431-433.
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Paredes-Esquivel C, del Rio R, Monerris M, Borràs D, Laglera LM, Miranda MÁ (2012). The influence of sheep age group on the seasonal prevalence of oestrosis in the island of Majorca.Veterinary Parasitology; 186(3-4): 538-41.
Radfar MH and Hajmohammadi V. (2012). Prevalence of goat warble fly, Przhevals kianasilenus in south eastern of Iran; Scientia Parasitologica; 13(2): 73-76.
Radostits OM, Gay CC, Blood DC and Hinchcliff KW (2000). In: Veterinary Medicine, A textbook of disease of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses, 9th edition. W B Saunders, pp: 1387-1416.
Rahman M. A., Hossain M. A. and Alam M. R. (2009).Clinical evaluation of different treatment regimes for management of myiasis in cattle. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine; 7(2): 348-352.
Sergio EB, José DE, Angel BC, Franklin C, Janina S, Sabina B and Enrique M (2007).Incidence of myiasis in Panama during the eradication of Cochliomyia hominivorax.Sección de Entomología Médica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud; PO Box 0816-02593, Panamá.
Shoorijeh, J. S., A. Tamadon, Sh. Negahban, M. A. Behjadi (2011): Prevalence of Oestrusovisin goats of Shiraz, southern Iran. Veterinarskiarhiv; 81: 43-49.
Thrusfield MV (2005). Criteria for Success of Questionnaire. In: Veterinary Epidemiology. 3rd edition; Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science;189-213.
Zumpt F (1965). Myiasis in Man and Animals in the Old World. A textbook for Physicians, Veterinarians and Zoologists. Butter Worth and Company Limited.
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ANNEX I
A Clinical report on risks associated with myiasis in domestic animals and comparative success of different treatments applied on myiasis
cases
Questionnaire for Myiasis in Different Species:
Case Registration No.: Date:
1. Name of the owner: ………. Contact No…
Address:
Upazilla: ………... District: ………
2.
Recording of case:
In SAQTVH/ In UVH3. Patients Data:
Species: Goat/ Cattle/ Sheep/Other (………….) Breed: Local/ Cross/ Exotic Breeding history:Natural/ Artificial insemination.
Age…… Sex:F/MWeight(approximate):………..
Body Condition Score (BCS): 1(Cachectic)/ 2(Poor)/ 3(Fair)/ 4(Good)/ 5 (Over weight/Fat)
4. Clinical History:
Onset: Sudden/Gradual Duration of illness: ……. days Weakness:Yes/No.
Pre-disposing Factors:
Managemental:
Housing type:
Intensive/ Semi-intensive/ Free-range
Floor:
Concrete/ Semi-concrete/ Mud-floor Other factors/site of infestation:
Tentative factors
1. Dirty wool/hair Yes/No
2. Recently Castrated Yes/No
3. Parturition Yes/No
4. Docking Yes/No
5. Trauma Yes/No
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6. Skin disease Yes/No
7. PPR Yes/No
8. Diarrhoea Yes/No
9. FMD Yes/No
10. Others
5. Clinical Examination:
Temperature: ………. °F Hair Coat: Shiny/ Rough & Stray/ lesions/ other.
Skin: Normal/ Wound/ Ecto-parasitic (Larvae or Adult)/ Alopecic/ Dermatitic/ Wrinkled.
Affected Region of the Body: …… Depthness of myiatic wound: Deep/
Superficial
Type of Wound:Secondary infection: +/--
Frequencies of larvae on the affected site: a few (< 15)/ Moderate (15-40)/ a lot (>40).
General attitude: Alert/ Dull/ Depressed. Posture: Normal/ Defective Gait: Normal/ Lameness. Foot lesion: Yes/No
6. Treatment followed:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. Post-treatment follow-up for improvement:
Day-1 Day-2 Day-3 Day-4 Day-5 Day-6 Day-7
Result: The animal Recovered/ Died/ Slaughtered
6. Complications: (If any further)
a.
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b.
c.
Signatu re
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I consider it my utmost obligation to express my gratitude to Almighty, the omnipresent, kind and merciful who gave me the health, thoughts and the opportunity to complete this task.
I was fortunate in having the generous advice and encouragement of my learned supervisor, Dr. Paritosh Kumar Biswas, Professor, Dept. of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University in selecting the research topic, inspiring scholastic guidance, simultaneous inspiration, constructive criticism, enormous suggestions and sympathetic at every step right from research synopsis to final manuscript writing.
Special thanks to DR. Delower Hossain (MS Fellow in Medicine,CVASU), DR.
Suvankar Dutta (Veterinary Surgeon, Upazilla Veterinary Hospital, Manirampur, Jessore) for their kind co-operation.
Finally, the author expresses his deepest sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to all of his well wishers, friends, kith and kins for their blessing throughout the academic life.
The Author
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Biography
Name: Shuvo singha Student
Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM)
Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) Chittagong, Bangladesh
Shuvo singha, is now an ongoing student of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) in the session of 2010-2011. He already completed 8 semesters and now he in his last academic semester. Till now he has a excellent academic record. The anticipated date of completion of his academic semesters is November, 2017. After completion of academic semesters he has been in 1 (one) year duration internship and externship programme to complete DVM at the end of 2017. Previously he passed secondary school certificate (SSC) and higher secondary school certificate (HSC) examinations with superior performance. He has immense interest to work for animal treatment and welfare.
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