DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

We are truly grateful and express our deep gratitude to Narayan Ranjan Chakraborty, Assistant Professor, Department of CSE Daffodil International University, Dhaka. When these sensor nodes are positioned in an area, it is almost impossible to make a battery change of these devices if they run out of power. The LEACH protocol is a type of energy-efficient protocol that reduces network energy dissipation and increases its lifetime.

It randomly selects cluster heads without judging the energy or distance of the nodes from the base station. RECH-LEACH works almost the same as LEACH except the selection procedure of CH after the first round. In RECH-LEACH, CHs are selected based on the remaining energy of the sensor devices.

The purpose of the RECH-LEACH algorithm is to reduce the energy dissipation of the sensor nodes and extend the lifetime of the network. We run the simulation in MATLAB and after the simulation the result shows that RECH-LEACH outperforms the LEACH protocol by a large margin and achieves its goal.

INTRODUCTION

Motivation
Objectives
The Rationale of the Research
Research Questions
Expected Output
Report Layout

Our work will be on the LEACH protocol where we improve the performance of the LEACH protocol by a few changes to the conventional LEACH. The LEACH protocol selects cluster heads randomly without considering the remaining energy in the sensor node. They have made a few changes in the working algorithm of the LEACH protocol and proposed a new LEACH better performed LEACH.

Still, there are opportunities for improvement in the LEACH protocol and newly developed LEACH protocols proposed by many researchers. It is the motivation of our thesis to solve the existing problems in the LEACH protocol and make it the most energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Simulate the existing LEACH protocol and the newly developed residual energy based cluster head selection algorithm based RECH-LEACH.

In the literature review, we try to review papers based on the LEACH protocol. In the second part, we describe the methodology of the new RECH-LEACH protocol that we have proposed.

Figure 1.1.1 is an illustration of wireless sensor network. This figure depicts the workflow of WSN

BACKGROUND

Sensors Node

A sensor node is a fundamental and notable part of a WSN that can perform some processing, retrieve information, and connect to other linked nodes in a network. A sensor node senses information from its environment and sends it to the sink node to process this information. Sensors are of course used to calculate changes in physical environmental factors such as humidity, temperature, pressure, vibration and noise.

It also senses the changes in a person's health such as heartbeat and blood pressure. A/D converter is used to connect a sensor and a radio transceiver used to form an ad hoc network. Each sensor node follows the multi-hop routing algorithm and it also follows the routing protocol to send data packets to the BS.

Base Station

Radio Model

Literature Survey

LEACH Protocol
Operation of LEACH Protocol LEACH operation can be isolated into two stages
Drawbacks of LEACH protocol
Variations

Cluster Head selection-based protocols

And in stable phase, data is sensed by the nodes and data is sent to the BS. Stable phase: During the stable phase, each cluster head (CH) waits to accept data from the sensor nodes and sends the data to the BS. The CHs are chosen randomly: The cluster heads are chosen randomly using the stochastic method without considering the residual energy of the nodes [5].

Single-hop communication from CHs to BS: Each cluster head attaches directly to the BS and does not bridge any gap between it and the BS. CH is always on: The cluster head is always on and continuously sending data to the BS. LEACH-B: It uses a decentralized algorithm where the nodes know their location and the recipient's address.

The information about the position of the nodes and their energy level is transmitted to the BS at the beginning of each round. Then the BS selects the nodes with residual energy more than the average is considered as the applicant and then the BS will select a group of cluster heads from the candidate [6]. The BS selects the groups and groups of heads and broadcasts groups identity of each node.

This approach does not allow the mobility and the progressive nature of the sensor networks [5]. In this way, the member nodes will transfer the data to the CH when the CH dies. In this way, the member nodes will be able to send the data to the base station.

LEACH-TLCH: This protocol makes a secondary CH based on the remaining energy and distance between BS and CH. Daffodil International University 16 collects and merges data, sends the merged data to CH and finally delivers to BS [5]. Thus, the TLCH improves the lifetime of the WSN by avoiding the early death of the CHs.

Figure 2.2.4.1: Classification of LEACH [5]

LEACH (Advanced LEACH): This protocol seeks to balance the distribution of energy wastage among the nodes by modifying the threshold function. The threshold function

Cluster formation-based protocols
Data Transmission Based Protocol
Miscellaneous Protocols
Research Summary
Scope of the Problem
Challenges
Power management challenges: Sensors require energy for several operations

RECH-LEACH: Proposed Algorithm
RECH-LEACH Algorithm Working Procedure
RECH-LEACH Algorithm Implementation Requirements
Experimental Results
Descriptive Analysis
Summary of the Simulations and Results

Although our proposed REACH-LEACH protocol is more energy efficient than the existing LEACH protocol, there are still some challenges in it. The primary goal of the RECH-LEACH is to shrink the energy dissipation and improve the network lifetime. Our main goal is to make the RECH-LEACH outperform the conventional LEACH protocol.

To understand RECH-LEACH we must first perceive the mechanism of the LEACH protocol. Because our new RECH-LEACH protocol is completely based on the LEACH protocol architecture. The RECH-LEACH algorithm is almost the same as the LEACH protocol, except the CH election process after the first round is different.

The mechanism of the REACH-LEACH algorithm is divided into two phases in the same way as the normal LEACH algorithm. After the first round is over, the CH selection procedure runs based on our proposed REACH-LEACH algorithm. The REACH-LEACH algorithm works based on these two stages just like the normal LEACH protocol.

The main goal of our REACH-LEACH is to reduce the energy dissipation of the sensor nodes and refine the lifetime of the network. Some improvements required in the existing LEACH and RECH-LEACH is one of the improved versions of LEACH. Påskelilje International University 33 Figure 4.2.7: Lifetime of sensor nodes in RECH-LEACH and LEACH protocol of 200 nodes, P = 0.1.

Daffodil International University 34 Figure 4.2.9: Lifetime of sensor nodes in RECH-LEACH and LEACH protocol of 200 nodes, P = 0.05. But the RECH-LEACH ran for almost 750 seconds and then the nodes died, that's a huge margin difference. It is therefore clear from all three simulations that RECH-LEACH extends the lifetime of the sensor nodes much better than the normal LEACH algorithm.

Daffodil International University 37 REACH-LEACH protocol works better in terms of lifetime extension and lower energy dissipation rate. As a result, it can be said that the REACH-LEACH algorithm is an improvement of the LEACH protocol.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLICATION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

Summary of the Research
Conclusion
Recommendations
Implication for Further Study

In this report, we have tried to present different types of LEACH protocols, their implementation, limitations and challenges. We tried to find out what challenges they faced and what methods they followed in their research. We have modified the cluster head election procedure of the LEACH protocol and named the new transformed LEACH RECH-LEACH.

After successful implementation of the new algorithm, we found that the new modified algorithm fulfilled our objective and performed better than the existing LEACH protocol. If the probability is set less than this, it becomes challenging to get proper data from the nodes. If about 10% of nodes are assigned as CH, data transmission procedure to the base station will be evenly distributed.

So if more nodes become CH, it will require more energy and will soon die due to high energy dissipation. So our recommendation to achieve the best performance of this REACH-LEACH is the probability of nodes becoming CH set to 0.1. A completely new routing protocol can be designed that aims to reduce energy consumption in sensor nodes.

Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/divya_prabha/project-report-on-an-energy-efficient-routing-protocol-in-wireless-sensor-networks [Accessed October 25. An Improved Multi-hop Routing Protocol for Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Network Based on Merging Neighboring Clusters. Remote-based Multi Single Hop Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (MS LEACH) Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network.