Ávb-weÁvb I mf¨Zvq gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb
f~wgKv
Bmjv‡gi Afz¨`q gvbe mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m GK hyMvš—Kvix wec−e wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| Bmjvg ïay ag©xq mxgv‡iLvi g‡a¨
Ave× bq| Bmjvg‡K †K›`ª K‡i Ávb-weÁv‡bi †¶‡Î m~wPZ n‡q‡Q GK beZi Aa¨vq| AvaywbK mf¨Zvi cw_K…r wn‡m‡e gymwjg wk¶v I mf¨Zv‡K wPwýZ Kiv nq| gvbeZvi weKvk, DrKl© cvw_©e Ges cvi‡jŠwKK gyw³i R‡b¨
Bmjvgx wk¶vi ¸i“Z¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©|
Bmjvg AÁZv‡K GKwU weivU mgm¨v wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i| AÁZvRwbZ Kvi‡Y gvby‡li Rxeb-mgm¨v KwVb AvKvi aviY K‡i| wk¶v gvbyl‡K AÜKvi n‡Z Av‡jvi c‡_ GwM‡q wb‡q hvq|
wek¦ K…wó I mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m †`Lv hvq, Ávb-weÁv‡bi RvMiY I DbœwZ GKgvÎ Bmjv‡gi ØvivB msNwUZ n‡qwQj|
Bmjv‡gi g~j ag© MÖš’ Avj KziAv‡bi me©cÖ_g evYx nj : ÒcvV Ki, †Zvgvi cÖfzi bv‡g, whwb m„wó K‡i‡Qb|Ó Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z gvbeZv I mf¨Zvi weKvk Áv‡bi Av‡jv Qvov m¤¢e bq| GRb¨B Avj−vni Kvjvg Avj KziAvb I ivm~‡ji evYx Avj-nv`x‡m Ávb AR©‡bi cÖwZ me‡P‡q †ewk ¸i“Z¡ `vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
G gnvwe‡k¦i m„ó e¯—zi Ici wPš—v-M‡elYv I Ávb PP©v Kiv m¤ú‡K© cweÎ KziAv‡b cÖvq 756 wU AvqvZ bvwhj n‡q‡Q| Avj−vn Zv'Avjv wek¦ cÖK…wZ I m„wó m¤ú‡K© Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi †P‡q †ewk AvqvZ bvwhj K‡i‡Qb| hv‡Z gymjgvbMY G¸‡jvi Dci wPš—v-M‡elYv K‡i wek¦evmxi mvgwMÖK Kj¨vY mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i|
gvbe DcKvix Ávb-weÁv‡bi mKj kvLvB Bmjvgx wk¶vi AvIZvfz³| e¨w³ gvby‡li Dbœqb, gvbeZvi weKvk, ˆbwZKZvi RvMiY, ˆelwqK Kjv-†KŠkj, Avwe®‹vi I cÖ‡qvMwe`¨v Ges Ava¨vwZ¥K weKvk I cwi”QbœZv Bmjvgx wk¶vi AvIZvfz³|
wk¶vi cÖm½ wb‡qB Bmjv‡gi m~Pbv| Ávb-weÁvb PP©v‡K Bmjvg ag©xq gh©v`v `vb K‡i‡Q| ZvB Bmjv‡gi †mvbvjx hy‡M Ávb-weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvq gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb GK †MŠiegq HwZ‡n¨i BwZnvm M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| G BDwb‡U Ávb-weÁvb I mf¨Zvq gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb wel‡q Rvb‡ev|
GB BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv nj-
cvV-1 : wk¶vq gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb
cvV-2 : wek¦mf¨Zv I Ávb-weÁv‡b gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb cvV-3 : mvwn‡Z¨ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb
cvV-4 : BwZnvm kv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb cvV-5 : `k©b kv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb cvV-6 : imvqb kv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb cvV-7 : MwYZ kv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb cvV-8 : wPwKrmv weÁv‡b gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb cvV-9 : †R¨vwZwe©`¨vq gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb cvV-10 : f‚‡Mvj kv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb
BDwbU
2
cvV 1 wk¶vq gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb
D‡Ïk¨GB cvV c‡o Avcwb-
wk¶vi Dbœq‡b I we¯—v‡i gnvbexi c`‡¶c D‡j−L Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
wk¶vi Dbœqb I weKv‡k Lyjvdv‡q iv‡k`x‡bi c`‡¶c eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
wk¶vi Dbœqb I weKv‡k DgvBqv Ljxdv‡`i f‚wgKv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
wk¶vi Dbœq‡b AveŸvmxq Ljxdv‡`i Ae`vb D‡j−L Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wk¶vi cÖwZ Bmjvg me‡P‡q †ewk ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i _v‡K| cweÎ KziAvb I nv`xm †_‡K wk¶vi Aby‡cÖiYv †c‡q gymwjg RvwZ Ávb-weÁvb PP©vq Ges wk¶v I Ávb-weÁv‡bi Dbœqb I we¯—v‡i mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i| gymwjgMY mgMÖ we‡k¦i Av‡jvKewZ©Kviƒ‡c Avwef‚©Z n‡q|
wk¶v we¯—vi I Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †h me ev¯—e, Kvh©Kix c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi weeiY Zz‡j aiv nj- 1.1 gnvbexi (m) c`‡¶c
M„n‡K wk¶vjq †NvlYv
nhiZ gynv¤§v` (m) beyIZ jv‡fi ci †_‡K Zuvi M„n‡K wk¶vMvi wn‡m‡e cÖ¯—zZ K‡ib| bex Kixg (m) wb‡R
†jvK‡`i wk¶v w`‡Zb| Zuvi ¯¿x Lv`xRv (iv) AvRxeb wk¶v w`‡q †M‡Qb| Zuvi BbwZKv‡ji ci g`xbvq Zuvi ¯¿x‡`i M„n bvix‡`i wk¶v `v‡bi Rb¨ wQj Db¥y³| nhiZ Avwqkv (iv), nvdmv (iv) I D‡¤§ mvjgv (iv) bvix‡`i gv‡S wk¶v
`vb Kv‡R e¨¯— wQ‡jb|
cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶v
beyqZ jv‡fi cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q g°vq wbwiwewj ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z nhiZ AviKvg (iv)-Gi evwo‡K (`vi“j AviKvg) GKwU wk¶vqZ‡b cwiYZ K‡ib| GLv‡b gymwjgMY GKwÎZ n‡q wk¶v MÖnY Ki‡Zb| hviv bZzb gymjgvb nZ, Zviv
†Mvc‡b G‡m GLv‡b wk¶v MÖnY Ki‡Zb|
†Mv‡Î †Mv‡Î wk¶vqZb
bZzb †Kvb †Mv‡Îi †jvK Bmjvg MÖnY Ki‡j, Zv‡`i wk¶v `v‡bi Rb¨ AwfÁ mvnvex‡`i‡K wk¶K wn‡m‡e †cÖiY Kiv nZ| Gfv‡e †Mv‡Î †Mv‡Î wewfbœ mvnvexi ZË¡veav‡b wk¶vqZb M‡o DV‡Z _v‡K|
wk¶vi gnv‡K›`ª ¯’vcb
wnRi‡Zi ci g`xbvq gmwR‡` beex wk¶vi gnv‡K‡›`ªi iƒc jvf K‡i| gmwR‡` beexi cÖv½‡Y Ômyddv' bv‡g GKwU AvevwmK wek¦we`¨vjqI M‡o †Zvjv nq| wewfbœ A‡ji eû gvbyl GLv‡b wk¶v MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Avm‡Zb| A‡bK mvnvex Ômyddv' wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvRxeb AvevwmK QvÎ-wk¶‡Ki f‚wgKvq wQ‡jb| Zuv‡`i LvIqvi e¨e¯’v gymjgvb‡`i
`v‡b I evBZzj gv‡ji fvÊvi †_‡K †`qv nZ| K‚dv, emiv, wmwiqv, wgmi, †ivg, cvim¨ cÖf…wZ ¯’vb †_‡K AvMZ wk¶v_©xiv g`xbvq G‡m fxo Rgv‡Zb|
gyw³cY wn‡m‡e wk¶v
gnvbex (m) wbi¶iZv `~ixKiY I wk¶v we¯—v‡i GZ ¸i“Z¡ w`‡Zb †h, e`‡ii wkw¶Z hy× e›`x‡`i gyw³cY wba©viY K‡iwQ‡jbÑ K‡qKRb wbi¶i gymwjg‡K wk¶v `vb Kivi gva¨‡g|
1.2 Lyjvdv‡q iv‡k`x‡bi c`‡¶c
Bmjv‡gi cÖv_wgK hy‡M wk¶v we¯—vi I Dbœq‡b Lyjvdv‡q iv‡k`~‡bi Pvi Ljxdv AZzjbxq f‚wgKv cvjb K‡ib| wk¶v we¯—vi I cÖmv‡i Zuv‡`i Ae`vb n‡”Q :
gnvbexi (m) hy‡M KziAvb bvwhj nIqvi Kvi‡Y wZwb Zuvi RxeÏkvq KziAvb‡K GK‡Î MÖš’ve× K‡i †h‡Z cv‡ibwb|
cweÎ KziAvb‡K GK‡Î MÖš’vKv‡i msKj‡bi gnvb `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib cÖ_g Ljxdv nhiZ Ave~ eKi (iv)| wZwb
nhiZ Dg‡ii (iv) civg‡k© I mvnvev‡q wKiv‡gi mn‡hvwMZvq G gnZx KvR m¤úv`b K‡ib| Avi cieZ©x‡Z nhiZ Imgvb (iv) GKB cVbixwZ‡Z KziAv‡bi msKjb K‡ib|
nhiZ Avey eK‡ii (iv) Avg‡j gmwR‡` beex wQj cÖavb wk¶v‡K›`ª| ZvQvovI iv‡óªi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b wZwb mvnvex‡`i ZË¡veav‡b eû wk¶vqZb M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb|
Lyjvdv‡q iv‡k`x‡bi mg‡q ivóªxqfv‡e Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_ wk¶v we¯—v‡ii Rb¨I e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡qwQj|
†Kv_vI †mbvevwnbx †cÖi‡Yi mgq †mbvcÖavb wb‡qvM Kiv nZ- wkw¶Z AwfÁ wbôvevb e¨w³‡K| Zuviv wewRZ A‡j wk¶v `v‡b e¨vc„Z n‡Zb|
nhiZ Igi (iv) iv‡R¨i wewfbœ A‡j RbmvaviY‡K wkw¶Z K‡i M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ g³e I gv`ªvmv cÖwZôv K‡ib|
wk¶v `v‡bi Rb¨ Dchy³ D¯—v` wb‡qvM Ki‡Zb Ges evBZzjgvj †_‡K Zv‡`i †eZb-fvZv w`‡Zb|
ev¯—znviv AbMÖmi †e`yBb‡`i Rb¨ nhiZ Igi (iv) KziAvb wk¶v eva¨Zvg~jK K‡ib| GKv‡R Ave~ mywdqvb bvgK GK mvnvex‡K wbhy³ K‡ib| †KD KziAvb co‡Z bv cvi‡j kvw¯— †`qv nZ| Gfv‡e ivóªxq †cvlKZvq wk¶vi cÖf‚Z DbœwZ mvwaZ nq|
1.3 DgvBqv Ljxdv‡`i c`‡¶c
DgvBqv Avg‡j mvnvev‡q wKiv‡gi ZË¡veav‡b wk¶v e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb I we¯—v‡ii KvR ¸i“Z¡ mnKv‡i Pj‡Z _v‡K|
Zv‡`i Avg‡j wk¶v †¶‡Î weivU AMÖMwZ mvwaZ nq|
ivóªxqfv‡e nv`xm msKjb : DgvBqv Ljxdv Igi Be‡b Ave`yj Avhx‡hi mg‡q ivóªxq e¨e¯’vcbvq nv`xm msKj‡bi KvR myôziƒ‡c m¤úv`b Kiv nq| Gmgq nv`xm wk¶vi e¨vcK AMÖMwZ nq| nv`x‡mi eû msKjb Gmgq iwPZ nq|
wk¶v‡K›`ª ¯’vcb : mvgªv‡R¨i wewfbœ A‡j nv`xm PP©v I wk¶v‡K›`ª M‡o I‡V| nvRvi nvRvi wk¶v_©x Gme wk¶v‡K‡›`ª Áv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvq wk¶v MÖnY K‡i| `v‡g¯‹, K‚dv, emiv, g°v, g`xbv cÖf…wZ A‡j wk¶v †K›`ª¸‡jv wQj LyeB wekvj| †mLv‡b nvRvi nvRvi wk¶v_©x wk¶v jv‡fi Rb¨ we‡k¦i `~i-`~ivš— †_‡K Qy‡U AvmZ|
wdK&n m¤úv`bv : DgvBqv wLjvdZ Avg‡j wdK&n PP©v I m¤úv`bvi KvR myPvi“iƒ‡c Pj‡Z _v‡K| Gmg‡q Bmjv‡gi ag©xq AvBb-Kvbyb cÖYxZ nq| Ges wewae× gvhnve m„wó nq|
weÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ kvLv : DgvBqv Ljxdv‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZvq weÁvb I ms¯‹…wZi A‡bK DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| Ljxdv‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZvq weÁvb welqK A‡bK eB cy¯—K Aviex‡Z Ab~w`Z nq| †R¨vwZwe©`¨v, †¶Î ZË¡, wPwKrmv, exRMwYZ,
†bŠ-Pvjbv, f‚‡Mvj cÖf…wZ wel‡qi DbœwZi m~Pbv K‡i DgvBqv kvmKMY|
1.4 AveŸvmxq Ljxdv‡`i Ae`vb
AveŸvmxq hyM‡K wk¶v I Ávb-weÁv‡bi ¯^Y© hyM ejv nq| wk¶v I Ávb-weÁv‡bi mKj kvLvqB Zv‡`i Ae`v‡b mg„×|
AveŸvmxq Avg‡j mvgªv‡R¨i mKj A‡j AmsL¨ we`¨vjq cÖwZôv Kiv nq| evM`v`, Kvq‡iv I K‡W©vfvq D”P gv‡bi wek¦we`¨vjq wQj| †m me wek¦we`¨vj‡q e¨vcK Ávb-weÁv‡bi PP©v nZ|
wk¶v‡K mvaviY cvV‡Ki †`vi‡Mvovq †cuŠ‡Q †`qvi Rb¨ Gmg‡q A‡bK cvVvMvi ¯’vcb Kiv nq| cvVvMvimg~‡n eB‡qi msL¨v wQj AMwYZ| cvVvMv‡i _vKZ M‡elYv wefvM, Abyev` wefvM|
Ljxdv Avj-gvgy‡bi mgq weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvq Mfxi M‡elYvi Rb¨ cÖwZôv Kiv nq gvb-gw›`i| ÔevqZzj wnKgv' bv‡g G gvb-gw›`i wQj BwZnvm weL¨vZ| GwU GKwU wk¶v ms¯’v wQj| G‡Z jvB‡eªwiI wQj|
Bmjvg welqK Ávb-weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLv †hgbÑ nv`xm, Zvdmxi, wdK&n, AvKvB` cÖf…wZ welqmg~‡ni PP©v I M‡elYv e¨vcKfv‡e Pj‡Z _v‡K| Gme wel‡q cÖf‚Z DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| wdK&n‡K wewae× kv¯¿ wn‡m‡e G mg‡qB m¤úv`bv Kiv nq| wmnvn wmËvni nv`xmmg~n msKjb Kiv nq|
AveŸvmxq hy‡M mvwnZ¨ Kjv I ms¯‹…wZi wecyj DrKl© mvwaZ nq| fvlvZË¡, AjsKvi, Dcb¨vm, KweZv cÖf…wZ mvwnZ¨Kjv Pig DbœwZ jvf K‡i| cÖvPxb Aviex KweZvmg~n cy¯—KvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv nq|
weÁv‡bi wewfbœ wel‡q G hy‡Mi gbxlx I cwÊZ‡`i m„Rbkxj Ae`vb AvaywbKKv‡jI we¯§qKi e‡j g‡b nq| G hy‡M wPwKrmv kv¯¿, †R¨vwZwe©`¨v, MwYZ kv¯¿, imvqb, Dw™¢` weÁvb, f‚ZË¡ cÖf…wZ wel‡q Afvebxq DbœwZ mvwaZ nq|
Ljxdv‡`i g‡a¨ Avj gvbm~i, nvi“b-Ai-ikx`, Avj gvgy‡bi ivRZ¡Kvj ¯^Y©vjx Avfvq wPifv¯^i n‡q Av‡Q| Gu‡`i mgqKvj‡K AveŸvmxq wk¶v-ms¯‹…wZi ¯^Y©hyM ejv nq|
wk¶v †¶‡Î Ljxdv nvi“b-Ai ikx‡`i Ae`vb Amvgvb¨| evqZzj wnKgv, `vi“j Bj&g ev wgRvbyj wnKgv bv‡g wekvj weÁvb M‡elYvMvi Zuvi mg‡qi me‡P‡q eo Ae`vb|
Ljxdv Avj gvgy‡bi wk¶v I Ávb-weÁv‡bi Ae`vb me‡P‡q †ewk| Zuvi mg‡q ÔevqZzj wnKgv' c~Y©Zv jvf K‡i|
wZwb iv‡óªi me©Î wk¶v cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zv‡jb| wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi e¨qfvi wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ ivóªxqfv‡e jv‡LivR Rwg `vb K‡ib| wk¶v cÖwZôvb¸‡jv wQj ¯^vqËkvwmZ|
Bmjvg I gymjgvbM‡Yi wk¶v †¶‡Î Ae`vb Acwimxg| wk¶v I wk¶v DcKi‡YI Zviv G‡bwQj Af‚Zc~e© RvMiY|
Ávb-weÁv‡bi †¶‡Î gymjgvb‡`i‡K ZvB we‡k¦i AMÖ`~Z ejv n‡q _v‡K|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 2.1
