K›`a, gv`vixcyi wjM ̈vj GBW G‡mvwm‡qkb, bvMwiK D‡` ̈vM, evsjv‡`k RvZxq gwnjv AvBbRxex mwgwZ, KvDwÝj Ae gvBbwiwUR&, †d«Ûwkc, gyf dvD ‡Ûkb, ea ̈ vK GBPAviGjGGm Kg©m~wP Ges ea ̈vK wek¦we` ̈vjqmn wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi †bZ...eM© I Kg©xMY Zv‡`i †gav, kg, civgk© Ges †fŠZmyweav w`‡q mvwe© K mnvqZv K‡i‡Qb| Avwg mswkøó mKj e ̈w3 I cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ K...ZÁZv Rvbvw”Q|. Kvm©wU cÖvßeq ̄‹ AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Rb ̈ cwiPvwjZ n‡e myZivs AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Ávb, `ÿZv, AwfÁZv, Ae ̄'vb, Ges gZvg‡Zi cÖwZ AvšÍwiKfv‡ e k Ö×vkxj †_‡K Awa‡ ekb ̧‡jv cwiPvjbv Kiv Avek ̈K|.
ÒAwaKviÕB meÓ G welqUvB
Òc¨vivwjM¨vj gv‡bUv Kx?Ó
GUvB Av‡M eyS‡Z PvB
Qvov meB wedjÓ G¸‡jvB Rvb‡Z PvB
ÒwePvi Kx, Avi mvwjk KxÓ
Gi DËi Rvb‡Z PvB
Awa‡ekb 01
DcKiY
1 gwWDj
Av‡jvP¨ welq
AwaKviKg©xi f‚wgKv
Ávb
2 gwWDj
RÛvi wel‡q c¨vivwjM¨vj Kg©x‡`i Ávb
RÛvi
AwaKvi náîQ gvbyáli AvZ¥weKváki Rb ̈ c÷áqvRbxq myáhvM-myweavi `vwe, ev ̄^v_© hv ˆbwZK A_ev AvBbMZ wfwËi Ici cÖwZwôZ|.
Gi ˆewkó¨
KzBR djvdj QK
5| wbh©vZb I Aeg~j ̈vqb †_‡K gyw3i AwaKvi: Kv‡iv cÖwZ wbôzi, AgvbywlK ev AegvbbvKi AvPiY Kiv ev wbh©vZb Kiv ev KvD‡K wbôzi, AegvbbvKi ev AgvbywlK kvw ̄Í † `I qv hv‡e bv| . 7| AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mK‡j mgvb Ges mgvbfv‡e AvB‡bi Avkq cvIqvi AwaKvi: AvB‡bi Kv‡Q me gvbyl mgvb|. 16| we‡q Kiv Ges cwievi MVb Kivi AwaKvi: cÖ‡Z ̈K bvix-cyiæ‡li RvwZMZ evav, RvZxqZvi evav A_ev a‡g©i evav Qvov we‡q Kivi I cwievi MVb Kivi AwaKvi _vK‡e|.
RÛvi ev ÔmvgvwRK wj½Õ aviYv
RÛvi aviYv
Aciw`‡K bvix I cyiæ‡li Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ mgvR †h wfbœ wfbœ AvPiYMZ Ges f~wgKv msµvšÍ ˆewkó¨ Av‡ivc K‡i †mUvB.
RÛvi I †m·-Gi cv_©K¨
RÛvi f‚wgKv †RÛvi kÖg wefvRb
RÛvi f‚wgKv I †RÛvi kÖg wefvRb
3| bvixi †hŠbZvi Hier wbqš¿Y: bvixi B”Qv-Awb”Qv bq, cyiæ‡li mš‘wóweavbB bvixi †hŠb `vwqZ¡| cÖ_v Ges AvBb ̧‡jv Ggb wPšÍvi IciB cÖwZwôZ|. RÛvi Pvwn`vi wfwˇZ mvgvwRK BwZevPK c`‡ÿcmg~‡ni b ̈vh ̈Zv I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb. GB †Kv‡m© Av‡jvwPZ AvBbMZ, mvgvwRK Ges c ̈vivwjM ̈vj Kg©xi `vq-`vwqZ¡ msμvšÍ mKj welq Dc ̄'vc‡bi mgq bvix-cyiæl mgZvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi w`KwU Zz ‡j aivUvI Riæwi |.
RÛvi Pvwn`v (Gender Needs)
Avgiv hviv gvbewkï wn‡m‡e Rb¥ wb‡qwQ Zviv GK avc mvg‡b GwM‡q `uvovB, mevB GKUv mgvb jvB‡b `uvove|.
