Engine Water Cooling System Of Automobile Engineering.

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ENGINE WATER COOLING SYSTEM OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

Submitted By

Md. Rajeyour Rahman BME1903019422 Md. Ramjan Mahmud BME1603010340 Md. Litun Hasan BME1903019259 Md. Shamim BME1801014295 Md. Shobuz Ali BME1802015153

Supervised By

A.M.M. Shamsul Alam Associate Professor

Department of Mechanical Engineering Sonargaon University (SU)

Dhaka, Bangladesh May 2023

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ENGINE WATER COOLING SYSTEM OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

A thesis report submitted to the department of mechanical engineering for the partial fulfillment of the award of degree of “Bachelor of Science in mechanical Engineering”.

Submitted By:

Md. Rajeyour Rahman BME1903019422

Md. Ramjan Mahmud BME1603010340 Md. Litun Hasan BME1903019259

Md. Shamim BME1801014295 Md. Shobuz Ali BME1802015153

Supervised By

A.M.M. Shamsul Alam Associate Professor

Dhaka, Bangladesh May 2023

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Certification of Approval

This is to certify that the thesis titled Engine water cooling system of automobile engineering is carried out by following students of TE in IT Engineering. Ramjan Mahmud, Litun

Hasan,Shamim, Shobuz Ali, Rajeyour Rahman, Accepted as satisfactory partial fulfillment of the requirements for the bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering

Signature

A.M.M Shamsul Alam

Supervisor & Associate Professor of the Department Department of Mechanical Engineering

Sonargaon University (SU)

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Declaration

This is to certify that this thesis entitled "Engine Cooling System" is done by us under supervision of Associate Processor A.M.M.Shamsul Alam, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sonargaon University. We have tried our best to make the report accurate with information and relevant data.

We hereby ensure that the work has been presented does not breach any existing copyright.

We further undertake to indemnify the university against any loss or damage arising from breach of the forgoing obligation

___________________ ___________________

Md. Ramjan Mahmud Md. Shobuz Ali BME1603010340 BME1802015153

___________________ ____________________

Md. Litun Hasan Md. Rajeyour Rahman BME1903019259 BME1903019422

___________________

Md. Shamim BME1801014295

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Acknowledgement

I am using this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who supported us throughout the course of this project report. I am thankful for their aspiring guidance, invaluably constructive criticism and friendly advice during the project work. I am sincerely grateful to them for sharing their truthful and illuminating views on a number of issues related to the topic.

I express my warm thanks to our Professor A.M.M Shamsul Alam, Supervisor & Associate Professor of the Department. I would also like to thank our respected Professor Dr. Alamgir Hossain for guiding us and providing valuable information about completing the report. I also give special thanks to Md. Ramjan Mahmud, MD. Litun Hasan, Md. Shamim, Md. Shobuz Ali, Md. Rajeyour Rahman

The Authors

Dhaka, Bangladesh

May, 2023

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Abstract

The engine cooling system is a critical component in modern internal combustion engines, responsible for maintaining the engine's temperature within optimal operating limits. This abstract provides a concise overview of the engine cooling system, its components, and its function.

The engine cooling system works by removing excess heat generated during the combustion process, preventing the engine from overheating and ensuring efficient operation. It accomplishes this task through a combination of components, including a radiator, coolant, water pump, thermostat, and cooling fan.

The radiator serves as the heat exchanger, where the hot coolant from the engine is cooled by airflow created by the cooling fan. The coolant, a mixture of water and antifreeze, absorbs heat from the engine and carries it to the radiator for dissipation. The water pump circulates the coolant throughout the engine and radiator, ensuring a continuous flow to facilitate heat transfer.

The thermostat acts as a valve, regulating the flow of coolant based on the engine's temperature. It remains closed when the engine is cold, allowing it to warm up quickly. As the engine reaches the optimal temperature, the thermostat opens, allowing coolant to flow through the radiator for cooling.

The cooling fan assists in dissipating heat from the radiator by drawing air across its surface. It is typically controlled by a temperature sensor that activates the fan when the coolant temperature exceeds a predetermined threshold.

The engine cooling system is crucial for preventing overheating, which can lead to engine damage or failure. Adequate cooling ensures efficient combustion, optimized fuel consumption, and extended engine life. Regular maintenance, such as coolant flushes and radiator cleaning, is essential to maintain the system's effectiveness.

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[1]: The engine cooling system is an essential part of any internal combustion engine, designed to regulate and maintain the engine's temperature within optimal operating limits. It plays a crucial role in preventing overheating, ensuring efficient combustion, and preserving the engine's performance and longevity. This introduction provides an overview of the engine cooling system, its importance, and its primary components.

Internal combustion engines generate a significant amount of heat during the combustion process. This heat must be dissipated to prevent the engine from reaching dangerously high temperatures, which can result in severe damage or failure. The engine cooling system is responsible for managing this heat and maintaining the engine within a safe operating temperature range.