K. ˆbe©¨w³K DËi-cÖkœ : GK K_vq DËi w`b|
1. Bmjvg wK‡mi cÖwZ me‡P‡q †ewk ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc K‡i _v‡K?
2. bexM„n‡K wK‡m cwiYZ Kiv n‡qwQj?
3. Bmjv‡gi cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶vMv‡ii bvg wK?
4. g`xbvi gmwR‡` bex‡K wK‡mi iƒc †`qv nq?
5. e`i hy‡×i wkw¶Z e›`x‡`i gyw³cY wn‡m‡e wK wba©viY Kiv nq?
6. cweÎ KziAvb‡K GKB MÖ‡š’ MÖš’ve× †K K‡iwQ‡jb?
7. GKB cVbixwZ‡Z KziAv‡bi msKjb †K K‡iwQ‡jb?
8. †Kvb Avg‡j evBZzj gvj †_‡K wk¶K‡`i †eZb-fvZv †`qvi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq?
9. ivóªxq e¨e¯’vcbvq Kvi Avg‡j nv`xm msKj‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq?
10. wdK&n m¤úv`bv †Kvb Avg‡j nq|
11. wk¶v I Ávb weÁv‡bi ¯^Y© hyM ejv nq †Kvb Avgj‡K?
12. ÔÁvb-gw›`i' cÖwZôv nq †Kvb mg‡q?
13. ÔevBZzj wnKgv' †Kvb mg‡q c~Y©Zv jvf K‡i?
14. wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi e¨q fvi wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ ivóªxqfv‡e wK `vb Kiv nq?
15. Ávb-weÁv‡bi †¶‡Î Kv‡`i‡K we‡k¦i AMÖ`~Z ejv nq?
L. msw¶ß DËi-cÖkœ
1. wk¶vi Dbœq‡b gnvbexi (m) Avg‡ji c`‡¶c wK wQj? wjLyb|
2. Lyjvdv‡q iv‡k`x‡bi Avg‡j wk¶vi Dbœq‡bi f‚wgKv wjLyb|
3. DgvBqv Ljxdv‡`i Avg‡j wk¶vi Dbœqb wKfv‡e n‡qwQj?
4. wk¶v I Ávb-weÁv‡bi ¯^Y©hyM ejv nq †Kvb Avgj‡K Ges †Kb ejv nq? wjLyb|
cvV 2
wek¦mf¨Zv I Ávb-weÁv‡b gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb D‡Ïk¨G cvV c‡o Avcwb-
ÔweÁv‡bi Drm wn‡m‡e Bmjvg'-GK_v cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvq gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb D‡j−L Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wek¦ mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m Ávb weÁv‡bi †¶‡Î gymjgvb‡`i `vb Acwimxg| Zv‡`i G Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© Aa¨vcK wnwÆ e‡j‡Qb, Aóg kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS n‡Z ·qv`k kZ‡Ki cÖvi¤¢ ch©š— Aviex fvlvfvlx †jv‡Kiv mgMÖ we‡k¦i mf¨Zv I ms¯‹…wZi cÖavb Av‡jvi w`kvix wQ‡jb| Zv‡`i gva¨‡g cÖvPxb weÁvb `k©b Ggwbfv‡e cybRx©weZ, ms‡hvwRZ I m¤úªmvwiZ n‡qwQj, hvi d‡j cwðg BD‡iv‡c †i‡bmuvi D‡b¥l m¤¢eci nq| G mg‡q gymwjg cwÊZ‡`i m„Rbkxj
†gav Ávb-weÁv‡bi wewfbœ †¶‡Î GK Abš— m¤¢vebvi Øvi D`NvUb K‡i| Zv‡`i ˆeÁvwbK cÖwZfv AvaywbK weÁv‡bi wfwË iPbv K‡iwQj|
2.1. weÁv‡bi Drm wn‡m‡e Bmjvg
Bmjv‡gi me©cÖ_g evYxB- cvV Ki, ch©‡e¶Y Ki, ZbœZbœ K‡i †`L, Ávb AR©‡bi Rb¨ †Zvgvi i‡ei bvg ¯§iY Kiv
†_‡KB weÁv‡bi Drm| ch©‡e¶Y, M‡elYv, cix¶v-wbix¶v Øviv Ávb Avni‡Yi K_vB KziAv‡bi G evYx‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q| G evYx Aš—wb©wnZ Zvrch© wn‡m‡e Av‡iv ejv hvq, Avj−vn gvbyl‡K `ywbqvi Ici Zvi Ljxdv wn‡m‡e KvR Kivi Rb¨ m„wó K‡i‡Qb Ges G wek¦ cÖK…wZ‡K eySvi I AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡K ¶gZv w`‡q‡Qb| myZivs †m hZB cÖK…wZ ev wdrivZ‡K eyS‡Z cvi‡e, ZZB wek¦ mªóvi m¤ú‡K©I mZ¨ Ávb jvf Ki‡e|
KziAvb gvbyl‡K Zvi eyw× we‡ePbv cwiPvjbv K‡i cÖvK…wZK RM‡Zi cÖwZ j¶ Ki‡Z e‡j‡Qb| KziAvb ˆewPΨgq ev cÖK…wZi ¸ß Z_¨vw` Avwe®‹vi K‡i Zv‡K gvby‡li Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Kivi †cÖiYv w`‡q‡Q| cÖvK…wZK Áv‡bi G mvabv mg¯— wRwb‡mi Avw`KiY ev †Lv`vi mÜvb jv‡f Zv‡K mg_© K‡i| KziAv‡b ewY©Z Av‡Q, hviv AvKvk Ges hgxb m„wói inm¨ m¤ú‡K© wPš—v K‡i e‡jÑ ÒI‡n Avgv‡`i cÖfz! Zzwg G mg¯— e„_v m„wó K‡ivwb|Ó A_©vr, cÖK…wZ I cÖvK…wZK kw³‡K Avj−vn gvby‡li cÖ‡qvR‡bi Rb¨B m„wó K‡i‡Qb, gvbyl Ávb Abykxjb Øviv G kw³¸‡jv‡K Rq K‡i wb‡Ri Kv‡R jvMv‡e-GB Bw½ZB KziAv‡bi G evYx‡Z †`qv n‡q‡Q|
2.2 weÁv‡b gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb
†Lvjvdv‡q iv‡k`x‡bi hy‡M gymjgvb‡`i Ávb mvabv ïi“ n‡jI weÁvb PP©vi m~ÎcvZ DgvBqv hy‡M ïi“ nq Ges Zv cwiYwZ jvf K‡i AveŸvmxq hy‡M| †¯ú‡bi gyiMYI weÁvb PP©vq we‡kl K…wZZ¡ cÖ`k©b K‡ib|
DgvBqv hyM
DgvBqv Ljxdv‡`i g‡a¨ gyqvweqv Be‡b Avey mywdqvb, Ave`yj gvwjK, cÖ_g Iqvwj`, nv¾vR web BDmyd, Igi web Avãyj Avhxh, wnkvg web Avãyj gv‡jK cÖgyL LjxdvMY weÁvb I ms¯‹…wZi c„ô‡cvlKZv K‡ib| Zuv‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZvi d‡j weÁvb welqK MÖš’ Aviex‡Z Ab~w`Z n‡qwQj| wPwKrmK gvmvi hvIqvn& me©cÖ_g ˆeÁvwbK cÖYvjxi wPwKrmv MÖš’ Aviex‡Z Abyev` K‡ib| Avey nv‡mg, Lv‡j` web Bqvhx` imvqb Ges wPwKrmv kv‡¯¿i Ici eB wj‡Lb|
D‡j−L¨, Avie RvwZ †h †R¨vwZwe©`¨v, †¶ÎZË¡, exRMwYZ, †bŠPvjbv BZ¨vw` wel‡qi DbœwZ mvabv K‡i cieZ©x hy‡M DrKl© mvab Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj, DgvBqv hy‡M Zvi cÖv_wgK m~Pbv cwi`„ó nq|
AveŸvmxq hyM
AveŸvmxq hy‡M Ávb-weÁvb mvabvi GK ¯^Y©hyM e‡j Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡m cwiwPZ| weÁv‡bi wewfbœ wel‡q G hy‡Mi gbxlx I cwÊZ‡`i m„Rbkxj Ae`vb AvaywbKKv‡jI we¯§qKi e‡j g‡b nq| G hy‡M wPwKrmv kv¯¿, †R¨vwZwe©`¨v, MwYZ kv¯¿, imvqb, Dw™¢` weÁvb, f‚ZË¡ cÖf…wZ wel‡q Afvebxq DbœwZ mvwaZ nq|
wPwKrmv kv¯¿
wPwKrmv kv‡¯¿ I A¯¿ cvPvi wPwKrmvq G hy‡Mi gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb Amvgvb¨| wPwKrmv kv‡¯¿ Be‡b AveŸvm, Be‡b wmbv, Be‡b `yni, Be‡b i“k`, Igi web-Lj`~b cÖgyL hyMvš—i m„wó K‡iwQ‡jb| Avjx Be‡b AveŸvm GKRb cÖwm×
A¯¿ wPwKrmK wQ‡jb| cÖL¨vZ `vk©wbK Be‡b wmbv wPwKrmK wn‡m‡eI mycwiwPZ wQ‡jb| wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi Ici Zuvi wjwLZ ÔKvb~b' wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi wfwË wn‡m‡e me©Î mgv`„Z wQj|
Avjx Be‡b AveŸvm evi L‡Ê wPwKrmv kv‡¯¿i GK eB wj‡LwQ‡jb| wZwb wn‡cv‡µwUm Ges wM‡j‡bi eû fzj Z_¨
ms‡kvab K‡iwQ‡jb|
GKv`k kZ‡Ki cÖwm× A¯¿ wPwKrmK wQ‡jb Aveyj Kv‡kg Lv‡j`| A‡¯¿vcPv‡ii w`K w`‡q wZwb AvaywbK wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi cw_K…r|
†R¨vwZwe©`¨v
AveŸvmxq hy‡M †R¨vwZwe©`¨viI cÖf‚Z DbœwZ n‡qwQj| †R¨vwZwe©`‡`i g‡a¨ gvkv Avj−vn, †m›`v web Avjx, Bqvwnqv web gbm~i, Ave~ gvmvi cÖgyL we‡kl cÖwmw× jvf K‡ib| Ave~ gvmv‡ii wjwLZ wRmev‡q gvmvi †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi Drm e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡Zv| Aveyj nvmvb `~iex¶Y hš¿ Avwe®‹vi K‡i †R¨vwZtkv‡¯¿i we‡kl DbœwZ mvab K‡ib| j¨vwUb fvlvq Ab~w`Z evZvbxi †R¨vwZtkv¯¿xq ZvwjKvmg~n eû kZvãx a‡i BD‡iv‡ci †R¨vwZtkv‡¯¿i wfwËiƒ‡c M„nxZ n‡qwQj|
Ljxdv gvgy‡bi cÖwZwôZ mvgvwnqvi gvb-gw›`‡i cÖwm× †RvwZwe©` Ave~ Rvdi gynv¤§v` web g~mv, LvIqvwiRgx G gvbgw›`‡i M‡elYv Ki‡Zb|
Aveyj Iqv`v w·KvYwgwZ Ges †R¨vwZtkv¯¿ welqK M‡elYvi bZzb c×wZ D™¢veb K‡iwQ‡jb Ges U‡jgxi Pvw›`ªK gZev‡`i åvwš— cÖ`k©b K‡i ¯^vaxb I bZzb Z_¨ Avwe®‹vi K‡iwQ‡jb|
myjZvb gvng~‡`i mgqKvi Avj wei“bx GKRb cÖwm× †R¨vwZwe©` wQ‡jb| Zuvi wjwLZ Avj-Kvb~b Avj gvmy`x AsK I †R¨vwZtkv‡¯¿ †gŠwjK Ávb I M‡elYvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| Kwe Igi ˆLqvgI †R¨vwZwe©`¨vq I AsK kv‡¯¿ ey¨rcbœ wQ‡jb|
MwYZ kv¯¿
MwYZ kv‡¯¿ Avie‡`i Ae`vb we¯§qKi| AvieMY cvðvZ¨ RMZ‡K msL¨v MYbv c×wZ wk¶v`vb K‡i| Avie cÖZxK GLbI c„w_exi mKj RvwZ e¨envi K‡i| Zuviv `kwgK c×wZI cÖeZ©b K‡i| exRMwYZ‡KI Zviv c~Y©v½ iƒc `vb K‡i| exRMwYZ I Avie‡`i Ab¨vb¨ MvwYwZK Avwe®‹vi¸‡jv Avie ewYKMY †`k-we‡`‡k Qwo‡q †`q|
AvieMY me©cÖ_g exRMwYZ‡K R¨vwgwZ‡Z e¨envi K‡ib| Gici mgxKiY Avwe®‹vi K‡i wØNvZ mgxKiY I wØc`
Dccv‡`¨i DbœwZ mvab K‡ib| Zuviv †MvjK w·KvYwgwZ Avwe®‹vi K‡iwQ‡jb Ges ZuvivB R¨vwgwZ‡K A¨vjRvweªqvq cÖ‡qvM K‡ib|
MwYZ kv‡¯¿ †gŠwjK Ae`v‡bi †¶‡Î Avj evËvbx, Avj dvivex, Avjwei“bx, Avj LvIqvwiRgx, Aveyj Kv‡kg gvbkvgv, Igi ˆLqvg, bvwmiDwÏb Zzmx, Avi Kvqex cÖgy‡Li bvg D‡j−L Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
imvqb kv¯¿
Avj‡Kwg n‡Z imvqb kv‡¯¿i Rb¥ n‡q‡Q| G kv‡¯¿i DbœwZ‡Z gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb Acwimxg| ZuvivB cÖ_g cvZb, cwimªeY I ¯^”QKi‡Yi c×wZ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
Rvwei Be‡b nvBqvb‡K AvaywbK imvq‡bi RbK ejv nq| wZwb imvqb kv‡¯¿i Ici cÖvq 500 MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib|
