Av‡jvP¨ BDwb‡U †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi aviYv, cwiwa Ges G welqwUi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi m¤úK© wb‡q Av‡jvnQ. I mykvmb cwievi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i mgvR, ivóª, iv‡óªi DrcwË I weKvk, iv‡óªi Kvh©vewj cÖf…wZ. gŠwjK cÖwZôvb †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi AšÍf©~³|. 9| bvMwiK Rxe‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ welqvw` t †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb AvaywbK bvMwiK Rxe‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ wewfbœ welqvewj wb‡q Av‡v Kj wewfbœ mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK mgm¨vi mgvavbI cvIqv hvq Gi gva¨‡g|. cŠibxwZ.
I mykvm‡bi cwiwa e¨vcK Biorę…Z| bvMwiK Rxe‡bi mv‡_ mswkøó ivóª I miKv‡ii Kvh©vewj hZ`~i take…Z. cŠibxwZ. I mykvm‡bi cwiwaI ZZ`~i take…Z| bvMwiK Rxeb, bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©e¨, msweavb, HwZnvwmK NUbv, ivR‰bwZK NUbvewj, cÖwZôvb I msMVb, miKv‡ii ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv, wi‡cÿ wbe©vPb, AvB ‡bi kv mb , wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZvi gZ welq¸‡jv wb‡q Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv †cŠibxwZ. BwZnv‡mi Z_¨ webv †cŠibxwZ I mykvm‡bi Av‡jvPbv c~Y©Zv cvq bv| G cÖm‡½ Aa¨vcK Rb wmwj (John Seely) e‡jb, Ò†cŠibxwZ e¨ZxZ BwZnvm g~j¨nxb, Avi BwZnvm e¨ZxZ †cŠibxwZ wfwËnxb|Ó.
3 | ciśi ‡ K cwic ~ Y © Zv `vb † cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges BwZnvm ciśi ‡ K cwic ~ Y © Zv` vb K ‡ i _v ‡ K | † cŠibxwZ I mykvm ‡ bi Av ‡ jvPbv I we ‡ kół ‡ Yi † ÿ ‡ Î BwZnv ‡ mi mn ‡ hvwMZvi cÖ ‡ qvRb nq | BwZnvwmK NUbvcÖevn e¨ZxZ. 2 | cwiwaMZ cv_ © K¨ t † cŠibxwZ I mykvmb Ges mgvRweÁv ‡ bi g ‡ a¨ cwiwaMZ cv_ © K¨ i ‡ q ‡ Q | mgvRweÁv ‡ bi cwiwa AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK | mgv ‡ Ri mvwe © K welq mgvRweÁv ‡ bi gva¨ ‡ g cvIqv hvq | Ab¨w` ‡ K † cŠibxwZ I mykvmb mgv ‡ RiB GKwU Vprašaj ivóª I bvMwiK welq wb ‡ q Av ‡ jvPbv K ‡ i | † m ‡ ÿ ‡ Î † cŠibxwZ I mykvm ‡ bi cwiwa Zzjbvg ~ jKfv ‡ e Kg |. Kandi mykvm ‡ bi cwiwa e¨vcK | † cŠibxwZ I mykvmb ivóª, miKvi, bvMwiKZv m¤úKx © q welqvewj wb ‡ q Av ‡ jvPbv K ‡ i | Ab¨w` ‡ K † jvK cÖkvmb cÖavbZ ivóªxq wewfbœ bxwZ m¤ú ‡ K © Av ‡ jvPbv K ‡ i |. cŠibxwZ.
Mf©‡bÝ I mykvmb 4
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GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii PwiÎ Abymv‡i msweavb bgbxq ev mycwieZ©bxq nq| †K›`ªxq AvBbmfv mn‡RB mvaviY AvBb cÖYq‡bi c×wZ‡Z msweavb ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cv‡i|. GRb¨ GB miKvi RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i|. GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii mgm¨vejx. wewfbœ A‡ji mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡Yi e¨e¯’v cÖ‡qvRb| AvÂwjK ˆewPΨ msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨. Merits and Demerits of Federal Government) D‡Ïk¨.
Political Party, Pressure Group, Leadership and Good Governance)
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5| mvgvwRKxKiY t Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiáYi gva ̈g| eZ©gváb MYZvwš¿K iváóa ivR‰bwZK. ji b ̈vq AábK Pvcm„wóKvix ÜMvôxI RbmvaviáYi gáa ̈ ivR‰bwZK cÖPviKvh© cwiPvjbv Kái| GfváeB Zviv RbMáYi gáa ̈ mvgvwRKxKiáYi gva ̈g wnmváe KvR Kái|. Dci miKváii mvdj ̈ wbf©i Kái| GB BDwbáU miKváii GB wZbwU weláq Kvh©vejxmn bvbvwea cÖvmw1áK welq AvájvPbv Kiv náqáQ| cvV-9.9t wePvi wefváMi MVb I Kvh©vewj. RbMáYi wbivcËv cÖ`vb, RbMáYi AwaKvi iÿv, AvBábi kvmb cÖwZôv, kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv iÿv, RbKj ̈vY mvab, b ̈vqwePvi wbwðZKiYv÷i ágiváMáYv mái _vá K| ZvB miKviáK ev` w`áq ivá-ai K_v wPšÍvB Kiv hvq bv| Gwi÷Uj miKváii Kvh©vewjáK Üh wZbfváe fvM KáiáQb.
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