The cooling system consists of various components that work together to regulate the engine's temperature. These components include a radiator, coolant, water pump, thermostat, and cooling fan.

Each component has a specific function in the overall cooling process.

The radiator is a heat exchanger located at the front of the engine compartment. It is designed to dissipate heat by allowing airflow across its cooling fins. The hot coolant from the engine passes through the radiator, and the cooling fins facilitate the transfer of heat to the surrounding air.

Coolant, also known as antifreeze, is a mixture of water and additives that is circulated throughout the engine and radiator. It absorbs heat from the engine and carries it to the radiator for dissipation. Coolant also helps prevent freezing and boiling of the engine's cooling system, providing protection in extreme temperatures.

The water pump is responsible for circulating the coolant throughout the engine and radiator. It ensures a continuous flow of coolant, enabling efficient heat transfer and maintaining a stable operating temperature.

The thermostat is a valve located between the engine and the radiator. It regulates the flow of coolant based on the engine's temperature. When the engine is cold, the thermostat remains closed, allowing it to warm up quickly. As the engine reaches the optimal temperature, the thermostat opens, allowing coolant to flow through the radiator for cooling.

The cooling fan assists in the cooling process by drawing air across the radiator. It is typically activated by a temperature sensor that detects when the coolant temperature exceeds a predetermined threshold.

The fan helps increase the airflow over the radiator, enhancing heat dissipation.

In conclusion, the engine cooling system is a vital component of internal combustion engines. Its primary function is to regulate the engine's temperature by dissipating heat and maintaining optimal operating conditions. By incorporating various components and working in harmony, the cooling system ensures efficient engine performance, longevity, and reliability.

1.2 Objectives:

1. To know about engine water cooling system of automobile engineering.

2. To know the structure of water cooling system.

3. To analyze the project output.

4. To develop the project and performance.

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Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.1 Background:

The engine cooling system is an essential part of any internal combustion engine, designed to regulate and maintain the engine's temperature within optimal operating limits. It plays a crucial role in preventing overheating, ensuring efficient combustion, and preserving the engine's performance and longevity. This introduction provides an overview of the engine cooling system, its importance, and its primary components.

Internal combustion engines generate a significant amount of heat during the combustion process. This heat must be dissipated to prevent the engine from reaching dangerously high temperatures, which can result in severe damage or failure. The engine cooling system is responsible for managing this heat and maintaining the engine within a safe operating temperature range. The cooling system consists of various components that work together to regulate the engine's temperature. These components include a radiator, coolant, water pump, thermostat, and cooling fan. Each component has a specific function in the overall cooling process. The radiator is a heat exchanger located at the front of the engine compartment. It is designed to dissipate heat by allowing airflow across its cooling fins. The hot coolant from the engine passes through the radiator, and the cooling fins facilitate the transfer of heat to the surrounding air. [2]: Najjar

Coolant, also known as antifreeze, is a mixture of water and additives that is circulated throughout the engine and radiator. It absorbs heat from the engine and carries it to the radiator for dissipation. Coolant also helps prevent freezing and boiling of the engine's cooling system, providing protection in extreme temperatures.

The water pump is responsible for circulating the coolant throughout the engine and radiator. It ensures a continuous flow of coolant, enabling efficient heat transfer and maintaining a stable operating temperature.

Fig: Engine water cooling system

The thermostat is a valve located between the engine and the radiator. It regulates the flow of coolant based on the engine's temperature. When the engine is cold, the thermostat remains

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3 closed, allowing it to warm up quickly. As the engine reaches the optimal temperature, the thermostat opens, allowing coolant to flow through the radiator for cooling.

The cooling fan assists in the cooling process by drawing air across the radiator. It is typically activated by a temperature sensor that detects when the coolant temperature exceeds a predetermined threshold. The fan helps increase the airflow over the radiator, enhancing heat dissipation.

In conclusion, the engine cooling system is a vital component of internal combustion engines. Its primary function is to regulate the engine's temperature by dissipating heat and maintaining optimal operating conditions. By incorporating various components and working in harmony, the cooling system ensures efficient engine performance, longevity, and reliability.

Background of water cooling system Water cooling systems have been utilized in various industries for many years, but they gained significant prominence with the development of internal combustion engines. The need to regulate the operating temperature of engines led to the evolution of water-based cooling systems, which have become the standard in automotive, marine, and industrial applications. This background section provides an overview of the historical development and importance of water cooling systems.

The concept of water cooling dates back to the early 19th century when steam engines were in use. Steam engines required cooling to prevent overheating and ensure efficient operation. Water was used as a coolant, circulated through the engine to absorb heat and maintain safe operating temperatures. [3]:

As the internal combustion engine emerged in the late 19th century, water cooling systems became even more essential. The combustion process in these engines generated a significant amount of heat, requiring effective cooling mechanisms to prevent engine damage. Water cooling systems provided a reliable and efficient solution.