wZwb imvqb kv‡¯¿i `ywU g~jm~Î f¯§xKiY I jNyKiY ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ‡Z Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Rv‡ei evjxKiY, EaŸ©cvZb, `ªexKiY, ùwUKKiY cÖf…wZ c×wZi DbœwZ mvab K‡ib| ZvQvov he¶vi GwmW, MÜK, `ªveK, Rj-`ªveK I Ab¨vb¨ M‡elYv c×wZ‡Z cwiYZ K‡ib| G hy‡Mi Aci GKRb weL¨vZ imvqbwe` wQ‡jb Avj ivwh| wZwb he¶vi Gwm‡Wi cybivwe®‹vi K‡ib| weL¨vZ wPwKrmK Be‡b wmbvI imvqb kv¯¿‡K cÖYvjxe× Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡ib|
Dw™¢` weÁvb
AveŸvmxq hy‡M Dw™¢` we`¨viI eû DbœwZ nq| gymjgvbMY MÖxK‡`i †P‡q cÖvq `y'nvRvi iKg Mv‡Qi †kªYxKiY K‡iwQ‡jb| Dw™¢`we`‡`i g‡a¨ Be‡b evZ‡ii bvg we‡klfv‡e D‡j−L‡hvM¨| jZvcvZv m¤úwK©Z Zuvi cÖeÜvw` AvRI Dw™¢`we`‡`i wbKU g~j¨evb e‡j we‡ewPZ| ZvQvov f‚ZË¡ I cÖvYxZ‡Ë¡iI Zuviv cÖf‚Z DbœwZ mvab K‡ib|
gymwjg †¯ú‡b weÁvb PP©v
†¯ú‡b gymwjg †Ljvd‡Zi mgq gymjgvbMY weÁv‡bi wewfbœ wefvM we‡kl K‡i †R¨vwZlkv¯¿ I wPwKrmv weÁv‡b Avkvbyiƒc DbœwZ mvab K‡ib| †¯ú‡bi Av›`vjywmqvq †R¨vwZwe©`¨vi DrKl© mvwaZ n‡qwQj| AwaKvsk †¯ú‡bi
†R¨vwZwe©` wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †h, gvby‡li Rb¥ I g„Zz¨i ga¨eZ©xKv‡ji NUbvejx eûjvs‡k bv¶wÎK cÖfv‡e N‡U _v‡K|
G mg‡qi †R¨vwZwe©`M‡Yi g‡a¨ cÖL¨vZ wQ‡jb K‡W©vfvi Avj gvRwiZ, U‡j‡Wvi Avj-RviKvjx Ges †mwf‡ji Be‡b Avdjvn| Ave`yj Be‡b Avn‡¤§` wQ‡jb †¯ú‡bi Z_v gymwjg Rvnv‡bi me©‡kªô Dw™¢` ZË¡we`|
mvi-ms‡¶c
Bmjv‡g gnvbexi †bZ…‡Z¡ gymjgvbMY mgMÖ gymwjg mvgªv‡R¨ Z_v †MvUv we‡k¦i mf¨Zv I ms¯‹…wZ‡Z GK ˆec−weK cwieZ©b mvab K‡iwQ‡jb| Ávb PP©vi w`K w`‡q Zuviv ga¨hy‡M mviv we‡k¦ †bZ…Z¡ w`‡qwQ‡jb| cÖK…Z c‡¶ my`xN©
bqkZ eQi ch©š— gymjgvb RvwZB Áv‡bi Av‡jvKewZ©Kv enb K‡i w`K w`M‡š— Av‡jvK iwk¥ Qwo‡q w`‡qwQj| Z‡e
`yf©vM¨ekZt AÜKviv”Qbœ BD‡iv‡ci Nygš— RvwZ‡K RvwM‡q Zz‡j Zviv Ae‡k‡l wb‡RivB AÜKv‡ii AZj Z‡j Zwj‡q †Mj| kZvãxi e¨eav‡bI Zv‡`i üZ †MŠie cybi“×vi m¤¢e nqwb|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 2.2 K. ˆbe©¨w³K DËi-cÖkœ
wgjKi“b
1. Bmjv‡gi me©cÖ_g evYx...| 1. gyqvweqv, Avãyj gvwjK, cÖ_g Iqvwj`, Igi web Avãyj Avhxh cÖgyL|
2. Ávb-weÁv‡bi Drm...| 2. wPwKrmv kv¯¿, †RvwZwe©`¨v, MwYZ kv¯¿, imvqb, Dw™¢` we`¨v f‚ZË¡ cÖf…wZ wel‡q|
3. DgvBqv hy‡Mi Ávb-weÁv‡bi c„ô‡cvlK
LjxdvMY...| 3. cvVKi|
4. Ávb-weÁv‡bi ¯^Y© hyM...| 4. Bmjvg|
5. AveŸvmxq hy‡M Afvebxq DbœwZ mvwaZ
nq...| 5. wPwKrmv wn‡m‡eB mgvavb cÖwm×|
6. AvaywbK imvq‡bi RbK...| 6. AveŸvmxq hyM|
7. cÖL¨vZ `vk©wbK Be‡b wmbv...| 7. Avj evËvbx, dvivRx, Avj wei“wb, Avj LvIqvwiRgx I Igi ˆLqvg|
8. Be‡b wmbvi wPwKrmv kv‡¯¿i cÖL¨vZ MÖ‡š’i
bvg...| 8. Aveyj nvmvb
9. `~iex¶Y hš¿ Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib...| 9. Rvwei Be‡b nvBqvb|
10. MwYZ kv‡¯¿ †gŠwjK Ae`vb iv‡Lb...| 10. Avj Kvb~b|
L. msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ
1. ÒÁvb-weÁv‡bi Drm wn‡m‡e BmjvgÓ- GK_v cÖgvY Ki“b|
2. weÁv‡bi †Kvb †Kvb kvLvq gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb i‡q‡Q|
3. DgvBqv hy‡M Ávb-weÁv‡bi PP©v wel‡q wjLyb|
4. wPwKrmv kv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb wjLyb|
5. †R¨vwZwe©`¨vq gymjgvb‡`i wK Ae`vb i‡q‡Q?
6. MwYZ kv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb D‡j−L Ki“b|
7. imvqb kv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i †gŠwjK Ae`vb wK wQj?
8. gymwjg †¯ú‡b weÁvb PP©v wel‡q Avcbvi gZvgZ w`b|
cvV 3 mvwn‡Z¨ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb
D‡Ïk¨GB cvV c‡o Avcwb-
mvwn‡Z¨ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb D‡j−L Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wewkó Kwe I mvwnwZ¨K‡`i bvg ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
mvwnZ¨ Kjv gvbe mf¨Zvi `c©Y| mvwnZ¨ Kjvq Bmjvg I gymjgv‡bi Ae`vb Kg bq| mvwnZ¨‡K my›`i, mylgvgwÊZ I cwikxwjZ avivq e¨Äbv w`‡q‡Q Bmjvg| Bmjv‡gi Av‡MKvi Avie mvwnZ¨ ev Ab¨ †h †Kvb mvwn‡Z¨i cÖwZ ZvKv‡j †`Lv hv‡e mvwn‡Z¨i bv‡g hv wKQy wQj, Zv AZ¨š— †K¬`v³ I KjywlZ| Bmjvg G‡m mvwnZ¨ A½b‡K hveZxq Kjyl-Kvwjgv I †K¬` †_‡K c~Z- cwi”Qbœ gvbweK-ˆbwZK Ges cÖvYi‡mi mÄxebx avivq DbœxZ K‡i‡Q|
mvwnZ¨ RM‡Z gymjgvb‡`i eo Ae`vb GLv‡bB|
wk¶vi Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi gZ mvwn‡Z¨I gymwjgMY Abb¨ Ae`vb †i‡L †M‡Qb| GLv‡b †m me Ae`v‡bi wKQy w`K Zz‡j aiv nj-
3.1 mvwn‡Z¨ KziAv‡bi Ae`vb
Avj−vni Kvjvg KziAvb gvRx` GK AZzjbxq I AcÖwZØ›`¡x mvwnZ¨| KziAvb bvwh‡ji cÖfv‡e Ak−xj Kve¨PP©v eÜ n‡q hvq| ïi“ nq k−xj, gvwR©Z I i“wPm¤§Z Kve¨PP©v|
3.2 mvwn‡Z¨ nv`x‡mi Ae`vb
nv`xm kv¯¿I DuPy gv‡bi mvwnZ¨| nv`xm Aviex mvwn‡Z¨i Ag~j¨ fvÊvi| nv`xm‡K †K›`ª K‡i mvwn‡Z¨i AviI eû welq mg„× n‡q‡Q| nv`x‡mi fvlv †mŠ›`h© LyeB DbœZ I mylgvgwÊZ|
3.3 gnvbexi c„ô‡cvlKZv
ivm~j (m) mvwn‡Z¨i mgS`vi wQ‡jb| wZwb Kwe mvwnwZ¨K‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZv I cyi¯‹…Z K‡i DrmvwnZ Ki‡Zb|
cÖwZfve‡j Kwe nvm&mvb Be‡b mvweZ (iv) ZuviB c„ô‡cvlKZvq ab¨ n‡qwQ‡jb|
3.4 nhiZ Avjxi Ae`vb
PZz_© Ljxdv nhiZ Avjx (iv) GKRb mycwÊZ, mye³v, my‡jLK I myKwe wQ‡jb| Zuvi iwPZ ÔbvnRyj evjvMv' I Ô`xIqvb-B- Avjx' LyeB cÖwm×|
3.5 Ljxdv Avj gvbmy‡ii Ae`vb
Ljxdv Avj gbm~i †hgb Ávb-weÁv‡bi c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb, †Zgwb wZwb GKRb Kve¨iwmKI wQ‡jb| ZuviB c„ô‡cvlKZv I cÖ‡Póvq cÖvPxb Aviex KweZv¸‡jv MÖš’ AvKv‡i wjwce× Kiv nq|
3.6 Ljxdv nvi“b-Ai ikx‡`i Ae`vb
cieZ©x Ljxdv nvi“b-Ai ikx`I GKRb Kwe wQ‡jb| Zuvi mgqB weL¨vZ Avi‡e¨vcb¨vm ÔAvwjd jvqjv I jvqjv' (nvRvi I GK iRbx) MÖš’Lvbv iwPZ n‡qwQj|
3.7 gymwjg Kwe mvwnwZ¨K‡`i Ae`vb
mvbvB, AvËvi, iƒgx, Rvgx, Bebyj Aviex cÖgyL Kwe mvwnwZ¨KMY Kve¨ mvwnZ¨‡K mg„× K‡iwQ‡jb| bxwZwekvi`
m~dx Kwe †kL mv`xi `vbI wekKve¨‡¶‡Î Acwimxg|
Bùvnv‡bi Kwe Aveyj dvivR (897Ñ967 wLª:) Zuvi m¼wjZ ÔwKZveyj AvMvbx' †Z A‡bK KweZvi mgvnvi NwU‡q‡Qb| Gi wekwU LÊ Aviex KweZvi cÖvPy‡h©i K_vB cÖgvY K‡i| ZLb Avie Kwe‡`i AMÖYx wQ‡jb Avngv`
Be‡b ûmvBb Avj gyZvbveŸx Ges AÜ Kwe Avj gvAviwe, Kwe i“MwM (g„: 954 wLª:) †_‡K Aviex KweZvi mwZ¨Kvi cwiùzUb ïi“ nq|
3.8 cvi‡m¨i myjZvb‡`i Ae`vb
cvi‡m¨i gymwjg kvmKMYI mvwn‡Z¨i DrKl© mva‡b we‡kl Ae`vb †i‡LwQ‡jb| cvi‡m¨i gvwjK kvn, MRbxi myjZvb gvng~` cÖgyL ¯^-¯^ ivRavbx‡K mvwnZ¨ I Ávb-weÁv‡bi cv`cx‡V cwiYZ K‡ib| wbhvgyj gyj‡Ki b¨vq
†jLK I Igi LvBqv‡gi b¨vq Kwe gvwjK kv‡ni ivRavbx †Lvivmvb‡K Zx_©¯’v‡b cwiYZ K‡iwQ‡jb| myjZvb gvng~‡`i mfvKwe wdi‡`Šmxi bvgI RMwØL¨vZ|
3.9 dviwm mvwnZ¨ gymwjg‡`i `v‡b mg„×
cvim¨ mvwn‡Z¨i †mŠ›`h© I jvwjZ¨ GZB wPËvKl©K †h `ye„©Ë ZvZviMYI G‡Z gy» bv n‡q _vK‡Z cv‡iwb| gnv‡ZRv ˆZgy‡ii cÖjq¼i nv‡ZI GKw`b Kwe nvwd‡hi Rb¨ Avkxe©v‡`i †LjvZ I AMwYZ gwbgy³v I‡VwQj| cÖwm× ZzK©x exi gynv¤§v` hLb Kb÷vw›U‡bvcj Rq K‡ib, ZLb Zuvi weR‡qvb¥ËZvi †fZiI wZwb gnvKwe Rvgxi KweZvi Av`i Ki‡Z fz‡jbwb| nvwd‡hi iPbvB cvi‡m¨i Av`k© mvwnZ¨ e‡j a‡i †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i| Øv`k kZvãxi cÖwm× Kwe wbhvgx Ges ·qv`k I PZz`k© kZvãxi †kL mv`x Ges gvIjvbv iƒgx Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB AZ¨š— DbœZgv‡bi I wPËvKl©K Kve¨ iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| G mg‡q KziAvb, nv`xm Ges wewea HwZnvwmK, `vk©wbK I kv¯¿xq MÖš’ Aviex †_‡K dviwm fvlvq Ab~w`Z nq| cvi‡m¨i RvZxq mvwn‡Z¨i G weKvk PZz`©k kZvãx‡Z nvwd‡hi mgq c~Y©Zv jvf K‡i| gnvKwe Rvgxi BDm~d-hyjvqLv cÂ`k kZvãxi †kªô iPbv|
3.10 Dcgnv‡`kxq‡`i gymwjg mvwn‡Z¨ Ae`vb
Dcgnv‡`kxq KweKzj P~ovgwY Avgxi Lmi“i nv‡Z Kve¨, mvwnZ¨, myi I m½x‡Zi Pig DrKl© mvwaZ nq| gnvKwe BKevj, Kwe AvjZvd †nvmvBb nvwj, wgh©v Mvwje, Kwe bRi“j Bmjvg, Kwe †Mvjvg †gv¯—dv, Kwe dii“L Avng‡`iI i‡q‡Q Kve¨ mvwn‡Z¨ Ag~j¨ Ae`vb|
G Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv mn‡RB Abygvb Ki‡Z cvwi, mvwn‡Z¨ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb KZ †ewk| AvR‡Ki wek¦
mvwn‡Z¨i †h †Kvb A½‡b gymwjg‡`i Ae`vb Abe`¨|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb : 2.3 K. ˆbe©¨w³K DËi-cÖkœ : mwVK Dˇi wUK wPý w`b|
1. mvwnZ¨‡K my›`i, mylgvgwÊZ I cwikxwjZ avivq e¨e¯’vcbv w`‡q‡Q- K. evsjv mvwnZ¨ L. Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨
M. Bmjvg N. Aviex mvwnZ¨
2. we‡k¦i ey‡K AZzjbxq I AcÖwZØ›`¡x mvwnZ¨ †KvbwU- K. Avj-KziAvb L. eyLvix kixd M. Avwjd jvqjv IqvKvIqvjx N. gmbex