KŠkjMZ †RÛvi Pvwn`v
3 gwWDj
AwaKvi
BwZnvm NuvUáj wjwLZ wKQz AvBábi D™¢e Ü`Lv hvq, †hgbÑm¤™vU AákváKi gvbeZvev`x cvÐzwjwc, ÜMŠZgeyák×v RxeY m©BZgeyák×v RxeY सिलेंडर | GQvov welfbœ ag©MÖš' I cÖvPxb ivRvá`i RxebxáZI Avgiv welfbœ cÖKvi AvBábi eY©bv Ü`áL _vwK| AvágwiKvb wej Ae ivBUm&, divwm †NvlYv ev ZviI AváM g®vMbvKvU©v meB AvBábi Aweivg hvŒvq GK GKwU gvBjdjK|. G¸ájv iÿv I cÖwZôvq AvBb, AvBbx e®eØ'v I cÖwµqv weláq GLb Avgiv AvájvPbv Kie| eáj wd¬cPváU©i Dci cÖvášÍ wjLyb ÔAvBb I AwaKviÕ|.
RqšÍxi Mí
BwZnvm NuvU‡j wjwLZ wKQz AvB‡bi DTM¢e †`Lv hvq, †hgbÑm¤avU A‡kv‡Ki gvbeZvev`x cvÐzwjwc, †MŠZgey‡×i Rxeb`k©b I m¤avU mvBivm c ÖYx Z Cyrus cilinder | GQvov wewfbœ ag©MÖš’ I cÖvPxb ivRv‡`i Rxebx‡ZI Avgiv wewfbœ cÖKvi AvB‡bi eY©bv †`‡L _vwK|. Av‡gwiKvb wej Ae ivBUm&, divwm †NvlYv ev ZviI Av‡M g ̈vMbvKvU©v meB AvB‡bi Aweivg hvÎvq GK GKwU gvBjdjK|. D‡Ïk ̈ev`x (teleološka) Raven AvBb we‡kølK‡`i g‡Z, me©v‡cÿv Kg Ø›Ø-we‡iva NwU‡q me©vwaK Afve.
AvB‡bi Drm
AvBbwe`M‡Yi ˆeÁvwbK Av‡jvPbv (Scientific Review of the Lawyers): myL¨vZ AvBbwe`M‡Yi AvBb m¤úK©xq fvl¨I AvB‡bi Drm wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq| cÖvPxb †iv‡gI cÖwm× AvBbÁ‡`i gZvgZ wePvivj‡q M„nxZ m¤úK©xq fvl¨I AvB‡bi Drm wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq| cÖvPxb †iv‡gI cÖwm× AvBbÁ‡`i gZvgZ wePvivj‡q M„nxZ nZ|.
AvB‡bi `k©b
AvB‡bi f‚wgKv Kx?
Avcxj wefvM nvB‡KvU© wefvM
Av`vjZ I Gi GLwZqvimg~n
AwZwi³ †Rjv RR Av`vjZ (domstolen för den extra distriktsdomaren) + hyM¥ †Rjv RR Av`vjZ (Den gemensamma distriktsdomaren). RywWwkqvj g¨vwR‡÷ªU Av`vjZ (Judicial Magistrate)Pvi ai‡bi RywWwkqvj g¨vwR‡÷ªU Av`vjZ Pvi ai‡bi RywWwkqvj gU¨vwR.
Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe si nye ʋɔnudrɔ̃la (ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe si nye ʋɔnudrɔ̃la)Pxd Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe si nye ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe (ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe si nye ʋɔnudrɔ̃la) Avcxj wefv‡Mi †Kv‡bv Avw` GLwZqvi †bB A_v©r Avcxj wefvM †Kv‡bv gvgjv ev †gvK Ïgvi cÖv_wgKï wePvi K. Ƒe 1999 ƒe ɣleti gbãtɔ me ‡ix le kpɔɖeŋu me, ïbÏb ïx v‡Kb|. AvBbMZ AwaKvi e‡j mivmwi Avcxj (Nyagbugbɔgadrɔ̃ abe alesi wòle le Nuɖusi me ene) + Avcxj wefv‡Mi AbygwZ (Mɔɖeɖe na Nyagbugbɔgadrɔ̃)mv‡c‡ÿ Avcxj.
Avw` GLwZqvi (original jurisdiction) + Avcxj GLwZqvi (appellate jurisdiction) + wiwfkbvj GLwZqvi (reviewing jurisdiction) + †idv‡iÝ GLwZqvi (referring jurisdiction).