The basic principle of a water cooling system involves circulating coolant, typically a mixture of water and antifreeze, through the engine to absorb heat. The heated coolant is then passed through a radiator, where it releases the absorbed heat to the surrounding air. The cooled coolant is then recirculating back to the engine, completing the cooling cycle.

Water cooling systems offer several advantages over other cooling methods. They provide better heat dissipation capabilities, allowing for more efficient engine operation. Water has a high heat capacity, meaning it can absorb and carry away a significant amount of heat. Additionally, water cooling systems allow for better control of the engine's operating temperature, ensuring optimal performance and longevity.

Over the years, water cooling systems have undergone significant advancements and improvements. Radiator designs have become more efficient, utilizing cooling fins and increasing surface area to enhance heat dissipation. Water pumps have been developed with improved flow rates and durability, ensuring proper circulation of coolant. Thermostats have been introduced to regulate coolant flow based on engine temperature, optimizing the cooling process.

Water cooling systems are now widely used in various industries, especially automotive applications. They have become an integral part of internal combustion engines, providing effective heat management and allowing engines to operate at their optimal temperatures. From

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4 passenger cars to heavy-duty trucks and industrial machinery, water cooling systems play a crucial role in maintaining engine reliability and performance.

In conclusion, water cooling systems have a long history of development and play a vital role in regulating the operating temperature of internal combustion engines. They offer efficient heat dissipation capabilities and enable precise temperature control. With ongoing advancements, water cooling systems continue to evolve, providing improved cooling efficiency and contributing to the overall performance and durability of engines in a wide range of applications.

Apparatus analysis:

2.2 Engine: An automobile engine, also known as a car engine or automotive engine, is the primary power source that drives the vehicle. It is a complex machine that converts the chemical energy stored in fuel into mechanical energy to propel the vehicle forward. In this section, we will provide an overview of automobile engines, including their types, components, and working principles. [3]:

Types of Automobile Engines:

1. Internal Combustion Engine (ICE): The most common type of engine found in automobiles is the internal combustion engine. It combusts fuel within the engine cylinders to produce power. Internal combustion engines can be further classified into gasoline (spark ignition) engines and diesel (compression ignition) engines.

2. Electric Motor: With the rise of electric vehicles (EVs), electric motors have gained popularity as the primary power source. These motors use electricity stored in batteries to generate torque and propel the vehicle. Electric motors offer advantages such as high efficiency, instant torque, and zero tailpipe emissions.

Components of an Automobile Engine:

1. Cylinder Block: The cylinder block, also known as the engine block, houses the cylinders and other critical components of the engine. It provides structural integrity and forms the main body of the engine.

2. Cylinder Head: The cylinder head sits on top of the cylinder block and seals the

combustion chambers. It contains the intake and exhaust valves, spark plugs (in gasoline engines), and fuel injectors (in some engines).

3. Pistons: Pistons are cylindrical components that move up and down within the cylinders.

They are connected to the crankshaft via connecting rods and convert the pressure created by combustion into reciprocating motion.

4. Crankshaft: The crankshaft is a rotating shaft that converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotational motion. It transfers power from the pistons to the drivetrain of the vehicle.

5. Camshaft: The camshaft controls the opening and closing of the intake and exhaust valves. It is driven by the crankshaft and has lobes or cams that push the valves open at the appropriate timing.

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6. Fuel System: The fuel system delivers fuel to the engine for combustion. It includes components such as the fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel injectors (in gasoline engines), and fuel filters.

7. Ignition System: In gasoline engines, the ignition system generates sparks to ignite the fuel-air mixture in the cylinders. It consists of components such as spark plugs, ignition coils, and the ignition control module.

Working Principle of an Automobile Engine:

The working principle of an automobile engine varies depending on the type of engine. In internal combustion engines, fuel and air are mixed in the combustion chambers (cylinders). In gasoline engines, this mixture is ignited by a spark from the spark plug, causing a controlled explosion. The expanding gases push the pistons downward, generating rotational motion in the crankshaft. This motion is transmitted to the wheels through the transmission and drivetrain, propelling the vehicle forward.

Fig: 2.1Engine

In diesel engines, air is compressed in the cylinders, raising its temperature. Fuel is injected into the hot, compressed air, leading to spontaneous combustion. The resulting high-pressure gases drive the pistons downward, converting the pressure into mechanical energy.

In electric motors, electrical energy from the batteries is converted into rotational motion directly by the motor. The motor's magnetic fields interact with the windings, creating torque that drives the vehicle.

In conclusion, an automobile engine is a crucial component that converts fuel's chemical energy into mechanical energy, propelling the vehicle. Internal combustion engines and electric motors are the primary types used in automobiles, each with its own working principles. Understanding the components and working principles of automobile engines is essential for maintaining and maximizing their performance.