3. Lyjvdv‡q ivk`x‡bi g‡a¨ GKRb wQ‡jb mycwÛZ, mye³v, my‡jLK I myIKex wZwb †K?
K. nhiZ Avey eKi L. nhiZ Igi (iv) M. nhiZ Imgvb N. nhiZ Avjx (iv)
4. ÔAvwjd jvqjv I jvqjv' G weL¨vZ Avie¨ Dcb¨vmwU Kvi Avg‡j †jLv?
K. Ljxdv nvi“b-Ai-ikx‡`i L. Ljxdv gvgy‡bi M. Ljxdv gvbmy‡ii N. Ljxdv Dg‡ii (iv) 5. Dcgnv‡`‡ki K‡qKRb cÖL¨vZ Kwe-mvwnwZ¨K n‡jb-
K. †kL mv`x, i“gx, Dgi ˆLqvg, †di‡`Šmx L. BKevj, dii“L, †Mvjvg †gv¯—dv M. mvbvB, Av³vi, i“gx, Rvgx
N. ˆZgyi, myjZvb gvng~`, †ki kvn, Kv‡q‡` Avhg|
L. msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ
1. mvwn‡Z¨ KziAvb I nv`x‡mi Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Ki“b|
2. mvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e nhiZ Avjxi Ae`vb wK?
3. mvwn‡Z¨ gymwjg Kwe mvwnwZ¨K‡`i Ae`vb wjLyb|
4. Òdviwm mvwnZ¨ gymwjg‡`i `v‡b mg„×ÓÑe¨vL¨v Ki“b|
5. Dcgnv‡`kxq gymwjg mvwnwZ¨K‡`i Ae`vb D‡j−L Ki“b|
cvV 4 BwZnvm kv‡¯¿ gyymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb
D‡Ïk¨GB cvV c‡o Avcwb-
Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡mi Drm m¤^‡Ü ej‡Z cvi‡eb
gymwjg BwZnvm iPbvi m~Pbv c‡e©i ˆewkó¨ D‡j−L Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
BwZnvm PP©vi µg weKv‡ki weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb
Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡mi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
BwZnv‡m Lvj`y‡bi Ae`vb D‡j−L Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
4.1 Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡mi Drm
BwZnvm AZxZ NUbvejxi D¾¡j cÖZxK| BwZnvm AZx‡Zi `c©Y| Bmjv‡gi Avwef©v‡ei c~‡e© we‡k¦i †Kvb RvwZi g‡a¨B avivevwnKfv‡e BwZnvm msKj‡bi cÖqvm j¶¨ Kiv hvqwb| wek¦bex nhiZ gynv¤§v` (m)-Gi AvMg‡bi ci n‡ZB gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ me©cÖ_g BwZnvm iPbvi Aby‡cÖiYv †`Lv †`q|
gnvbexi (m) wewPÎ Kg©gyLi Rxe‡bi bvbv LyuwUbvwU welq Rvbvi AvMÖn Ges nv`xm PP©v Ki‡Z wM‡qB BwZnvm PP©vi D‡b¥l N‡U| †jŠwKK Dcv`vb, cÖvK Bmjvgx Avi‡ei Kvwnbx, Kzi'Av‡b cÖvPxb RvwZi BwZe„Ë, gnvbexi Rxebe„Ëvš—, nv`xm msMÖn Ki‡Z wM‡q eY©bvKvix‡`i Rxeb PwiZ-B wQj gymjgvb‡`i BwZnv‡mi g~j Drm| BwZnv‡m gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb wPi we¯§qKi NUbv|
4.2 gymwjg BwZnvm iPbvi m~Pbv ce©
BjgyZ& ZvixL (BwZnvm we`¨v) Avj LvIqvwihgxi g‡Z, ag©xq we`¨vi Aš—M©Z| gymjgvbiv Rxeb PwiZ‡KI BwZnv‡mi Abym½x wn‡m‡e †`‡L‡Qb| gnvbexi (m) g„Zz¨i ci Zuvi Rxebx I Rxeb weavb‡K mwVKfv‡e msKwjZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨B cUf‚wg iwPZ n‡qwQj| cweÎ Kzi'Avb kixd Ges ivm~jyj−vni Rxe‡bi HwZnvwmK Kvwnbxi e¨vcKZv gymjgvb‡`i‡K BwZnvm cvV I iPbvq DrmvwnZ K‡i| †h mKj gbxlx gnvbexi (m) nv`xm msMÖn K‡iwQ‡jb, ZuvivB c„w_exi me©‡kªô Rxebx wfwËK BwZnvm msKjbKvix| cÖL¨vZ cÖvP¨we` gv‡M©vwjI_ Avie BwZnvm we`¨vi wZbwU ˆewk‡ó¨i K_v D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb|
K. Avie‡`i BwZnvm PP©v Acivci Ávb-weÁv‡bi g‡Zv MÖxK ev Ab¨ we‡`kx Ávb Øviv cÖfvweZ nqwb| Zv‡`i BwZnvm PP©v wbR¯^ cÖ‡qvR‡b wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨B DrcwË I weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q|
L. ag©PP©v I †`k‡cÖg gymwjg HwZnvwmK‡`i BwZnvm PP©vq Drmvn I Aby‡cÖiYv †hvMv‡jI c¶cvwZZ¡nxbZv wQj Gi cÖavb ˆewkó¨|
M. Avie HwZnvwmKMY Zuv‡`i BwZnv‡m mb, gvm I w`bKvj D‡j−Lc~e©K NUbvejxi eY©bv K‡i BwZnv‡mi avivevwnKZv i¶vq AMÖYx f‚wgKv iv‡Lb|
4.3 BwZnvm PP©vi µgweKvk wnRix wØZxq kZvãx
wnRix wØZxq kZ‡K gymwjg BwZnvm iPbvq we‡kl AMÖMwZ mvwaZ nq| Gmgq HwZnvwmK wnkvg cwðg BivKx (Avj-†niv) A‡ji cÖvPxb BwZnvm I HwZn¨ wb‡q eû MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| Gm‡ei g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’ ÔwKZve- Avj-Avmjvg' wgm‡i cÖKvwkZ nq| Gmgq †_‡KB nhiZ gynv¤§v` (m) Kg©gq Rxe‡bi wewfbœ NUbvejxmn HwZnvwmK Z_¨vw`i mZ¨Zv hvPvB-evQvB Kivi j‡¶¨ ÔBmbv`' c×wZi Avkªq MÖnY K‡i gymwjg gbxlx I BwZnvmwe`MY BwZnvm iPbvi cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q GKwU weÁvbm¤§Z BwZnvm iPbvq D‡`¨vMx nq|
wnRix Z…Zxq kZvãx
Z…Zxq wnRix kZK (815-912) mKj cÖKv‡ii gymwjg mvwnZ¨ I BwZnvm PP©vi Dchy³ mgq wQj| G hy‡M gymjgvbMY avivevwnK BwZnvm iPbvi †¶‡Î mywbw`©ó c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡ib| `ywU hyMvš—Kvix NUbv Gmgq mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZi DbœwZ‡Z MwZ‡eM mÂvi K‡i|
cÖ_gZ: beg kZvãx wQj gymwjg we‡k¦ GK Af‚Zc~e© A_©‰bwZK mg„w×i hyM| G hy‡Mi BwZnvmwe`‡`i g‡a¨ gynv¤§v`
Be‡b Rvixi AvZ-Zvevix, Be‡b KzZvqev, evjvhyix, Avng` Be‡b Avwe Zvwni, Ave~ nvbxdv, BqvKzex cÖgyL wQ‡jb cÖavb|
wØZxqZ : avivevwnK BwZnvm iPbvi c×wZ HwZnvwmK Zvevixi †jLvq cwic~Y©Zv jvf K‡i| Zuvi BwZnvm wek¦
BwZnv‡mi Avw½‡K †jLv| ÔZvwiL-Ai-ivm~j Iqvj gyj~K' MÖ‡š’ Zvevix nhiZ Av`g-nvIqv (Av) †_‡K 302 wnRix mgq ch©š— mvgwMÖK BwZnvm avivevwnK I el©wfwˇZ wjwce× K‡i‡Qb|
HwZnvwmK evjvhyix ÔdzZ~n-Avj-eyj`vb' MÖ‡š’ gymjgvb‡`i ivR¨ Rq m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi mb-ZvwiL wQj †gvUvgywU wbfz©j|
wnRix PZz_© kZvãx
PZz_© wnRix kZ‡K mgmvgwqK BwZnvm iPbvi `vqfvM mwPe I KvwZe †kªYxi nv‡Z P‡j hvIqvi d‡j BwZnv‡mi Avw½K, welqe¯—z I D‡Ïk¨ A‡bKUv cwiewZ©Z nq| G ch©v‡q cÖvPxb ag©xq `„wófw½ BwZnvm‡K †h D`viZv I gh©v`vq f‚wlZ K‡iwQj, Zv cwiZ¨³ nq Ges µgvMZ kvmK I ivR`iev‡ii †K”QvKvwnbx BwZnv‡mi DcRxe¨ n‡q `uvovq|
G hy‡Mi HwZnvwmK‡`i g‡a¨ Avj-gvmy`x, nvghv Avj-B¯úvnvbx, mvweZ web wmbvb, gynvm&wmb Be‡b Avjx AvZ- ZvbyLx, Beªvnxg Be‡b wnjvj Avm-mvex, wgmKvIqvn cÖgyL wQ‡jb cÖavb|
nvghv wjwLZ c„w_exi cÖvPxb BwZnvm mg„× MÖš’ ÔZvwiL wmbxgyjyK Avj-Avi` Iqvj Avw¤^qv' cvðv‡Z¨ eûj cÖPwjZ|
HwZnvwmK Avj gvmD`x‡K ÔAvie‡`i wn‡iv‡WvUvm' ejv n‡q _v‡K|
gv‡M©vwjI‡_i g‡Z, Aviex fvlvq BwZnvm iPbv Pig DrKl© jvf K‡i `kg kZvãx‡Z Ges wgmKvIqvBni †jLv ÔAvj-gy¯—vhvg' ev‡iv L‡Ê wjwLZ Ges G‡Z el©vbyµwgK KvjcÄxi m‡½ L¨vZbvgv e¨w³e‡M©i g„Zz¨msev` I Rb¥ e„Ëvš—
¯’vb †c‡q‡Q|
4.4 Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡mi cÖK…wZ
avivevwnK el©wfwËK BwZnvm MÖ‡š’i cwic~iK wn‡m‡e gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ `y'ai‡bi BwZnvm iPbvi mv¶vr cvIqv hvq| GKwU n‡jv Rxebx †Kvl I AciwU ¯’vbxq BwZnvm| ¯’vbxq BwZnvm iPbvi g‡Zv Rxebx BwZnvm †Kv‡l gymjgvbMY we‡kl cÖwZfvi ¯^v¶i †i‡L‡Qb| Gm‡ei g‡a¨ gynvwÏm, dKxn, wePviK, fvlvwe`, Kwe-mvwnwZ¨K, e¨vKiYwe`, `vk©wbK, wPwKrmK, ˆeÁvwbK, we‡RZv, wkíx-MvqK cÖf…wZ Rxebx welqK MÖš’ we‡kl ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q|
Gme †jLK HwZnvwmK‡`i g‡a¨ Aveyj dvivR Avj B¯úvnvbx, Avm-mv'Avwjex, Be‡b LvjKvb, Be‡b AvjwKdwZ, Be‡b Avwe Dmvqweqv cÖgyL wQ‡jb cÖavb|
4.5 wek¦ Rbxb BwZnvm iPbv
Øv`k kZvãxi †klfv‡M gymwjg BwZnvm we`¨vq cybivq wek¦ BwZnv‡mi cybive„wË N‡U| GKwU mve©Rbxb wLjvd‡Zi Av`k© cyb: cÖwZôvi AvKv•¶v cybivq wek¦ BwZnv‡mi aviYvi Rb¥ †`q| Be‡b Avj-Avwmi wQ‡jb wek¦ BwZnv‡mi me©‡kl †kªô Avie HwZnvwmK| PZz`©k I cÂ`k kZ‡K wgm‡ii HwZnvwmK‡`i g‡a¨ Avj-gvKivhx, Avm-myq~Zx, Avm-mvLvfx cÖgyL wQ‡jb cÖavb|
4.6 BwZnv‡m Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi Ae`vb
Be‡b Lvj`yb wQ‡jb KvjRqx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix| wKZve-Avj-Bevi' wQj Zuvi weL¨vZ eB| wZbwU fv‡M wef³ eBwUi cÖ_g Ask ÔgyKvwÏgv' (f‚wgKv); wØZxq Ask Avie I cÖwZ‡ekx RvwZmg~‡ni BwZnvm I Z…Zxq As‡k DËi Avwd«Kvi eve©vi I Ab¨vb¨ gymwjg ivRes‡ki BwZnvm Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| Lvj`y‡bi RMr †Rvov L¨vwZ gyKvwÏgvi Ici wbf©ikxj| G‡Z wZwb Ggb GKwU BwZnvm ZË¡ cwi‡ekb K‡ib, hv‡Z wZwb AvenvIqv I †fŠ‡MvwjK cwi‡ek Ges Awaevmx‡`i ˆbwZK I Ava¨vwZ¥K kw³mg~‡ni Dci ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc K‡ib| wc. †K. wnwÆi g‡Z, Ò†Kvb Avie
†jLK, e¯—zZ †Kvb BD‡ivcxq †jLK KL‡bv hyMcr BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© Lvj`y‡bi gZ GZ e¨vcK I `vk©wbK `„wófw½ MÖnY K‡ibwb|Ó
mvi-ms‡¶c
gymjgvb cwÊZMY BwZnv‡mi Dci †h mg¯— MÖš’ iPbv K‡i‡Qb, Zv eZ©gvb hy‡M Avgv‡`i wbKU GK we¯§qKi e¨vcvi| †h hy‡M †Kvb cy¯—K I civgk© Kivi gZ gbxlxi mv¶vr wgjZ bv, †m hy‡M G ai‡bi MÖš’ iPbv cÖK…ZB K…wZZ¡c~Y©| wesk kZ‡Ki †klv‡a© †cuŠ‡Q BwZnvm kv‡¯¿i weÁvbwfwËK †h cÖwµqv †`L‡Z cvB, Zv eû kZvãxi ev¯—e cÖwZdjb| Avi BwZnvm wjLb kv‡¯¿i D³ µgweKv‡ki avivq gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb wbtm‡›`‡n ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb : 2.4 K. ˆbe©¨w³K DËi-cÖkœ : GK K_vq DËi w`b|
1. †Kvb mgq †_‡K me©cÖ_g BwZnvm iPbvi Aby‡cÖiYv †`Lv †`q?
