Our sincere gratitude, deep debt and deep respect goes to our supervisor, Brig-Gen Md Lutfor Rahman Head of the Department, Mechanical Engineering Deptt. Most people in third world countries do not have easy access to clean drinking water.
Objective
The ultimate goal of developing our water purification plant model should be to operate with minimum energy, minimum maintenance, cost effective, environment friendly, easily applicable and can be developed by local artisans. Water samples are analyzed in a licensed laboratory to demonstrate the effectiveness of the filter design.
Chapter- 2
Literature Review
History of waste water treatment plant
The development of slow sand filtration in the United States was, in contrast to the European experience, slow (Logsdon and Fox, 1988). The year 1832 saw the construction of the first slow sand filtration plant in the United States in Richmond, Va.
Chapter -03
Waste water
- Wastewater constituents
- Wastewater quality indicators
- Waste water Treatment
- Industrial Waste treatment
- Surface water treatment
Soluble inorganic material such as ammonia, road salt, sea salt, cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, thiocyanates, thiosulfates, etc.;. Macrosolids such as sanitary napkins, nappies/diapers, needles, children's toys, dead animals or plants, etc.;.
Chapter-04
Wastewater
Treatment plant
Treatment process
Wastewater treatment refers to the process of removing pollutants from water previously used for industrial, agricultural, or municipal use. Energetic techniques can also be used together with biological techniques in the secondary phase to break up the size of particles and thus increase their surface area and rate of consumption by the microbes present. A common first step in the secondary treatment process is to send the waste to an aeration tank.
Increasing the number of steps in a wastewater treatment process can guarantee a higher quality of wastewater; however, the use of additional technologies may incur higher costs for construction, operation, and maintenance.
Chapter -05
Sand based
Slow sand purification plant and rapid sand purification plant
Rapid sand treatment plants are suitable for large urban centers where land scarcity is a problem. Slow sand treatment plants are suitable for developing countries and small rural systems, where sufficient land is available. Slow sand treatment plant is easier to operate than rapid filtration as frequent backwashing is not required.
Therefore, in terms of operation and maintenance level, fast sand cleaning plants require a technically skilled operator, while operating slow sand cleaning plants requires little technical knowledge.
Chapter - 06
Water treatment plant Model Development
In our project here we have used simple cylindrical filter tube 3 in number shown in fig below with following dimension,. In the proposed model design, precast water with known iron concentration passed through the overhead inlet pipe. Then, after filtration, the filtered water was collected through the conical part into a beaker and the final iron concentration was measured in the atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS).
The filtration rate was recorded and three samples were tested for each adsorption medium and the average iron concentration was taken into account to analyze the filter efficiency.
Chapter -07
And Material Used
Methodology
The first method is the removal of iron and large particles by adsorption technique, various adsorption media were used for iron removal and large particle removal.
Material used
Requirements
Preparation
- Locating source of gravel and sand
- Biological quality testing
- Sifting
- Cleaning and Flow Rate Test
- Installing
Positive results in the water with a sand sample means that the contamination comes from the sand. Sand from this sand source is not suitable for use in the filter; however, it could be used for the construction of the concrete body. Sieving is necessary to separate coarse and fine sand from gravel under the drain and larger rocks.
Slow sand filters are not backwashed, so after the sand is placed in the filter beds, it cannot be cleaned quickly or easily.
If not, there was a sampling error or the water did not boil long enough. Several sources of sand should be sought and tested for biological quality as described above until a clean source is found. A total of three sieves of different sizes are required: a 12 mm sieve for underdrain gravel, a 6 mm sieve for coarse (or carrier) sand and a 1 mm sieve for fine (or filter) sand. 4) Cleaning and flow test.
Gravel and sand are then introduced into the bowl according to the layer heights indicated in the figure.
Properties and occurrence
For this reason, natural zeolites are excluded from many important commercial applications where uniformity and purity are essential. The maximum size of molecular or ionic species that can enter the pores of a zeolite is controlled by the dimensions of the channels. These are conventionally defined by the size of the opening ring, where the term "8-ring" refers to a closed ring that is constructed of eight tetrahedrally coordinated silicon (or aluminum) atoms and 8 oxygen atoms.