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6 2.3 Engine cooling fan:

The engine cooling fan in an automobile is a critical component of the cooling system, responsible for enhancing the airflow across the radiator to dissipate heat generated by the engine. Its primary purpose is to prevent the engine from overheating and ensure optimal operating temperatures. In this section, we will delve into the engine cooling fan of an automobile, its types, operation, and significance.

Types of Engine Cooling Fans:

1. Mechanical Fan: A mechanical fan, also known as a belt-driven fan, is directly connected to the engine's crankshaft via a fan belt or pulley system. It rotates at a speed proportional to the engine's RPM. Mechanical fans typically have a clutch mechanism that allows them to freewheel when additional cooling is not required, reducing power consumption.

2. Electric Fan: An electric fan is powered by an electric motor and controlled by the vehicle's cooling system. It can operate independently of the engine speed, making it more flexible and efficient. Electric fans are commonly found in modern vehicles and can be regulated based on coolant temperature, engine load, or other parameters.

3.

Fig: 2.2 Engine Cooling Fan

Operation of Engine Cooling Fans:

The engine cooling fan is activated when the engine temperature exceeds a certain threshold. The fan is controlled by a temperature sensor that monitors the coolant temperature. When the sensor detects that the coolant temperature has risen above the predetermined value, it signals the fan to

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7 turn on. The cooling fan draws ambient air through the radiator, increasing the airflow over the cooling fins. As the air passes through the radiator, it absorbs heat from the hot coolant, cooling it down. The fan then expels the heated air to the surrounding environment, allowing for the dissipation of heat.

Significance of Engine Cooling Fans:

The engine cooling fan plays a crucial role in maintaining the engine's operating temperature within a safe range. By increasing the airflow over the radiator, the fan enhances the cooling capacity, especially during low vehicle speeds or when natural airflow is limited.

The cooling fan prevents the engine from overheating, which can cause severe damage or even engine failure. It helps dissipate excess heat, ensuring the engine operates efficiently and prolonging its lifespan.

Moreover, the engine cooling fan contributes to the overall fuel efficiency of the vehicle. By maintaining the engine at an optimal temperature, it allows for efficient combustion, optimizing fuel consumption and performance.

In conclusion, the engine cooling fan is an integral part of the automobile's cooling system.

Whether it is a mechanical fan driven by the engine or an electric fan powered by an electric motor, its role is to enhance the airflow across the radiator, dissipate heat, and prevent engine overheating. The engine cooling fan is crucial for maintaining optimal engine performance, efficiency, and longevity.

2.4 Radiator:

The radiator is a crucial component of an automobile's cooling system, responsible for dissipating heat generated by the engine. It helps maintain the engine's operating temperature within a safe range by transferring heat from the coolant to the surrounding air. In this section, we will explore the radiator of an automobile, its construction, function, and significance.[5]:

Diamante

Construction of a Radiator:

A typical automobile radiator consists of the following components:

1. Core: The core is the main body of the radiator and is made up of a series of small tubes and fins. These tubes allow the flow of coolant, while the fins provide a larger surface area for heat dissipation.

2. Tanks: The radiator has two tanks, one at the top and one at the bottom, which are usually made of plastic or aluminum. The tanks serve as reservoirs for coolant and provide connection points for hoses and other components.

3. Inlet and Outlet: The radiator has an inlet and an outlet, usually connected to the engine's cooling system. The coolant flows into the radiator through the inlet, passes through the tubes, and exits through the outlet.

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4. Cooling Fins: The cooling fins are thin, metallic pieces that are attached to the tubes.

They increase the surface area of the radiator, allowing for efficient heat transfer to the surrounding air.

5. Fan Mounting Points: Many radiators have mounting points for an engine cooling fan.

The fan helps enhance airflow across the radiator when the vehicle is stationary or operating at low speeds.

Function of a Radiator:

The primary function of a radiator is to dissipate heat from the coolant. As the hot coolant flows into the radiator from the engine, it passes through the tubes. The large surface area of the tubes and the cooling fins facilitates the transfer of heat from the coolant to the surrounding air.

As the coolant releases heat, it cools down and becomes denser, allowing it to flow back to the engine to absorb more heat. The cooled coolant then continues its cycle through the engine, providing the necessary cooling effect.

Significance of a Radiator:

The radiator is essential for maintaining the engine's operating temperature within a safe range.

By dissipating heat, it prevents the engine from overheating, which can lead to engine damage or failure.

Fig: 2.3 Radiator

Efficient heat dissipation is crucial for optimal engine performance and longevity. The radiator ensures that the engine operates at the ideal temperature, allowing for efficient combustion, minimizing wear and tear, and maximizing fuel efficiency.

In addition, the radiator plays a vital role in the overall cooling system of the vehicle. It works in conjunction with other components such as the water pump, thermostat, and cooling fan to regulate and maintain the engine's temperature.