2. wKfv‡e BwZnvm PP©vi D‡b¥l N‡U?
3. Kvi g‡Z BwZnvm PP©v agx©q we`¨vi Aš—M©Z?
4. Kviv me©cÖ_g Rxeb wfwËK BwZnvm msKjbKvix?
5. beg kZvãxi K‡qKRb BwZnvmwe‡`i bvg D‡j−L Ki“b|
6. HwZnvwmK Zvevixi wjwLZ BwZnv‡mi bvg wjLyb|
7. wek¦ BwZnv‡mi me©‡kl †kªó, Avie HwZnvwmK †K?
8. Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi wKZv‡ei cÖ_g As‡ki bvg wK?
L. msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ
1. Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡mi Drm eY©bv Ki“b|
2. gymwjg BwZnvm iPbvi m~Pbv ˆewkó¨ wjLyb|
3. BwZnvm PP©vi µgweKvk D‡j−L Ki“b|
4. Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡mi cÖK…wZ wjLyb|
5. BwZnv‡m Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi Ae`vb wjLyb|
cvV 5 `k©b kv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb
D‡Ïk¨GB cvV c‡o Avcwb-
Bmjvgx `k©b kv‡¯¿i cwiPq w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
gymwjg `vk©wbK‡`i †kªYxfvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖL¨vZ gymwjg `vk©wbK‡`i m¤^‡Ü weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
5.1 Bmjvgx `k©bkv¯¿
Ávbvbykxjb I mZ¨vbymÜvbxB n‡jv `k©b| G kv‡¯¿ c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ RvwZi Zzjbvq gymjgvb‡`i `vb †Kvb As‡kB Kg bq| Bgvg Mvhvjx, Avj wKw›`, Avj dvivex, Be‡b mxbv cÖgyL `vk©wbK‡`i iPbvejx †MvUv `ywbqv‡K we¯§‡q Awff‚Z K‡i †`q| ÒAvie‡`i wbKU `k©bkv¯¿ wQj gvby‡li eyw×e„wË †Q‡o wbiƒcYmv‡c¶ e¯—zi h_v_© iƒc we‡k−l‡Yi mwZ¨Kvi ÁvbÓ (P.K. Hitti— History of Arabs)| `k©‡bi †¶‡Î gymjgvbMY wQ‡jb BD‡ivcxq‡`i cy‡ivav|
Avj‡d«W ¸Bjg e‡jb, ÒAvieMY cÖvP¨ Áv‡bi AwMœwkLv Abš—Kv‡ji Rb¨ wbe©vcYKvix †gv½j‡`i gZ ee©i n‡j BD‡iv‡ci cybR©vMiY AviI kZvwaK eQi wejw¤^Z n‡Zv|Ó
m„wóKZ©v I mªóv Rxe m¤ú‡K© Bmjv‡gi GKwU wbR¯^ `k©b Av‡Q| BwZnv‡mi Ab¨vb¨ RvwZi b¨vq gymjgvbivI hyM hyM a‡i GK we‡kl c×wZ‡Z Zv‡`i wbR¯^ Rxeb `k©b cÖYq‡bi †Póvq wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| `k©b ej‡Z eySvq m‡Z¨
DcbxZ nevi †hŠw³K c×wZ| `k©b gvbyl‡K cÖK…Z c‡_ cwiPvwjZ K‡i m‡Z¨ DcbxZ n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| m„wóKZ©vi D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ nIqvi Rb¨ wek¦ cÖK…wZi PP©v‡KB `k©b e‡j| G msÁvbyhvqx Bmjvgx `k©bB cÖK…Z `k©b|
m„wóKZ©v Avj−vn‡K Rvbevi Rb¨ cÖK…wZ I m„wó m¤ú‡K© e¨vcK Ávb jvfB Bmjvgx `k©‡bi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨| Bmjvgx
`k©‡bi g~jwfwË n‡jv KziAvb I nv`xm| m„wói †kªô Rxe n‡jv gvbyl Ges ÁvbvbymÜvb Kiv gvby‡li Ab¨Zg cÖavb KZ©e¨| Áv‡bi Rb¨B gvbyl †d‡ikZv n‡Z E‡×© Ges c„w_ex‡Z Avj−vni cÖwZwbwa|
5.2 gymwjg `vk©wbKMY
gymwjg Rvnv‡bi `vk©wbK‡`i `y As‡k wef³ Kiv hvq, D`vicš’x `vk©wbK I †Muvovcš’x `vk©wbK| KziAvb A‡c¶v MÖxK `k©‡bi Øviv hviv AwaKZi cÖfvweZ n‡qwQ‡jb, Zuviv D`vicš’x ev Gwi÷Ujxq `vk©wbK bv‡g cwiwPZ| G `‡j Av‡Qb Avj-wKw›`, dvivex, Be‡b mxbv, Be‡b i“k`, Be‡b Zzdv‡qj cÖgyL `vk©wbK|
KziAvb-nv`x‡mi wk¶v Øviv huviv cÖfvweZ n‡qwQ‡jb Ges hviv MÖxK `k©‡bi Aby‡cÖ‡e‡ki we‡ivwaZv KiZ Zuv‡`i ejv nq e‡b`x ev Bmjvgx `vk©wbK| nhiZ Avjx (iv), Ave`yj−vn Be‡b AveŸvm (iv), Bgvg Rv'di mv‡`K, Bgvg Avj-ivhx, Bgvg Mvhvjx (i) cÖgyL gbxlx Bmjvgx `vk©wbK wn‡m‡e L¨vZ|
Avj-wKw›`
Avj-wKw›` wQ‡jb GKRb AmvaviY e¨w³| ZrKvjxb mg‡qi mKj cÖKvi Ávb-weÁvb, wPš—v, fveaviv‡K wZwb AvqË K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jb †kªô `vk©wbK, MwYZwe`, f‚‡MvwjK, BwZnvmwe`, fvlvZË¡we` I wPwKrmK| Aviex, wmixq, ms¯‹…Z, cvnjex I MÖxK fvlvq Zuvi cvwÊZ¨ wQj| wZwb wewfbœ wel‡qi Dci Kgc‡¶ 369 Lvbv MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib|
gymwjg wPš—vavivi weKv‡k weivU Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ Avj wKw›`‡K gymwjg dvjvmvdv'i RbK ejv nq|
Avj-dvivex
MÖxK `k©‡bi mvgÄm¨ weav‡bi †h aviv ïi“ K‡iwQ‡jb Avj-wKw›`, Dnv‡K mg„× K‡ib Ave~ bmi gynv¤§v` Avj dvivex (870 Rb¥)| Avj dvivex gymwjg we‡k¦i GKRb †kªô †gŠwjK wPš—vwe` wQ‡jb| Avj-dvivex eûgyLx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| ZrKvjxb mg‡q cÖPwjZ mKj Ávb-weÁv‡b Zuvi AMva cvwÊZ¨ wQj| wZwb GKRb †kªô
`vk©wbK, MwYZwe`, †R¨vwZwe©` c`v_©we` I imvqbwe` GgbwK m½xZÁI wQ‡jb| Zuvi m¤ú‡K© ejv nq, wZwb ZrKvjxb we‡k¦i cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨KwU fvlvq cwÊZ wQ‡jb Ges AvbygvwbK mËiwU fvlvq K_v ej‡Z cvi‡Zb| wewfbœ wel‡qi Dci dvivex cÖvq kZvwaK MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖvq cÂvkwU‡Z wZwb bvbv wel‡qi e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb Ges evwK MÖš’¸‡jv Zuvi †gŠwjK iPbv|
dvivexi g‡Z, `k©‡bi †¶‡Î Aviv¯—z I AvdjvZzb DfqB m‡e©v”P cvwʇZ¨i AwaKvix wQ‡jb| Aviv¯—z m¤ú‡K© Zuvi cvwÊZ¨ Ges `k©b I hyw³we`¨vi mKj †¶‡Î Zuvi AMva Áv‡bi Rb¨ wZwb wØZxq Aviv¯—z bv‡g AwfwnZ n‡q‡Qb|
Be‡b mxbv
Avey Avjx Avj-ûmvBb Be‡b Avãyj−vn Be‡b mxbv Bmjv‡gi Ab¨Zg †kªô I †gŠwjK wPš—vwe` wQ‡jb| Be‡b mxbv A_ev Avwewmbv bv‡g wZwb AwaK cwiwPZ|
Be‡b mxbv Amvgvb¨ cÖwZfvkvjx e¨w³Z¡| wZwb wQ‡jb `vk©wbK, MwYZÁ, fvlvZË¡we`, wPwKrmK I Kwe| Be‡b mxbvi Rxeb‡mªvZ AmsL¨ NvZ-cÖwZNv‡Zi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡qwQj| G ˆewPΨgq KóKi Rxeb m‡Ë¡I wZwb me©`vB Áv‡bi A‡b¦lY K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi iwPZ 125wU MÖš’ i‡q‡Q|
Zuvi †kªô Ae`vb n‡jv Ôwkdv' I ÔKvb~b'| G `y'wU MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv wn‡m‡e wZwb Agi n‡q _vK‡eb|
Be‡b mxbv wQ‡jb eûgyLx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix| Zuv‡K AbwZµg¨ †kL ev Ô`vk©wbK‡`i hyeivR' ejv nZ| cÖvP¨ I cvðv‡Z¨ eû kZvãx hveZ `vk©wbK I wPwKrmK wn‡m‡e Zuvi myL¨vwZ wQj| Be‡b mxbvi iPbvejx wPwKrmK,
`vk©wbK, weÁvbx, ivRbxwZK, GgbwK ag©ZË¡we`ivI cvV K‡ib| gymwjg cÖv‡P¨ GKgvÎ Bgvg Mvhvjx (i) Qvov Ab¨
KviI iPbvejx GZ AwaK cwVZ nqwb|
Bgvg Mvhvjx (i)
gymwjg we‡k¦i Avi GKRb †kªô `vk©wbK wQ‡jb Avey nvwg` gynv¤§v` Be‡b gynv¤§v` Avj Mvhvjx (i)| Bmjvgx fveavivq AbycÖvwYZ n‡q †h mg¯— `vk©wbK mwVKfv‡e Bmjvg‡K eyS‡Z I iƒc w`‡Z †Póv K‡iwQ‡jb, Bgvg Mvhvjx (i) Zuv‡`i Ab¨Zg| cÖ_g Rxe‡b wZwb AvkAvix gZev‡`i cÖe³v _vK‡jI cieZ©x Rxe‡b m~dx gZev`‡KB mwZ¨Kvi c_ e‡j MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb †gŠwjK wPš—vi AwaKvix| gymwjg mgv‡Ri mKj Ava¨vwZ¥K mvabv‡K wZwb Zuvi wPš—vavivq cÖwZdwjZ K‡iwQ‡jb| gymwjg Rvnv‡bi G cÖL¨vZ `vk©wbK 1058 wLª÷v‡ã (450 wn:) Biv‡bi Zzm bM‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
Bgvg Mvhvjx (i) m¤¢eZ wek eQi eq‡m †jLv ïi“ K‡ib| Zuvi Rxe‡bi GMvi eQi gi“f‚wg I eb-R½‡j AwZevwnZ nq| wZwb cÖvq PvikZ MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’¸‡jv n‡jv (1) GnBqv-D-Dj~gyÏxb, (2)
†ZvndvZzj dvjvwmdvn, (3) wKwgqv‡q mv'Av`vZ| Zuvi g‡Z, `vk©wbKMY Roev`x (Materialists), Inxi cÖwZ Awek¦vmx bvw¯—K (Deists) I Avw¯—K ev GKZ¡ev‡` wek¦vmx (Theists)-G wZb †kªYx‡Z wef³| Roev`x‡`i g‡Z, e¯—z wPiš—b Ges Zv hvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z mnRvZ wbq‡gB cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| Bgvg Mvh&hvjx G aviYv MÖnY K‡ibwb| wZwb AvZ¥v‡K GKwU Acwinvh© ev¯—eZv e‡j wek¦vm Ki‡Zb|
DcwiDwj−wLZ `vk©wbKMY e¨ZxZ AviI eû `vk©wbK i‡q‡Qb, huviv gymwjg `k©‡bi †¶‡Î we‡kl ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb
†i‡L‡Qb|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb : 2.5 K. ˆbe©¨w³K DËi-cÖkœ : mZ¨ wg_¨v wbY©q Ki“b|
1. `k©‡bi †¶‡Î gymjgvb wQ‡jb BD‡ivcxq‡`i cy‡ivav|
2. `k©b ej‡Z eySvq mZ¨ DcbxZ nevi †hŠw³K c×wZ|
3. Bmjvgx `k©‡bi gyj wfwË nj MÖxK `k©b|
4. KziAvb A‡c¶v MÖxK `k©‡bi Øviv hviv AwaKZi cÖfvweZ n‡q‡Qb, Zuviv e‡b`x `vk©wbK bv‡g cwiwPZ|
5. gymwjg wPš—vaviv weKv‡k Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ Avj-wKw›`‡K gymwjg dvjvmvdvi RbK ejv nq|
6. dvivex wØZxq Aviv¯—y bv‡g AwfwnZ|