Iqvbx gvgjv
Iqvbx gvgjvi avcmg~n
GB ch©v‡q gvgjvi cÿMY Dfq c‡ÿi mvÿ ̈cÖgvY Ges wbR wbR mvÿx wb‡q Av`vj‡Z nvwRi nb| cÖ‡Z ̈K cÿ wbR mvÿxi Revbew›` †b‡eb Ges Acicÿ D3 mvÿx‡K †Riv Ki‡eb Ges wbR wbR.
GB w`b Avmvgx cÿ mvdvB mvÿx nvwRi Ki‡e| Avmvgx c‡ÿi weÁ AvBbRxex mvÿxi Revbew›` MÖnY Ki‡eb Ges wcwc A_ev Gwcwc Zv‡K †Riv Ki‡eb|. GB Zvwi‡L mvÿx nvwRiv cÖ`vb Ki‡e| GB w`b weÁ wcwc/Gwcwc dwiqv`x ev ev`x c‡ÿi mvÿxi (aanklager) Revbew›` †b‡eb| Gici Avmvgx c‡ÿi weÁ AvBbRxex Zv‡K †Riv Ki‡eb|. Gfv‡e ev`x c‡ÿi mvÿ ̈ †k‡l weÁ Av`vjZ Avmvgx‡K wRÁvmv Ki‡eb gvgjv m¤ú‡K© Avmvgxi e3e ̈ wK Ges Avmvgx mvdvB mvÿx w`‡eb wKbv.
GB w`b Avmvgx cÿ mvdvB mvÿx nvwRi Ki‡e| Avmvgxc‡ÿi weÁ AvBbRxex mvÿxi Revbew›` MÖnY Ki‡eb Ges wcwc A_ev Gwcwc Zv‡K †Riv Ki‡eb|. Kvb Awf‡hv‡M PvR© MVb n‡e Zv ïbvbx Ki‡eb| Zvici Avmvgxc‡ÿi weÁ AvBbRxex PvR© MV‡bi weiæ‡× ïbvbx Ki‡eb| weÁ Av`vjZ Dfqc‡ÿi e3e ̈ ï‡b Avmvgx‡K. GB Zvwi‡L mvÿx ZvwRiv cÖ`vb Ki‡e| GB w`b weÁ wcwc/ Gwcwc dwiqv`x ev ev`x c‡ÿi mvÿxi (forfølgelsesvidne) Revbew›` †b‡eb| Gici Avmvgx c‡ÿi weÁ AvBbRxex Zv‡K †Riv Ki‡eb|.
Iqvbx I †dŠR`vix gvgjv I Gi avcmg~n
Iqvbx gvgjv `v‡qi Kivi cÖwµqv
I mani, cÖvß AvjvgZ/gvjvgvj I mani, wmRvi wj÷ ev RãZvwjKv ˆZwi I mani| cÖáhvR ̈ †ÿáÎ ku rhuketela. Switzerland Avmvgx cáÿi AvBbRxex A_©vr Gqweta ra Vusirheleri Avmvgxi wbá`©vl cÖgváYi Rb ̈ e3e ̈ †ck Kiáeb|. Rvwgb: Avmvgx †M÷dZvi ev AvZ¥mgc©Y Kái Rvwgábi Aváe`b KiáZ cvái Ges Aciváai aib Abyhvqx Av`vjZ Rvwgb Aváe`b gÄyi ev bvgÄyi KiáZ c ‡ ‡ i|. PvR© ïbvbx: Avmvgxi Dcw ̄’wZáZ Dfq cáÿi AvBbRxexi gva ̈ág †h ïbvbx ZvB PvR© ïbvbx|.
PvR© MVb: PvR© MVábi w`b Avmvgx nvwRiv c÷`vb Kiáe| Aváe`bKvix cáÿi AvBbRxex Avmvgxi weiæá× †Kvb †Kvb AwfáhváM. PvR© MVb náe Zv ïbvbx Kiáeb| Zvici Avmvgxcáÿi AvBbRxex PvR© MVábi weiæá× ïbvbx Kiáeb|. mvÿ ̈ cÖ`vb: wba©vwiZ ZvwiáL Aváe`bKvix cáÿi mvÿx nvwRi náq AvBbRxexi mnvqZvq mvÿ ̈ cÖ`vb Kiáeb|. Gici Avmvgx cá∂i AvBbRxex ZváK ÜRiv Kiáeb| Aváe`bKvix cáÿi mvÿ ̈ Ükál Av`vjZ AvmvgxáK wRÁvmv Kiáeb gvgjv m¤úáK© Avmvgxi e3e ̈ Kx Ges Avmvgx mvdvB mvÿx †`.áeb wK
Valuation data): wbaw©wiZ w`‡b Avmvgx cÿ AvBbRxexi gva ̈‡g mvdvB mvÿ ̈ cÖ`vb Ki‡e| Av‡e`bKvix c‡ÿi AvBbRxex Zv‡K †Riv Ki‡eb|.