In conclusion, the radiator is a critical component of an automobile's cooling system. It facilitates the transfer of heat from the coolant to the surrounding air, preventing the engine from

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9 overheating. The radiator's efficient heat dissipation ensures optimal engine performance, fuel efficiency, and longevity, contributing to the overall reliability and functionality of the vehicle.

2.5 Water Circulating pump: The radiator circulating water pump, commonly known as the water pump, is a crucial component of an automobile's cooling system. Its main function is to circulate coolant, also known as antifreeze, throughout the engine and radiator, ensuring efficient heat transfer and maintaining optimal operating temperatures.[6]:

Fig 2.4 Circulating water pump Here is a description of the radiator circulating water pump:

1. Location: The water pump is typically located at the front of the engine, driven by a pulley connected to the engine's crankshaft. It is often positioned at the bottom of the engine block, drawing coolant from the lower part of the radiator.

2. Construction: The water pump consists of several key components, including an impeller, housing, a shaft, a bearing, and a pulley. The impeller is a rotating fan-like component with curved blades that create centrifugal force when it spins. The housing encloses the impeller and contains the inlet and outlet ports for coolant flow. The shaft connects the impeller to the pulley, which is driven by the engine's crankshaft.

3. Operation: As the engine runs, the water pump is driven by the engine's rotational motion. The spinning impeller creates a suction force that draws coolant from the radiator through the inlet port. The coolant is then pushed through the engine block and cylinder head, absorbing heat generated by the combustion process. The heated coolant flows back to the radiator through the outlet port, where it releases heat to the surrounding air before reentering the engine.

4. Importance: The water pump plays a crucial role in maintaining the engine's temperature within the desired operating range. By continuously circulating coolant, it facilitates efficient heat transfer, preventing the engine from overheating. The pump ensures that coolant flows through the radiator, absorbing and dissipating heat, which helps maintain the engine's performance, prevent damage, and prolong its lifespan.

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10 It's worth noting that modern water pumps are often designed with a sealed bearing and a seal to prevent coolant leakage. This ensures the proper functioning of the cooling system and reduces the risk of engine damage due to coolant loss.

Overall, the radiator circulating water pump is an essential component of the cooling system in an automobile. It helps maintain the engine's optimal operating temperature by continuously circulating coolant, facilitating efficient heat transfer, and preventing overheating.

The engine reservoir tank, also known as the coolant reservoir or expansion tank, is a component of the automobile's cooling system. It serves as a storage and overflow container for coolant, also referred to as antifreeze or engine coolant. The reservoir tank plays an important role in maintaining the proper level of coolant and assisting in the overall functionality of the cooling system.

Here are some key details about the engine reservoir tank:

Location: The reservoir tank is typically located near the radiator or the firewall, away from direct heat sources. It is often made of translucent plastic, allowing for easy visibility of the coolant level.

Purpose: The primary function of the reservoir tank is to provide additional coolant volume and act as a reservoir for excess coolant. As the engine heats up and coolant expands, the excess coolant flows from the radiator into the reservoir tank, ensuring that the coolant system remains at the appropriate pressure. Similarly, when the engine cools down, the coolant contracts, and coolant is drawn back into the radiator from the reservoir tank to maintain the proper coolant level. [6]:

Coolant Level Monitoring: The reservoir tank has minimum and maximum level markings, allowing users to check the coolant level visually. The minimum level indicates the

The engine reservoir tank, also known as the coolant reservoir or expansion tank, is a crucial component of the automobile's cooling system. Its primary function is to serve as a storage and overflow container for coolant, also referred to as antifreeze or engine coolant. In this section, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the engine reservoir tank, its purpose, construction, operation, and significance.

Purpose of the Engine Reservoir Tank:

The engine reservoir tank serves several important purposes within the cooling system:

1. Coolant Storage: The reservoir tank acts as a storage container for coolant. It provides additional volume to accommodate the expansion and contraction of the coolant as the engine heats up and cools down. This ensures that the coolant system remains at the appropriate pressure and prevents coolant loss or air pockets.

2. Coolant Level Monitoring: The reservoir tank is equipped with minimum and maximum level markings, allowing users to visually check the coolant level. This enables early detection of coolant leaks or insufficient coolant levels, which can lead to engine overheating and damage.

3. Coolant Overflow: The reservoir tank serves as an overflow container for excess coolant.

In case of pressure build-up within the cooling system, such as during engine overheating, the pressure relief valve releases coolant into the reservoir tank. This

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11 prevents coolant from escaping the system and allows it to be recirculate back into the radiator once the engine cools down.

2.6 Engine fuel Tank:

The engine reservoir tank is typically constructed from durable plastic, such as polyethylene or polypropylene. These materials are resistant to corrosion and can withstand the temperature and pressure fluctuations within the cooling system. The tank is designed to be translucent or transparent, allowing for easy visual inspection of the coolant level.

