This is even more important in the modern context, when the energy crisis is one of the biggest problems facing the world. The analysis for evaluating the losses in this part of the system is therefore simpler than that for the transmission levels.
HISTORICAL EVALUATION
As such, two independent power systems were developed, one in the eastern part and the other in the western part. In December 1982, the eastern and western grids were connected with the commissioning of the 230 KVEeast-west double interconnecting transmission line, which enabled the transmission of low-cost gas-based power from the eastern grid to the western grid.
PRESENTSTATUS
STATION USE OF DIFFERENT POWERPLANTS
LOSSES IN REB SYSTEM REB has been
COMPARISONOF LOSSES WITH SOME ASIAN COUNTRIES
Also in this group, Bangladesh has the highest system loss, while Sri Lanka has the lowest.
HIPLICATION OF HIGH SYSTEN LOSS ON BPDB SYSTEM
It is true that tariff increases alone cannot make up for such a financial loss unless this abnormal system loss is reduced to a reasonable level. The Government of Bangladesh wishes BPDB to take appropriate action to reduce the system loss to an acceptable level through appropriate measures.
BPDB'S STRATEGY TO REDUCEENERGYLOSS
IL is true that the reduction of Lechnian loss is 11 co"Lly and, Lime-consuming solution, while sub-stahtial results can be achieved by an effort to reduce the non-technical lo"s through a better administration and processing system.
REORGANISATION OF COMMERCIAL DEPARTMENT
CALIEHATION OF METERS
ESTABLISH PHOPER ACCOUNTABILITY
F. 100% METER READING AND BILLING
- PROVIDE METERFOR UNMETERED CONNECTIONS
- INSTALLATIONOF SYSTEMMETERING
- REVISION OF OLD ELECTRICITY ACT
- PANEL CHARGE
- RESISTANCELOSS
Gross output is the total amount of electricity produced by alternators in grid-connected power plants. Net output is the electrical energy produced by the alternators excluding all energy consumed by their auxiliaries.
IOFFICE USE I
STEP-UP
CB STEP-UP
Substation loss is the energy spent in the substation, excluding that consumed by the control office. Distribution loss is the energy wasted by the distribution system, including ;primary distribution lines, distribution transformers, and . the service drop to the individual consumers.
VIR vUe
INTRODUCTION
The peak load power loss can be obtained from load flow study. lh,., principle information obtained from a load flow study is the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at p.achbus and the real and reactive power flowing in each line. From the information of power flow in the line, power loss in each line can be obtained. Load study is also essential in planning the future development of the system because satisfactory operation of the IK)Versys depends on the knowledge of the effects of interconnections with other IK)wer systems, effects of new loads and new transmission lines'.
I Hingle plll""e representation of U,e IKJwerHYSte is sufficient since current systems are usually balanced and we need mathematical models of the current system.
BUS CLASSIFICATION
I Hingle plll""e representation of U,e IKJwerHYSteis sufficient since power systems are usually balanced and we need mathematical models of the power system. tem eomlKmenl.son single phase hlH:iSwhieh can be applied under normal steady state conditions. It is desirable to find out the voltage magnitude and phase angle through the load. Here is the corresponding voltage magnitude. with the excitation voltage and actual power corresponding to it" rating being specified.
It is necessary to find out the reactive power generation and the phase angle of the bus voltage. The bus at which actual power flow is not specified, called the swing hus, is ,. usually a bus to which a generator is connected. Obviously, the net power flow to the system cannot be determined in advance at each bus because the loss in the .';. system is not known until the study is completed.
The phase angle of the voltage at the slack bus is usually given as 'the. The following are the main steps of load flow study of a power system al Formulation of the network equations.
FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM
- NODAL ADMITTANCE MATRIX
The following are the main steps of the power system load flow study and the formulation of the network equations. b) Appropriate mathematical technique for solving equations 1.y. 11,e !Jus impedance and hdllllU.unce matrices can be designed for the network. el<''fIl(mts matrices will then include inchxli nl,( ground bus. The nodal admittance matrix is a sparse matrix ( few elements .. nothing for an actual power system.