7. Roev`x‡`i g‡Z, e¯—z wPiš—b Ges GUv hvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z mnRvZ wbq‡gB cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q|
L. msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ
1. `k©b kv‡¯¿i cwiPq w`b|
2. gymwjg `vk©wbKMY KZfv‡M wef³? Zv‡`i eY©bv w`b|
3. Avj-wKw›` I Avj-dvivwe m¤^‡Ü UxKv wjLyb|
4. Be‡b mxbv m¤^‡Ü wjLyb|
5. `k©b kv‡¯¿i Ae`vb wjLyb|
cvV 6 imvqb kv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb
D‡Ïk¨GB cvV c‡o Avcwb-
imvqb kv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
imvqb kv‡¯¿ RvwZ web nvBqvb Gi Ae`vb D‡j−L Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
imvqb kv‡¯¿ Avjivhx I Be‡b mvjvi Ae`vb D‡j−L Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
6.1 imvqb kv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb
BwZnvm, f‚‡Mvj, wPwKrmvkv¯¿, †R¨vwZwe©`¨v I MwYZkv‡¯¿i ci gymjgvbMY imvqbkv‡¯¿ Zuv‡`i †gŠwjK Ae`vb †i‡L
†M‡Qb| imvqbkv¯¿ (Chemistry) Avj‡Kwg (Alchemy) n‡Z Rb¥jvf K‡i‡Q| Gi DbœwZi Rb¨ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb AZzjbxq| c„w_exi ÁvbvMv‡i Zv‡`i me©‡kªô Ae`vb n‡”Q ˆeÁvwbK Z_¨ msMÖn Ges ˆeÁvwbKm~Î I c×wZi DbœwZ weavb| n¨vg‡e‡›Ui g‡Z, ÒAvaywbK imvqbkv¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i D™¢veb Ges G wel‡q Zv‡`i K…wZZ¡
AZzjbxqiƒ‡c wPËvKl©K|Ó
gymjgvbMY cÖvPxb imvq‡bi AmviZv cÖgvY K‡ib| Zviv mxmv, cvi`, †iŠc¨, Zvgª I ¯^‡Y©i ivmvqwbK mv`„‡k¨i mÜvb K‡ib| Zviv avZzi mwnZ A¤−Rvb wgkªY (Oxidization) I wn‡me wbiƒc‡Yi ivmvqwbK c×wZ m¤ú‡K© AewnZ wQ‡jb| gymjgvbMY c„w_ex‡K cÖ_g cvZb, cwimªeY I ¯^”QKi‡Yi wk¶v `vb K‡ib| Zviv Zij c`v_©‡K ev‡
cwiYZ Ki‡Z Rvb‡Zb| gymwjg †¯ú‡bB imvqbkv¯¿ cÖ_g cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj|
6.2 Rvwei web nvBqvb
Rvwei web nvBqvb‡K (whwb cvðv‡Z¨ †R‡ei bv‡g cwiwPZ) AvaywbK imvq‡bi RbK ejv nq| wZwb 776 wLª÷v‡ã K‚dvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb cÖvPxb imvqbwe`‡`i Zzjbvq AwaK gvÎvq cix¶vi ¸i“Z¡ ¯^xKvi K‡i imvqbkv‡¯¿i m~Î I e¨env‡i we‡kl DbœwZ mvab K‡iwQ‡jb| PZz`©k kZvãxi c‡i Zvi iPbvejx Gwkqv I BD‡ivc imvqbkv‡¯¿i wbf©i‡hvM¨ Av‡jvPbv wn‡m‡e e¨vcK cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i| wZwb imvqbkv‡¯¿i Dci cÖvq cuvPkZ MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| Zuvi G mg¯— MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ wKZve ÒAvi ingvn&Ó (K…cvi cy¯—K) ÔwKZve Avj ZvRgx' (UmtTre)I ÔAvj wRevK', ÔAvk kviKx' we‡kl D‡j−L‡hvM¨| wZwb imvqbkv‡¯¿i `y'wU g~jm~Î A_©vr f¯§xKiY I jNyKiY‡K ˆeÁvwbK wbq‡g Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb ev xKiY, EaŸ©cvZb, `ªexKiY, ùwUKxKiY cÖf…wZ c×wZi DbœwZ mvab K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwbB cÖ_g he¶vi GwmW, MÜK, `ªveK, Rj `ªveK, †iŠc¨¶vi I Ab¨vb¨ †hŠwMKm~Î Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| wZwb ¯^Y©-†iŠc¨ `ªexf‚Z Kivi Dc‡hvMx (avZz `ªveK) Drcv`b c×wZ Rvb‡Zb| Zv‡K wbi‡c¶ I MwZ weÁv‡bi cy‡ivav ejv nq| G M‡elYv Øviv wZwb †hŠwMK e¯—z I Ab¨vb¨ c`v‡_©i MV‡b M¨v‡mi f‚wgKv m¤ú‡K© fwel¨ØvYx K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb imvqb weÁvb‡K cÖYvjxe× K‡i G‡K GKwU M‡elYv c×wZ‡Z cwiYZ K‡ib| Zvi Abymvix‡`i †gŠwjKZv, Aa¨emvq, Áv‡bi MfxiZv I cix¶vi m~²Zv cvVK‡`i we¯§q Drcv`b K‡i|
6.3 Avj-ivhx I Be‡b mxbv
G hy‡Mi Aci GKRb weL¨vZ imvqbwe` Avj ivhx he¶vi Gwm‡Wi cybivwe®‹vi K‡ib Ges weL¨vZ wPwKrmK Be‡b mxbv imvqbkv¯¿‡K cÖYvjxe× Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡ib| cieZ©xKv‡j Avj ivhx BD‡iv‡c cÖwmw× jvf K‡i myaxmgv‡R imvqbkv‡¯¿i me©cÖ_g wbf©i‡hvM¨ cwÊZ wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ jvf K‡ib|
e¯—zZ AvaywbK imvqbkv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Avwe®‹vi I D‡ËviY Ges G wel‡q Zuv‡`i K…wZZ¡ AZzjbxq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb : 2.6
K. ˆbe©¨w³K DËi-cÖkœ : GK K_vq DËi w`b-
1. imvqb kv¯¿ wK †_‡K Rb¥ jvf K‡i?
2. imvqb kv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb m¤^‡Ü n¨vg‡e‡›Ui gš—e¨wU wjLyb|
3. gymjgvbMY imvqb kv‡¯¿i †Kvb welq c„w_ex‡K wkwL‡qwQj?
4. imvqbkv‡¯¿i RbK †Kvb gymwjg weÁvbx?
5. Rvwei Beb nvBqvb imvqb kv‡¯¿i Dci KZwU eB iPbv K‡ib?
6. imvqb kv‡¯¿ Avj-ivhxi g~j Ae`vb wK wQj?
7. imvqb kv‡¯¿ Be‡b mxbvi g~j Ae`vbwU wK?
msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ
1. imvqb kv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb wK wQj wjLyb|
2. gymwjg weÁvbx Rvwei web nvBqvb †K †Kb imvqbkv‡¯¿i RbK ejv nq?
cvV 7 MwYZ kv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb
D‡Ïk¨GB cvV c‡o Avcwb-
MwYZ kv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
MwYZ kv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`v‡bi ch©vq ev ce© D‡j−L Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
MwYZ wekvi` K‡qKRb gymwjg cwʇZi Ae`vb D‡j−L Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
7.1 MwYZ kv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb
MwYZkv¯¿ Ávb-weÁv‡bi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ev †gŠwjK kvLv| weÁvbxiv MwYZkv¯¿‡K weÁv‡bi Root (g~j) e‡j _v‡Kb| Avi GB MwYZkv‡¯¿i Avwe®‹vi, AMÖMwZ, AMÖhvÎv I DrKl© mva‡b gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|
RR© mvUb Introduction to History of science MÖ‡š’ weÁvb PP©vq gymjgvb‡`i Ae`v‡bi ¯^xK…Z¯^iƒc 750 mvj
†_‡K 1100 mvj ch©š— mgq‡K mvZwU hy‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| Gi cÖ‡Z¨K hyM‡K wZwb GKRb gymwjg weÁvbx I wPš—
vwe‡`i bvgvbymv‡i bvg w`‡q‡Qb| GB mvZRb weÁvbx I wPš—vwe‡`i g‡a¨ PviRb Avj LvIqvwihgx, Aveyj Iqvdv, Avj wei“bx I Igi ˆLqvg wQ‡jb AsK kv¯¿ mswk−ó welqK weÁv‡bi we‡klÁ| MwYZkv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb K‡qKwU c‡e© web¨¯— Kiv hvq|
7.2 cÖviw¤¢K ce©
Bmjvgx Ávb-weÁv‡bi Dci ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, ag©xq Abykvmb cvjb Kivi ZvwM‡`B gymwjg gbxlxMY MwYZkv‡¯¿i Dci M‡elYv Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQ‡jb| ˆ`wbK cuvP evi mvjv‡Zi mgq wba©viY, hvKvZ Av`v‡qi wnmve- wbKvkKiY, ighvb gv‡mi mvIg cvjb, DËivwaKvi m~‡Î cÖvß m¤úwË eÈb BZ¨vw` cÖkœ mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Zuviv MwYZkv‡¯¿ M‡elYv Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ nb|
e¯—zZ Avj KziAv‡bi wk¶vq DØy× I DrmvwnZ n‡q gymwjg ˆeÁvwbKMY MwYZkv‡¯¿ Af‚Zc~e© DbœwZ mvab K‡iwQ‡jb Ges G wel‡q Zuv‡`i Avwe®‹vi wQj we¯§qKi| gymjgvb‡`i M‡elYvi mv‡_ mshy³ nq fviZxq Ges MÖxK HwZn¨|
AsK I MwYZkv‡¯¿i MÖxK MÖš’vejx Aviex‡Z Abyev` K‡i Zuviv MwYZkv¯¿‡K GKwU cwic~Y©Zvi ch©v‡q wb‡q hvq|
7.3 wØZxq ce© ev †gŠwjK hyM
beg kZvãxi ga¨fvM †_‡K Øv`k kZvãx ch©š— mgqKvj‡K MwYZkv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i †gŠwjK M‡elYv I Ae`vb ivLvi hyM ejv hvq| B‡Zvg‡a¨B gymjgvbMY wbR¯^ MvwYwZK c×wZ wbiƒcY K‡ib| Abyev‡`i gva¨‡g wewfbœ RvwZi MwYZkv‡¯¿ Ges mswk−ó kvLv-cÖkvLvi m‡½ Zuv‡`i e¨vcK cwiwPwZ N‡U| Zuv‡`i †gŠwjK M‡elYvi d‡j MÖxK R¨vwgwZi RwUj mgm¨v¸‡jvi mgvavb k~‡b¨i e¨env‡i BD‡iv‡c eûj cÖPvwiZ `kwgK cÖ_v, exRMwYZ, †MvjvKvi Ges w·KvYwgwZi cÖeZ©b cÖf…wZ †¶‡Î we‡kl DrKl© mvwaZ nq|
7.4 MwYZ weÁv‡bi AMÖ`~Z Avj-Lvwihgx
Bmjv‡gi ¯^Y©hy‡M †h mKj wPš—vwe` I gbxlx weÁv‡bi kvLv mg„× K‡ib, Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ gynv¤§` web g~mv Avj- Lvwihgx (780-850 wLª:) we‡kl ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i Av‡Qb| wZwb MwYZ, †R¨vwZwe©`¨v I f‚‡Mvj kv‡¯¿ Af‚Zc~e© ¯’vqx Ae`vb iv‡Lb| MwYZwe` wn‡m‡e Zv‡K wb:m‡›`‡n c„w_exi †kªô †gŠwjK cÖwZfvi AwaKvix Ges MwYZ weKv‡ki AMÖ`~Z ejv hvq|
Zuvi wek¦wekª“Z MÖš’ ÔAvj-wReiv' (Algebra) exRMwY‡Zi G bvgwU Zuvi eB ÔAvj-Rei' n‡ZB DrcwË n‡q‡Q| wc.