The reservoir tank is usually integrated into the cooling system, positioned near the radiator or the firewall. It is connected to the radiator through hoses or tubing, allowing for the flow of coolant between the two components.[7] White, Kent:

Fig:- 2.5 Engine Reservoir Tank

The engine reservoir tank operates in conjunction with the rest of the cooling system to maintain the proper coolant level and pressure. Here is an overview of its operation:

1. Coolant Flow: As the engine heats up during operation, the coolant expands due to thermal expansion. The excess coolant flows from the radiator into the reservoir tank through a dedicated hose or tubing. This allows the coolant system to maintain the appropriate pressure and prevents coolant loss.

2. Coolant Replenishment: When the engine cools down, the coolant contracts, creating a vacuum effect within the cooling system. This vacuum draws coolant back from the reservoir tank into the radiator, replenishing the coolant level and ensuring optimal cooling system function.

3. Coolant Monitoring: The minimum and maximum level markings on the reservoir tank provide a visual indicator of the coolant level. Users can check the coolant level by visually inspecting the tank, allowing them to identify any coolant leaks or insufficient

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12 coolant levels. It is important to maintain the coolant level within the recommended range to ensure effective engine cooling.

The engine reservoir tank plays a crucial role in the overall functionality and health of the cooling system. Here are some key points highlighting its significance:

1. Preventing Engine Overheating: The reservoir tank allows for the expansion and contraction of coolant, preventing excessive pressure build-up within the cooling system.

This helps to regulate the engine's operating temperature and prevents engine overheating, which can cause severe damage or engine failure.

2. Coolant Leak Detection: By providing a visual indicator of the coolant level, the reservoir tank helps users identify coolant leaks. Insufficient coolant levels can lead to engine overheating, so regular monitoring of the reservoir tank is essential for detecting leaks and addressing them promptly.

3. Efficient Cooling System Operation: The engine reservoir tank ensures that the cooling system operates

Engine cooling pipe: The engine cooling pipe is an integral component of an automobile's cooling system, responsible for transporting coolant (also known as antifreeze) between various parts of the engine and the radiator. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the engine's optimal operating temperature and preventing overheating. In this section, we will provide a comprehensive overview of engine cooling pipes, their construction, function, types, and significance.

2.7 Cooling Pipes:

Engine cooling pipes are typically constructed from metal, with materials such as aluminum or steel being commonly used. These materials offer durability and resistance to the high temperatures and pressures within the cooling system. The pipes are designed to withstand the corrosive properties of coolant and the mechanical stresses imposed by the engine's vibrations and movements. Engine cooling pipes are often shaped and bent to fit the specific layout and requirements of the engine compartment.

Fig: 2.6 Cooling Pipes

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13 They may have various diameters and thicknesses, depending on the coolant flow rate and the specific cooling system design. The primary function of engine cooling pipes is to carry Coolant to and from different components of the cooling system, ensuring efficient heat transfer and maintaining the engine's operating temperature within the desired range. Here are the key functions of engine cooling pipes: [7]:

1. Coolant Circulation:

The cooling pipes transport coolant from the engine to the radiator and back, facilitating the circulation of coolant throughout the cooling system. As Coolant absorbs heat from the engine, it flows through the pipes to the radiator, where heat is dissipated to the surrounding air. Cooled coolant then returns to the engine through the pipes to continue the cooling process.

2. Connection between

Components: Engine cooling pipes connect various components of the cooling system, such as the engine, radiator, water pump, thermostat, and heater core. They provide a pathway for the continuous flow of coolant between these components, ensuring proper coolant distribution and temperature regulation.

3.Heat Transfer:

Engine cooling pipes play a vital role in transferring heat from the engine to the coolant and from the coolant to the surrounding air. As hot coolant flows through the pipes from the engine, it transfers heat to the pipes' metal walls. The large surface area of the pipes helps facilitate efficient heat transfer, allowing the coolant to cool down before returning to the engine.

Engine cooling pipes can be categorized into several types based on their location and function within the cooling system:

1. Inlet and Outlet

Pipes: These pipes connect the engine to the radiator, serving as the entry and exit points for coolant flow. The inlet pipe carries hot coolant from the engine to the radiator, while the outlet pipe returns cooled coolant back to the engine.

2. Heater Core Pipes:

These pipes connect the engine coolant to the heater core, which is responsible for providing heat to the vehicle's cabin. The heater core pipes allow for the transfer of heat from the engine coolant to the air that circulates within the cabin.