It only needs to store a few non-zero elements, it doesn't need to store the zeros of the \ matrix. Again the nodal admittance is a synrnetric matrix along the leading ", diagonal, the computer also only needs to store . matrix.. the admittance value for each interconnection circuit is known, the admittance". 4.7. can be seen that the SUIII of the elements in each column of the'diagonal element of each node is the SUlll of the .. between the nodes. admitt.ances cormecled to it. ii.) t,he af- I. the admittance matrix converges to zero, which means that the nodal admittance matrix-• - •• 1I .. matrix can be constructed as follows; me). The parameters of the equivalent circuit shown in Figure 4.1b can be derived by equating the transformer connection currents with the corresponding ones. The computer program described in the previous section ha been used to solve the load flow solution and ultimately the power loss of the 132 KV transmission lines of the BPDB system. The net terminal conditions on various buses on the peak day of FY 1987-88 are given in Table 4.2. In case of voltage control buses, it is very difficult to know the actual tapping position of the step-up transformers (11/132 KV) from the BPDB head office. So under the load flow strlies, the voltage magnitudes at various voltage control buses are taken from the values used by the System Planning Directorate, BPDB, IIIOstof, which are also assumed values. The computer time per iteration is approx. 0.22 seconds in the main advantage of BUlIT Computer COlltn,. I1, \All1lIRJLerreso] tg of the load current study of the BPDB network is given in I\pperKiix - E•. INTRODUCTION The complex power S; will be defined as the sum of the complex loads on buses at level i plus the loads at level i +I, plus the loads at level i+2, and so on. Therefore, the COlIHOO approximation of losses proportional to the load current squared is modified to incorporate all of the above variables. Certain assumptions are taken into account in the following analysis.. i) All the current supplying the load 8 flows through the branches connecting the supply buses and the level 1 buses. All the power supplied by the load S flows through the branches connecting level one and level two buses, and so on. . ii) Voltages of all buses at 11 specific level are equal; therefore, it can be assumed that all branches connecting two specific planes are parallel. The parallel combination of branches connecting the feeder buses and level one buses will be called Z,. But where measured data is not available, it is assumed that each bus level load is the same percentage of the total subsystem load at different load levels and that the ratio of real(S; ) to imaginary (Si ) is constant at various load levels, then the values of Si is determined. For example, if the load can be considered to be evenly distributed across the feeder, the losses are the same as if the total load were concentrated at a point one-third of the way out on the feeder. When the load called I., divided into a group of large concentrated loads distributed along the line. the line is divided into sections between loads, and the I2R 10SB or .. each section is calculated as a separate bus level on the side of each section. " .:l SAMPLE CALCULATION OF r~)wJo:H---IDSS. OLD MIRPUR XLPE CU SATMASJID KM 33.81 KM SHER-E-BANG A 28 MVA MVA 14 MVA RESULTS The non-technical loss resulting from the failure of administration and management at the highest level was beyond the scope of this thesis. For most of the power system of this subcontinent, the equivalent hour is between 3000-3500 hours per year. In most of the previous works, the load current flow of the BPDB system was implemented using one oscillating bus and the others as the load bus. From the load flow study, it is found that the loss is very sensitive to the suppression settings of the boost transformers. From the study of the load flow, it is observed that if we increase the tap setting of The result is given below showing the comparison with that of KOPEC results obtained from stu:ly load flow. Scheduling of generation capacities should not only be based on. the fuel cost but also the cost of transmission losses. A large number of load flow studies using different values of the above factors can be helpful in solving the problem. Now, if it is (xmpredicted that the total load is concentrated at a point 1/3 of the way into the feeder, then the line loss. Therefore, if the load can be considered as uniformly distributed along the feeder, the losses are the same as the load total be concentrated at a point one-third of the outlet in the feeder. However, it must be remembered that for a BIIIll1number of distributed loads, the error can be large and the loss in each section between the loads must be calculated separately. Electrical Energy Losses in the Colombian Power System", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.PAS-102, No.ll, November, 1983. A Report on "Loss Analysis of Existing System", Power System Loss Reduction Program, Bangladesh Power Developnent Board, Consultant Korea Power Engineering Co., Inc., Korea, January, 1988. Third Five Year Plan Planning Conuuission",' Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka, November, 1985. 34;Non-Lechnif'.al Loss Reduction in Bangladesh Power System", presents the Regional Seminar on Energy System Efficiency through Loss Reduction and Load Management, held in Bangkok, sponsored by the Asian Developncnt Bank.Y mn /Ymm
RESULTS
LOSS ANALYSIS
XLPE
5 MVA NAYARHAT
CUR2;JA,