†K. wnwÆ e‡jb, Øv`k kZvãx‡Z j¨vwUb fvlvq Ab~w`Z Lvwih‡gi G eBLvwb †lvok kZvãx ch©š— BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ wek¦we`¨vj‡q AsK kv‡¯¿i †kªô cvV¨cy¯—K wn‡m‡e cÖPwjZ wQj Ges G MÖš’Lvwbi gva¨‡gB BD‡iv‡c exRMwY‡Zi e¨envi cÖewZ©Z nq|
7.5 MwYZ wekvi` K‡qKRb cwÛZ
Aveyj Iqvdvi : wZwb Avj-Lvwihg I BDwK¬‡Wi R¨vwgwZi mgv‡jvPbv Ges w·KvYwgwZi ZvwjKv cÖYqb K‡ib|
wZwb cÖ_g mvBb Dccv‡`¨i m‡½ †MvjvKvi wÎf~‡Ri mvaviYZ¡ cÖwZôv K‡ib|
Rvwei Beb-Avdjvn : wZwb ÔwKZveyj nvqvZ' G †MvjvKvi mvaviY w·KvYwgwZi Dci GKwU ÁvbMf© cwi‡”Q`
mwbœ‡ek K‡i †gŠwjK‡Z¡i ¯^v¶i iv‡Lb|
Avj-evËvbx : wZwb me©cÖ_g w·KvYwgwZi AbycvZ cÖKvk K‡ib|
Igi LBqvg : G cwÊZ cvwUMwYZ I exRMwY‡Zi Dci eû MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| wZwbB KwY‡Ki †Q` Øviv wØNvZ, wÎNvZ I Nb mgxKiY¸‡jvi mgvavb †ck K‡ib|
gynv¤§v`-web-Cmv Avj-gvnvbx : AvaywbK exRMwY‡Zi Ab¨Zg cÖe³v Avj-gvnvbx w·KvYwgwZ, R¨vwgwZ, †R¨vwZwe©`¨v I Nb mgxKiY m¤ú‡K© MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib|
gynv¤§v`-web-ZvB‡q¨i Avj-mvivLkx : MwYZ, exRMwYZ I †R¨vwZwe©`¨v m¤ú‡K© A‡bK eB-cy¯—K iPbv K‡ib|
Avj-wei“bx : MwYZkv‡¯¿ Avj-wei“bxi †gŠwjK cÖwZfv me©Rb ¯^xK…Z| wZwb f‚‡Mvj mswk−ó MwYZ I †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi Av‡jvPbvi †¶‡Î f‚-c„‡ôi wecixZ w`K c„w_exi †MvjZ¡ Gi MwZaviv wewfbœ ¯’v‡bi A¶vsk I `ªvwNgvi Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|
bvwmi“Ïxb Avj-Zzmx : wZwb hveZxq ˆeÁvwbK Áv‡bi AvKi (Root) †lvjwU MwYZ MÖ‡š’i m¤úv`bv K‡ib|
Avj-web-gynv¤§`-Avj-Kvjvnv`x : Zuvi msL¨vm~Î MÖš’wU †gŠwjK‡Z¡i ¯^v¶i enb K‡i|
GQvovI Avj-Bqvgx, Avj-dvivex, Aveyj Kvwmg gvmjvgv, Be‡b mxbv, AvjwKw›`, nvmvb-web-Avj nvmvb, evnvDÏxb Avgxi cÖgyL gbxlx MwYZkv‡¯¿i Dci D‡j−L‡hvM¨ †gŠwjK Ae`vb †i‡LwQ‡jb| G‡`i mvgwMÖK †Póv mvabvq MwYZkv¯¿ we‡klfv‡e mg„× n‡qwQj|
mvi-ms‡¶c
MwYZkv¯¿ weÁv‡bi g~jwfwË| G weÁv‡bi †¶‡Î gymwjg weÁvbxMY †h Ac~e© Ae`vb †i‡L c„w_exi me©‡kªô Avwe®‹vi‡Ki gh©v`v Kzwo‡q‡Qb GUv aª“emZ¨| mvgwMÖK wePv‡i MwYZkv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb AZxe cÖksmbxq Ges K…wZ‡Z¡i `vex`vi| MwYZkv‡¯¿ gymwjg gbxlxi Ae`vb‡K we¯§qKi I PgKcÖ` ej‡ZB n‡e|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb : 2.7 K. ˆbe©¨w³K DËi-cÖkœ : mwVK kã ewm‡q k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Ki“b|
K. weÁvbxiv MwYZ kv¯¿‡K weÁv‡bi ... ... e‡j|
L. agx©q ... cvjb Kivi ZvwM‡`B gymwjg gbxlxMY ... Dci M‡elYv Ki‡Z eva¨ Ki‡Z n‡qwQ‡jb|
M. Bmjv‡gi ¯^Y©hy‡M †h mKj wPš—vwe` I gbxlxMY weÁv‡bi kvLv mg„× K‡ib, Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ gynv¤§` web ... ... we‡kl ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i Av‡Qb| wZwb ..., †RvwZwe©`¨v I ...
kv‡¯¿ Af‚Z©c~e© ¯’vqx Ae`vb iv‡Lb|
N. Zuvi wek¦wekª“Z MÖš’ ... ... exRMwY‡Zi GB bvgwU Zvi eB ... n‡ZB DrcwË n‡q‡Q|
L. msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ
1. MwYZ kv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb wK wQj? wjLyb|
2. MwYZ kv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`v‡bi ce©mg~n D‡j−L Ki“b|
3. MwYZ weÁv‡bi AMÖ`~Z wn‡m‡e gymwjg weÁvbx Avj Lvwihgxi Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Ki“b|
4. K‡qKRb MwYZ weÁvbx gymwjg cwÊZ‡`i bvg wjLyb|
cvV 8 wPwKrmv weÁv‡b gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb
D‡Ïk¨GB cvV c‡o Avcwb-
wPwKrmv weÁv‡b gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
wPwKrmv †¶‡Î Abyev` hy‡Mi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
†gŠwjK Ae`v‡bi K_v ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
weÁv‡b gymwjg Ae`vb D‡j−L Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
nvmcvZvj I M‡elYvMvi cÖwZi¶vq gymwjg Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
8.1 wPwKrmv weÁv‡b gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb
wPwKrmv kv¯¿ weÁv‡bi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© kvLv| Gi AMÖhvÎv I DrKl© mva‡bi †¶‡Î gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb LyeB
¸i“Z¡c~Y©| wPwKrmvkv‡¯¿ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb eySvi myweav‡_© welqwU‡K K‡qKwU ch©v‡q wef³ K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvÑ
8.2 cÖv_wgK ce©
gymwjg wPwKrmvkv¯¿ cÖavbZ `y'wU aviv‡K Aej¤^b K‡i M‡o D‡V-cvim¨ I MÖxK| nvwim web Kvj`v‡ei gva¨‡g cÖavbZ cviwmK wPwKrmvaviv Ges DgvBqv hy‡M MÖxK weÁvb I wPwKrmvaviv gymwjg mgv‡R weKvk jvf K‡i|
gymwjg gbxlxMY cweÎ KziAvb I nv`xm n‡Z wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi Aby‡cÖiYv jvf K‡ib| cweÎ KziAv‡b ¯^v¯’¨
weav‡bi (Hyginic directions) Dci Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| gbxlx Be‡b nvh‡gi g‡Z wPwKrmv msµvš— Dc‡iv³ cÖk¯— I `„p wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ nq gymwjg wPwKrmv weÁvb|
8.3 DgvBqv hy‡M wPwKrmv weÁvb
DgvBqv hy‡M gymwjg wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi cÖv_wgK aviv m~wPZ nq| G mgq Be‡b evËvj, gvmvi hvIqvBqvn cÖgyL wPwKrmvwe`MY GKvwaK wPwKrmv welqK MÖš’ Aviex‡Z Abyev` K‡ib| Ljxdv wØZxq Igi Av‡jKRvw›`ªqv n‡Z
†gwWK¨vj ¯‹zj I wPwKrmK‡`i Biv‡K ¯’vbvš—i K‡ib| Gi d‡j gymwjg wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi cÖf‚Z Kj¨vY mvwaZ nq|
Ljxdv Bqvhx‡`i cyÎ Lvwj` wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi AMÖhvÎvq kixK nq|
8.4 AveŸvmxq hy‡M wPwKrmv weÁvb (750Ñ1258)
AveŸvmxq kvmbvg‡jB gymwjg wPwKrmv weÁvb DbœwZi ¯^Y© wkL‡i †cuŠ‡Q| AveŸvmxq hy‡M wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi AMÖhvÎv‡K `ywU ch©v‡q wef³ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i- (K) Abyev` hyM Ges (L) †gŠwjK Ae`v‡bi hyM|
Abyev‡`i hyM : Ljxdv gvgyb cÖwZwôZ ÔevqZzj wnKgvi' Abyev` wefv‡Mi cÖavb ûbvqb web BmnvK wPwKrmv weÁvbx wn‡cv‡µwUm, M¨v‡jb I Wv‡qvmwKDivBwW‡mi Ôg¨v‡Uwiqv †gwWKv' Abyev` K‡ib| gymwjg †flR weÁv‡b-Gi cÖfve Acwimxg| ûbvq‡bi cyÎ BmnvK Ges åvZz yÎ ûevqm wg‡j †ZiwU wmixq Ges lvUwU Aviex MÖš’ ZiRgv m¤úbœ K‡ib| GQvovI ûbvq‡bi 90 Rb weÁ wkl¨ AZ¨š— wbôvi m‡½ A‡bK D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Abyev` Kvh© m¤úbœ K‡ib|
Abyev`KMY ZiRgv QvovI wewfbœ mvims‡¶c I cÖ‡kœvˇii gva¨‡g cÖvPxb wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi welqe¯—z cvVK‡`i mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡ib| Gme wPwKrmv welqK HwZn¨ I MÖš’vejx gymwjg we‡k¦i me©Î Qwo‡q c‡o| c‡i Zv BD‡iv‡c cÖmvi jvf K‡i|
†gŠwjK Ae`v‡bi hyM : †h mg¯— gymwjg wPš—vwe` I gbxlxMY wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi M‡elYv I DbœwZi †¶‡Î †gŠwjK Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ K‡qKRb n‡jb-
AvZ-Zvevix : wPwKrmv weÁvbx AvZ-Zvevixi wPwKrmv welqK wek¦‡Kvl Ôwdi‡`Šm Avj wnKgv' wQj Aviex‡Z wjwLZ me©cÖvPxb wPwKrmv MÖš’|
Avj-ivhx : me©‡kªô gymwjg wPwKrmv weÁvbx Avj ivhxi cÖvq 200 kZ MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ 60wU wQj wPwKrmv weÁvb welqK| wZwb g~Î_jx I e„‡° cv_‡ii wel‡q eB wj‡Lb| Rjemš— I nvg m¤ú‡K© Zuvi myweL¨vZ MÖš’ ÔAvwj Ry`vix, Avj-nvmevn' j¨vwUb I Bs‡iwRmn A‡bK fvlvq eûevi Ab~w`Z nq| wZwbB me©cÖ_g emš— I nv‡gi g‡a¨ my¯úó cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ges Zv‡`i j¶Y I Dcm‡M©i h_vh_ eY©bv †`b| Bs‡iwR I j¨vwUb fvlvq Ab~w`Z Avj ivhxi Gme MÖš’ eû kZvãx a‡i cvðv‡Z¨i wPwKrmv weÁv‡b Af‚Zc~e© cÖfve we¯—vi K‡iwQj|
Avjx Be‡b AveŸvm Avj-gvRymx : G wPwKrmv weÁvbx ÔwKZve Avj gvwjKx' bvgK MÖ‡š’ wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi ZvwË¡K I e¨envwiK w`K m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ Avjvc K‡ib| j¨vwUb fvlvq Ab~w`Z G eBwUI cvðv‡Z¨ e¨vcK cÖPwjZ wQj|
Be‡b wmbv : gbxlx Be‡b wmbvi wPš—v I K‡g© gymwjg wPwKrmv weÁvb c~Y©Zv cÖvß nq| cuvP L‡Ê mgvß Zuvi wPwKrmv wek¦‡Kvl ÔAvj-Kvb~b wdZ wZeŸ'-G 760wU Jl‡ai bvg i‡q‡Q| Øv`k kZvãx †_‡K mß`k kZvãx ch©š— G MÖš’wU cvðvZ¨ RM‡Z wPwKrmvwe`¨vi cÖavb cvV¨ I Aej¤^b wQj|
Avjx Be‡b Cmv I Av¤§vi : P¶z we‡klÁ Cmvi ÔAvKwKiv Avj-Kvnnvjxb' Ges Av¤§vi Gi ÔAvj gybZvLve wd BjvR Avj-AvBb' MÖš’Øq j¨vwUb fvlvq Ab~w`Z n‡q Aóv`k kZK ch©š— cvðv‡Z¨ P¶z wPwKrmv we`¨vi cvV¨ wn‡m‡e cÖPwjZ wQj| Av¤§vi MÖ‡š’ 130 iK‡gi P¶z †ivM I Zvi wPwKrmvi D‡j−L i‡q‡Q|
ûbv‡qb web BmnvK : ûbv‡qb web BmnvK Zuvi P¶z welqK MÖ‡š’ P¶zi MVb, P¶zi m‡½ gw¯—‡®‹i ms‡hvM i¶vKvix øvqy, P¶zi wewfbœ †ivM I Zvi cÖwZKvi m¤ú‡K© ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|
Aveyj Kvwmg Avh hvnivex : me©‡kªô gymwjg kj¨ wPwKrmK †¯ú‡bi Aveyj Kvwkg Avh-hvnivex ÔAvZ Zvmxd' MÖ‡š’
†ivM wbY©q, Acv‡ikb c×wZ Ges Acv‡ik‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ wewfbœ hš¿cvwZi Qwe m¤^wjZ weeiY w`‡q‡Qb|
wPwKrmv weÁvbx Be‡b hyn‡ii ÔAvj-BKwZmv`' Ges Be‡b i“k‡`i ÔKzwj−q¨vZ' cÖf…wZ MÖš’vejx wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi
†¶‡Î D‡j−L‡hvM¨ ms‡hvRb| GQvovI Avj-LvwZK e¨vwai msµgY welq Ges Be‡b LvwZgv †c−‡Mi we¯—vi m¤ú‡K©
ˆeÁvwbK e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡ib|
8.5 †flR weÁvb
†flR weÁv‡bI gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| ZuvivB cÖ_g †flR weÁv‡bi eB iPbv K‡ib| Zuviv Jla ˆZwii KviLvbv Ges Jl‡ai †`vKvb cÖwZôv K‡ib| Avj-wei“bxi ÔwKZve Avm-mvq`vjv' Ges Be‡b hyn‡ii ÔZvivbx' Jla welqK D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’| Be‡b Avj evqZv‡ii ÔmnR Jla I Lv`¨ mgvnvi' bvgK MÖ‡š’ 1400 kZ Jl‡ai D‡j−L i‡q‡Q|
gymjgvbMY †hŠwMK Jla m¤ú‡K©I eû g~j¨evb MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| MÖxK, wmwiqv I gymwjg wPwKrmv weÁvbx‡`i Rxebx I iPbv m¤^wjZ Be‡b Avj wKdZxi ÔZvixL Avj-ûKvgv' wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi RM‡Z Ag~j¨ m¤ú`|
8.6 nvmcvZvj I M‡elYvMvi
gymwjg LjxdvMY wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi DbœwZ, cix¶v-wbix¶v Ges e¨envwiK Ávb PP©vi ¯^v‡_© A‡bK DbœZgv‡bi M‡elYvMvi I nvmcvZvj cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb| nvmcvZvj¸‡jv‡Z i“Mxi cwiPh©vi mv‡_ mv‡_ wPwKrmvi ZvwË¡K I e¨envwiK cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v wQj| wQj ZrmsjMœ DbœZgv‡bi MÖš’vMvi| cÖwk¶Y Ges cix¶vq DËxY© nevi ci wk¶v_©x‡`i wPwKrmvi Ômb`cÎ' cÖ`vb Kiv n‡Zv|
GKv`k kZvãx‡Z gymwjg we‡k¦ åvg¨gvY nvmcvZvj Pvjy nq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb : 2.8 K. ˆbe©¨w³K DËi-cÖkœ : GK K_vq DËi w`b|
1. gymwjg wPwKrmv aviv †Kvb †Kvb wPwKrmv aviv‡K Aej¤^b K‡i M‡o D‡V?