3. Bypass Pipes: Bypass

pipes provide an alternative pathway for coolant flow when the thermostat restricts coolant flow to the radiator. They help maintain the engine's operating temperature during warm-up or when the coolant temperature is already at the desired level. Significance of Engine

Cooling Pipes:

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14 Engine cooling pipes are critical for maintaining the engine's optimal operating temperature and preventing overheating. Here are the key reasons why engine cooling pipes are significant: Temperature Regulation: The proper functioning of the engine cooling pipes ensures that coolant flows effectively between the engine and the radiator, facilitating efficient heat transfer and temperature regulation. This prevents the engine from overheating and optimizes its performance and longevity.

4. System Integrity:

Engine cooling pipes, along with other components of the cooling system, contribute to the overall integrity and reliability of the system. Properly designed and maintained pipes help prevent coolant leaks, ensuring the continuous circulation of coolant and preventing potential damage.

2.8 Coolant

:

Engine coolant, also known as antifreeze, is a vital component of an automobile's cooling system. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the engine's optimal operating temperature and preventing overheating. In this section, we will provide a comprehensive overview of engine coolant, its composition, properties, functions, types, and significance.

Composition of Engine Coolant:[8] Steven J:

Fig: 2.7coolant

Engine coolant is typically a mixture of water and additives. The additives are essential for enhancing the coolant's performance and providing protection against various issues that may arise in the cooling system. The specific composition of engine coolant can vary depending on the manufacturer and the intended application. However, the following are some common additives found in engine coolant:

1. Ethylene Glycol or Propylene Glycol: These compounds serve as the base of the coolant and provide its antifreeze properties. They lower the freezing point of the coolant, allowing it to remain in a liquid state even in extremely cold temperatures. They also

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15 raise the boiling point, helping the coolant withstand high temperatures without vaporizing.

2. Corrosion Inhibitors: Coolants contain corrosion inhibitors that help protect the metal components of the cooling system from corrosion and rust. These inhibitors form a protective layer on the surfaces, preventing the formation of scale and corrosion that can hinder heat transfer and damage the cooling system.

3. pH Balancers: Engine coolant additives also include pH balancers to maintain the coolant's acidity or alkalinity within a specific range. This helps prevent the development of acidic or alkaline conditions that can lead to corrosion or damage to cooling system components.

4. Lubricants: Some coolants contain lubricating agents that help reduce friction and wear within the water pump and other moving parts of the cooling system. These lubricants enhance the longevity and performance of the cooling system.

5. Foam Inhibitors: Coolants may contain additives to prevent the formation of foam within the cooling system. Foam can interfere with proper coolant flow and heat transfer, leading to reduced cooling efficiency.

Functions of Engine Coolant:

Engine coolant performs several essential functions within the cooling system. Here are the key functions of engine coolant:

1. Heat Transfer: The primary function of engine coolant is to absorb heat generated by the combustion process in the engine. It flows through the engine block and cylinder head, absorbing heat from the various engine components.

2. Temperature Regulation: Engine coolant helps regulate the engine's operating temperature. It carries heat away from the engine and transfers it to the radiator, where it is dissipated to the surrounding air. This prevents the engine from overheating and maintains optimal operating conditions.

3. Freezing and Boiling Point Control: Engine coolant lowers the freezing point of the coolant, preventing it from solidifying in cold temperatures. It also raises the boiling point, allowing the coolant to withstand high temperatures without evaporating.

4. Corrosion Protection: The corrosion inhibitors in the coolant protect the metal surfaces of the cooling system from corrosion and rust. They form a protective barrier that prevents the formation of scale and corrosion, ensuring the longevity and proper functioning of the cooling system.

5. Lubrication: Some coolants contain lubricating agents that help reduce friction and wear within the cooling system's moving parts, such as the water pump. This enhances the durability and efficiency of the cooling system

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Chapter 3 Methodology

3.1 Working Process:

[9]Zhao: The working process of a water cooling system in an automobile involves a series of steps that facilitate the transfer of heat from the engine to the surrounding air. Here is a detailed overview of the working process of a typical water cooling system:

Fig 3.1 Working Process of water cooling system

Coolant Circulation:

1. The water cooling system begins with the circulation of coolant throughout the system.

The coolant is a mixture of water and antifreeze (typically ethylene glycol or propylene glycol) that is stored in the radiator. The water pump, driven by the engine's mechanical power, pumps the coolant from the radiator into the engine block and cylinder head.

Heat Absorption:

2. As the engine operates, it generates a significant amount of heat due to the combustion process. The coolant flows through passages called water jackets that surround the combustion chambers, cylinder walls, and other hot engine components. These passages are designed to maximize the contact area between the coolant and the engine, allowing efficient heat transfer.

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17 Heat Transfer:

3. As the coolant circulates through the water jackets, it absorbs the heat generated by the engine. The hot coolant carries the absorbed heat away from the engine components, preventing overheating. This transfer of heat from the engine to the coolant is facilitated by the metal walls of the water jackets, which act as conductors of heat.