These rings are not always perfectly symmetrical due to a variety of effects, including strain caused by the bonding between units necessary to produce the overall structure, or coordination of some of the oxygen atoms of the rings to cations within the structure.
Type of tube
Type of water treatment plant design
Construction of Sintered Material
Features & Benefits
In traditional dry gauges, delicate links, pivots and gears are prone to vibration damage, leading to inconsistent performance. With a liquid-filled meter, the liquid fill effectively dampens system pulsation, making the meter pointer easier to read. Condensation can make the gauge difficult to read or in some cases cause icing failure. Liquid-filled gauges are sealed to prevent internal condensation, and by keeping moisture out of the system, gauge movement is protected during icing.
The choice of filler fluid is based on the application, but glycerin is typically used for room temperature applications and silicone oil is commonly used for extreme temperature applications, especially when icing is a problem.
In our sewage treatment plant we have used a microfilter for better water treatment. The most abundant use of microfiltration membranes is in the water, beverage and bio-processing industries. The outlet process stream after treatment using a microfilter has a recovery rate that generally ranges from about 90-98. In our factory we use a microfilter which is 22 inches long and 6.5 inches in diameter.
Chapter – 08
Our Project
- Working principle
- FLOW RATE
- TURBIDITY
- Filter Effectiveness
- PHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS
The iron pipe is equipped with the intake pump. The pump is operated by the electric switch. Which is connected to an operating board with power supply. When the switch is turned to the ON position, then the pump will start. The pump will absorb the sewage and send the water to the first cylindrical tank. Between the first and second cylindrical tank we kept a pressure gauge to observe the water flow rate. The flow rate of a filter is determined by the effective size and uniform coefficient of the sand grains.
The frequency of clogging is directly related to the quality of the water being treated.
Sand Layer
The results showed decreases or increases in each element tested after the carbon filter level and after the dual filter level. He also introduced the benefits of using a dual filter design as it provided cleaner drinking water. The results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards and with a reference sample of tap water passing through microfiltration.
The different aspects of the filter are nozzle attachment, diffuser plates, sand layers and cracks in the steel body.
Cracks in the Cylindrical steel body
Chapter -09
Result obtain
Chapter -10
Standard of
Drinking water quality standards
In Europe, this includes the European Drinking Water Directive and in the US the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets standards as required by the Safe Drinking Water Act. China adopted its drinking water standard GB3838-2002 (Type II) approved by the Ministry of Environmental Protection in 2002. Where drinking water quality standards exist, most are expressed as guidelines or targets rather than requirements, and many few water standards have any underlying law or are subject to enforcement.
Two exceptions are the European Drinking Water Directive and the US Safe Drinking Water Act, which require legal compliance with specific standards.
Contents
- Range of standards
- Parametric values
- Australian standards
- European Union standards
- United States standards
- World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines
- Comparison of parametric values
Drinking water quality standards in Australia are developed by the Australian Government's National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) in the form of the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. The following parametric standards are included in the Drinking Water Directive and are expected to be implemented by the relevant legislation in every country of the European Union. In the US, the federal legislation that controls drinking water quality is the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) which is enforced by the EPA, primarily through state or territorial priority agencies.
States and territories must implement rules at least as stringent as the EPA to maintain primary enforcement jurisdiction (primacy) over drinking water.
Chapter- 11
Cost Analysis
Cost of the waste water treatment plant
Chapter-12
- Drawbacks
- Difficulties
- Recent Developments
- Further implementation of a waste water system
The first major drawback of the treatment plant is that it does not look 100%. Selecting an inappropriate sand source will cause the filter flow rate to deviate from the recommended range. Recent advances in the field of wastewater treatment plants have focused on manufacturing processes for producing membranes and additives to promote coagulation and thus membrane fouling.
Specialized heat treatment and manufacturing processes of the membrane's internal structure showed results indicating a 99.6% rejection rate of TiO2 particles under high flux.
Chapter -13
CONCLUSIONS
The new born coating, on the other hand, makes the coated sand appear slightly rougher at the same magnification. Thus, the removal can be attributed to the roughening of the RHA surface due to modification by aluminum hydroxide. It has been proven that banana ash is effective enough in removing iron ions and is the cheapest material used in the experiment.
Due to the frequent use of steel, some cracks can be created on its surface, which is undesirable.
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