2. gymwjg gbxlxMY †Kv_v n‡Z wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi Aby‡cÖiYv jvf K‡ib?
3. cweÎ KziAv‡b ¯^v¯’¨ weav‡bi †Kvb w`KUvi Dci Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q?
4. †Kvb gymwjg gbxlx g¨v‡Uwiqv †gwWKv MÖš’wU Aviex‡Z Ab~ev` K‡ib?
5. Avj ivhx KZwU wPwKrmv welqK MÖš’ †j‡Lb?
6. Be‡b mxbvi wPwKrmv welqK wek¦‡Kvl wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ MÖš’wUi bvg wK? G‡Z KZwU Jl‡ai D‡j−L Av‡Q?
7. 130 iK‡gi P¶z †iv‡a I Zuvi wPwKrmvi K_v Kvi MÖ‡š’ D‡j−L Av‡Q?
8. †Kvb mg‡q †Kv_vq åvg¨gvb nvmcvZvj Pvjy nq?
L. msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ
1. wPwKrmv weÁv‡b gymjgvb‡`i cÖv_wgK c‡e©i KvR¸‡jv D‡j−L Ki“b|
2. AveŸvmxq hy‡M wPwKrmv weÁv‡b gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb eY©bv Ki“b|
3. wPwKrmv weÁv‡b †gŠwjK Ae`v‡bi hy‡Mi gymwjg Ae`v‡bi weeiY w`b|
4. †flR weÁv‡b gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb wK wQj?
5. nvmcvZvj I M‡elYvMvi cÖwZôvq gymjgvb‡`i Kvh©vejx g~j¨vqb Ki“b|
cvV 9 †R¨vwZwe©`¨vq gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb
D‡Ïk¨GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
†R¨vwZwe©Áv‡b gymjgvb‡`i Ae`v‡bi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
L¨vwZgvb gymwjg †R¨vwZwe©`M‡Yi Ae`vb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
9.1 †R¨vwZwe`¨vq gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb
†R¨vwZwe©`¨vq gymjgvb weÁvbxM‡Yi Ae`vb Awe¯§iYxq| G wel‡q Zv‡`i Avwe®‹vi I M‡elYv wQj AmsL¨| Zuv‡`i m¤ú‡K© ejv nq †h, Òb‡fvgʇj Zuviv wb‡R‡`i L¨vwZ cÖwZôv K‡ib|Ó †mŠiRMZ I MÖn-b¶‡Îi MwZ I cwiµgv m¤ú‡K© Zuviv eû wewPÎ Z_¨ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| Be‡b Rybvm, bvwmiDÏxb Zzmx I Avjevbx g~j¨evb †R¨vwZwe©Ávb msµvš— wbN©›U cÖYqb K‡ib| gymjgvbMYB me©cÖ_g BD‡iv‡c gvb-gw›`i cÖwZôv K‡ib Ges `~iex¶Y hš¿, w`K wbY©q hš¿, †`vjK I Ab¨vb¨ mvnvh¨Kvix hš¿cvwZ Avwe®‹vi K‡i †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi fvÊvi mg„× K‡iwQ‡jb|
9.2 L¨vwZgvb gymwjg †R¨vwZwe©`MY
762 wLª÷v‡ã evM`v` bMixi cÖwZôvjMœ †_‡KB Zv ms¯‹…wZi †K›`ª n‡q I‡V| bIeLZ I gvkvAvj−vn bv‡g `yRb weL¨vZ †R¨vwZwe©` G kn‡ii bKkv ˆZwi K‡i †`b|
BqvK‚Z Avj dvRvix :
777 wLª÷v‡ã †R¨vwZwe©` BqvK‚Z Avj dvRvix Ljxdv gbm~‡ii `iev‡i ÔgvbKv' bv‡g GKRb wn›`y †R¨vwZwe©`‡K Dcw¯’Z K‡ib| ÔgvbKv' Ôwm×vš—' bv‡g fviZxq †R¨vwZwe©`¨vi Dci GKwU bZzb MÖš’ †ck K‡ib| fvi‡Zi Ôwm×vš—' MÖ‡š’i cÖfv‡e Bmjv‡g cÖ_g †R¨vwZwe©`¨v PP©v ïi“ nq| Ljxdv Avj gbm~‡ii mg‡qB Ôwm×vš—' MÖš’wU Aviex‡Z Abyev`
K‡ib gynv¤§v` Be‡b Beªvnxg Avj-dvRvix|
Avj-†bnvIqv›`x :
Avngv` Be‡b gynv¤§v` Avj †bnvIqv›`x wQ‡jb cÖv_wgK hy‡Mi GKRb weL¨vZ †R¨vwZwe©`| wZwb wb‡Ri AwfÁZv n‡Z ÔAvj-gykZvgj' bv‡g †h †R¨vwZ©weÁvb msµvš— wbN©›U cÖYqb K‡ib, Zv MÖxK I wn›`y Dfq †R¨vwZwe©`¨vi c_cÖ`k©K wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z n‡q‡Q|
Ávb-weÁv‡bi c„ô‡cvlK Avj-gvg~b we‡`kx MÖš’ Abyev‡`i Rb¨ ÔevqZzj wnKgvn' (ÁvbM„n) cÖwZôv K‡ib| GQvov
†R¨vwZwe©`¨vi Dci M‡elYvi KvR Pvjvevi Rb¨ wZwb wmb` Be‡b Avjx I BqvnBqv Be‡b Avex gbm~‡ii ZË¡veav‡b evM`v‡` mvgvmxqv dU‡Ki wbKU GKwU gvb-gw›`i ¯’vcb K‡ib| evb~ g~mv åvZ…ØqI wb‡R‡`i Rb¨ GKwU gvb-gw›`i cÖwZôv K‡ib| gvb-gw›`i cÖwZôvi c×wZ BD‡ivcxqMY gymjgvb‡`i wbKU n‡Z AbyKiY K‡i Gi h‡_ó DbœwZ weavb K‡i|
Avj Lvwihgx wQ‡jb GKvav‡i GKRb wewkó MwYZwe` I †R¨vwZwe©`| wZwb GKwU †R¨vwZwe©`¨v msµvš— QK cÖ¯—zZ K‡iwQ‡jb|
Avj dvivMbx :
Avj gvgy‡bi kvmbvg‡ji Ab¨Zg †R¨vwZwe©` wQ‡jb Aveyj AveŸvm Avj dvivMbx| †R¨vwZwe©`¨v wel‡q Zuvi GKwU we¯—„Z MÖš’ (Elements of Astronomy) cbi kZK ch©š— G wel‡qi cÖvgvwYK MÖš’ e‡j we‡ewPZ wQj| wZwb c„w_exi e¨vm bZzb K‡i cwigvc K‡iwQ‡jb Ges MÖnmg~‡ni Av‡cw¶K `~iZ¡ wba©viY K‡iwQ‡jb|
Aveyj gvkvi evjLx :
Aveyj gvkvi evjLx wewkó †R¨vwZwe©` wQ‡jb| †R¨vwZwe©`¨v wel‡q iwPZ Zuvi PviwU MÖš’ j¨vwUb fvlvq Ab~w`Z nq|
†Rvqvi-fvUv m¤ú‡K© wZwb GK mwVK ˆeÁvwbK e¨vL¨v w`‡qwQ‡jb| Zuvi g‡Z, c„w_exi Dci P‡›`ªi AvKl©YB
†Rvqvi-fvUvi KviY|
Avj-evZvbx :
†R¨vwZwe©`¨vi †¶‡Î cieZ©x ¸i“Z¡c~Y© e¨w³Z¡ wQ‡jb Avj-evZvbx| wZwb wQ‡jb wewkó gymwjg †R¨vwZwe©`‡`i Ab¨Zg| wbR¯^ cÖZ¨¶ ch©‡e¶‡Yi wfwˇZ wZwb b¶‡Îi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖYqb K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi ¸i“Z¡c~Y©
Avwe®‹v‡ii Kvi‡Y ga¨hy‡M I †i‡bmuv Avg‡ji j¨vwUb cwÊZ‡`i Øviv wZwb D”P cÖkswmZ n‡qwQ‡jb|
Aveyj nvmvb : Aveyj nvmvb wUDe Øviv GKwU ¯’yj †Uwj‡¯‹vc ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jb| GwU Kvq‡iv I gvivNvi ch©‡e¶YvMv‡i e¨eüZ n‡qwQj| Gme ch©‡e¶YvMvi †R¨vwZwe©`¨v msµvš— ch©‡e¶Yvw`i e¨vcv‡i we‡kl mnvqK wQj| GRb¨B AveŸvmxq Avg‡j †R¨vwZwe©`¨vi †¶‡Î j¶Yxq AMÖMwZ mvwaZ nq| `kg kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a© evM`v‡`
†h mKj weL¨vZ †R¨vwZwe©` Kg©iZ wQ‡jb, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Avjx Be‡b AvgvRyi I Aveyj nvmvb G `yB R‡bi bvg we‡klfv‡e D‡j−L¨| Puv‡`i MwZ wba©viY Ges Puv‡`i Kjv ch©‡e¶‡Y Zv‡`i we‡kl Ae`vb wQj|
Ave`yi ingvb Avm-m~dx :
gymwjg hy‡Mi cieZ©x †R¨vwZwe©`‡`i g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ n‡jb, Ave`yi ingvb Avm-m~dx| wZwb ch©‡e¶Yg~jK
†R¨vwZwe©`¨vq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡LwQ‡jb| Zuvi Ôb¶ÎivRxi MwZ' kxl©K MÖš’wU bv¶wÎK NUbvejx Aa¨q‡b we‡kl mnvqK wQj|
Kvq‡ivi Be‡b BDbym †h M‡elYvKg© m¤úbœ K‡iwQ‡jb, Zv cieZx©Kv‡j ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Avwe®‹v‡ii c_ myMg K‡iwQj|
Avj wei“bx cÖvK…wZK NUbvejxi mwVK ch©‡e¶Y K‡i cÖ_g mvwii †R¨vwZwe©` wn‡m‡e myL¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb|
cÖL¨vZ Kwe Igi LBqvgI wQ‡jb GKRb wewkó †R¨vwZwe©`| wZwb †mjRyK myjZvb RvjvjyÏxb gvwjK kvn-Gi bvgvbymv‡i Rvjvjx el©cÄx (AvZ-ZvixL Avj Rvjvjx) msKjb K‡ib| g‡½vjxq hy‡M bvwmiDÏxb Z‚mx GKRb cÖavb
`vk©wbK I †R¨vwZwe©` wQ‡jb| wZwb gvivNvq Zvi wb‡Ri gvb-gw›`‡i ch©‡e¶Y Pvjvb Ges BjLvwb wbN©È bv‡g
†R¨vwZwe©Ávb msµvš— wbN©È cÖ¯—zZ K‡ib|
g~jZ †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡b gymwjg †R¨vwZwe©`MY †h Ae`vb †i‡L †M‡Qb, Zv wQj A‡bKvs‡kB †gŠwjK|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb : 2.9 K. ˆbe©¨w³K DËi-cÖkœ : GK K_vq DËi w`b-
1. `~iex¶Y hš¿, w`K wbY©q hš¿ †`vjK I Ab¨vb¨ mvnvh¨Kvix hš¿cvwZ Avwe®‹vi K‡i †R¨vwZweÁv‡bi fvÊvi mg„× K‡iwQj Kviv?
2. fviZxq †Kvb MÖ‡š’i cÖfv‡e gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ †R¨vwZwe©`¨v PP©v ïi“ nq?
3. †K †R¨vwZwe©Ávb msµvš— wbN©›U cÖYqb K‡ib?
4. Aveyj gvkvi evjLx Ô†Rvqvi fvUvi' KviY wK D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb?
5. Aveyj nvmvb wUDe Øviv wK ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jb?
L. msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ
1. †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡b gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb wK wQj?
2. L¨vwZgvb gymwjg †R¨vwZwe©`M‡Yi bvg I Ae`vb D‡j−L Ki“b|
3. BqvKzZ Avj-dvRvix †K? Zuvi Ae`vb wK?
4. Avj-†bnvIqv›`xi Ae`vb wjLyb|
5. Avãyi ingvb Ave~ m~dx‡K? Zuvi Ae`vb D‡j−L Ki“b|