Thermostat Regulation:

4. To ensure optimal engine operating temperature, a thermostat is installed in the cooling system. The thermostat is a temperature-sensitive valve located between the engine and the radiator. It remains closed during the initial warm-up period to allow the engine to reach its operating temperature quickly. Once the engine reaches the desired temperature, the thermostat opens, allowing the coolant to flow into the radiator.

Radiator Cooling:

5. The radiator is a heat exchanger located at the front of the vehicle. It consists of a network of small tubes and fins that increase the surface area available for heat dissipation. As the hot coolant enters the radiator, it flows through these tubes while air passes over the fins.

This process enables heat transfer from the hot coolant to the cooler air.

Airflow and Cooling Fans:

6. The airflow necessary for efficient radiator cooling is provided by the movement of the vehicle or through the use of electric cooling fans. When the vehicle is in motion, the forward motion creates a natural airflow through the radiator. In stationary or low-speed conditions, electric cooling fans mounted behind the radiator turn on to draw air through the radiator, enhancing cooling efficiency.

Heat Dissipation:

7. As the hot coolant flows through the radiator and heat is transferred to the surrounding air, the coolant gradually cools down. The transfer of heat from the coolant to the air occurs through a combination of conduction, convection, and radiation. The cooled coolant then exits the radiator and returns to the engine through the lower radiator hose.

Coolant Re-Circulation:

8. Once the cooled coolant returns to the engine, it continues to circulate through the water jackets, absorbing heat from the engine components. This cycle of heat absorption, transfer, and dissipation continues as long as the engine is running, maintaining the engine's optimal operating temperature.

Coolant Reservoir:

9. The cooling system is equipped with a coolant reservoir, also known as the expansion tank or overflow tank. This reservoir provides a space for excess coolant to expand as it heats up

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18 and contracts as it cools down. It also acts as a storage and overflow container for the coolant, ensuring that the cooling system remains at the appropriate pressure and prevents coolant loss.

Maintenance and Safety:

10. Regular maintenance of the water cooling system is essential to ensure its efficient operation. This includes checking the coolant level, inspecting hoses and connections for leaks, and replacing the coolant at recommended intervals. Additionally, it is important to handle coolant with care, as it is toxic and can be harmful

3.2 Final Project:

The Final view of our Project

Fig: 3.2 Final Projects

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19

Chapter 4

Result and performance Test 4.1 Table

Sl.

No

Initial Temperature in Celsius

Final Temperature in Celsius Time in Min

1 750 720 10

2 720 670 20

3 670 630 30

4 630 590 45

5 590 570 55

4.2 Chart

Fig4.2 Fig Chart

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Chapter 5 5.1 Conclusion:

In conclusion, the water cooling system is a vital component of an automobile's engine, designed to regulate and maintain the engine's optimal operating temperature. It effectively absorbs heat generated by the engine and transfers it to the surrounding air, preventing overheating and ensuring the engine's efficient performance. Here are some key points to summarize the water cooling system [10]:

1. Heat Absorption: The system circulates coolant through water jackets surrounding the engine components, allowing efficient heat absorption from the engine.

2. Heat Transfer: The absorbed heat is transferred from the engine to the coolant through the metal walls of the water jackets, facilitating the cooling process.

3. Thermostat Regulation: A thermostat regulates the coolant flow, ensuring that the engine reaches and maintains its optimal operating temperature.

4. Radiator Cooling: The radiator acts as a heat exchanger, cooling the hot coolant as it flows through its tubes and is exposed to airflow.

5. Airflow and Cooling Fans: The natural airflow created while the vehicle is in motion or the use of electric cooling fans enhances radiator cooling during stationary or low-speed conditions.

6. Heat Dissipation: Heat is dissipated from the coolant to the surrounding air through a combination of conduction, convection, and radiation within the radiator.

7. Coolant Re-Circulation: The cooled coolant returns to the engine through the lower radiator hose, where it continues to absorb heat and maintain the engine's optimal temperature.

8. Coolant Reservoir: The coolant reservoir provides storage space for excess coolant and ensures the system remains at the appropriate pressure, preventing coolant loss and air pockets.

9. Maintenance and Safety: Regular maintenance, including checking coolant levels, inspecting hoses, and replacing coolant, is necessary to ensure the system's efficient operation. Proper handling of coolant is essential for safety.

The water cooling system's proper functioning is critical for the engine's longevity and performance. By effectively managing heat transfer, it prevents engine overheating, minimizes wear and tear, and optimizes fuel efficiency. Understanding the working process and maintaining the system are essential for the overall reliability and performance of an automobile

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[9] Dongliang Zhao; Ablimit Aili; Yao Zhai; Jiatao Lu; Dillon Kidd; Gang Tan; Xiaobo Yin;

Ronggui Yang (26 October 2018).

[10] Final Regulations to Establish Requirements for Cooling Water Intake Structures at Existing Facilities; Fact sheet (PDF) (Report). EPA. May 2014. EPA 821-F-14-001.