MÖdZvi
Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wmAviwcwm-54 aviv Dc¯’vcb
Rvwgb
Rvwgb‡hvM¨ Aciv‡a Rvwgb gÄyi
GRvnvi
54 aviv wel‡q D”P Av`vj‡Zi wm×všÍmg~n
4 gwWDj
MÖvg Av`vj‡Zi cv_©K¨ wPwýZ Kiv|
Av`k© mvwj‡ki wbqgbxwZ I c`‡ÿcmg~n
Av`k© mvwjk I bvixi AskMÖnY
Lv hvq †h AwaKvsk we‡iva cvwievwiK hvi cÖavb wkKvi bvix Kv‡RB mvwjk ‰eV‡K bvixi AskMÖnY _vKv Riæwi.
5 gwWDj
AvaywbK Drm
KvU© wd
ZvjvK
ZvjvK `j
AwffveKZ¡
AwbqwgZ we‡q
ZvjvK wbeÜb
Zvjv‡Ki †bvwUk bv †`Iqvi kvw¯Í
AviI †hfv‡e ZvjvK n‡Z cv‡i
Av`vj‡Zi wWwµi gva¨‡g
Lyjv we‡”Q`
AwffveK Ges cÖwZcvj ̈ AvBb Abyhvqx wbhy3 AwffveK : hLb †Kv‡bv bvevj‡Ki gvZv-wcZv _v‡K bv, †mme. AwffveK wbhyw3i †ÿ‡Î Av`vjZ mšÍv‡bi me©vwaK Kj ̈v‡Yi welqwU we‡ePbv K‡ib| GB AvBb Abyhvqx AwffveKZ¡ wbY©q mKj a‡g©i bvMwiK‡`i †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR ̈|.
ˆeevwnK Ae¯’v
Bmjvg ag© Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv g„Z e¨w³i †i‡L hvIqv m¤úwË Zvi DËivwaKvix‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ`vb Kivi wbqgvewj‡K div‡qR ev DËivwaKvi e‡j|.
ˆ`e DËivwaKvi
- kvixwiK AÿgZv I gvbwmK fvimvg¨nxbZv
- nZ¨vKvix
A1⁄2-cÖZ nga 1⁄2nvwb| hw` GB cÖKvi A1⁄2nvwb Rb¥MZ nq| Rb¥MZ cyiælZ¡nxbZvi Rb ̈I GKRb DËivwaKvi n‡Z nga ewÂZ nq;. D‡jøL ̈, DËivwaKviRwbZ Amvg_© ̈ ïay nga ̈w3MZ welq| †m Kvi‡Y gvbwmK fvimvg ̈nxb e ̈w3 evevi m¤úwË DËivwaKvi m~‡Î bv †c‡jI IB e ̈w3i ˆea mšÍvb Zvi wc‡IËvg.
Ab¨ DËivwaKvixMY
LwZqvb cP©v
CS Rwic LwZqvb
RS Rwic I LwZqvb (Revisional Survey)
BRS Rwic I LwZqvb
Rwg`vi ev LvRbv cÖvcKM‡Yi ¶wZc~iY cÖ`v‡bi Rb ̈ Swikambelo swa ndziriso roll Kiv nq| Rwg`vwi AwaMÖn‡Yi ci LvRbv cÖvcK gvwjK I LvRbv cÖ`vbKvix cÖRv mK‡jB mivmwi miKv‡ii Aaxb cÖRv wbhy3 nq| cÖRvi bvg, cÖ‡`q LvRbvi cwigvY wba©vi‡Yi Rb ̈ GB cÖ_‡g Xirhendzevutana xo basa lexi cinciweke cÖKvk Kiv nq| cieZ©x‡Z D3 Nxaxamelo wa rhente SA LwZqvb iƒ‡c cwiwPZ nq, ms‡kvabx Rwic Kvh©μg MÖnY Kiv nq| GwU SA (Xikepe xa Mfumo) Rwic bv‡g AwfwnZ| GB Rwi‡c †h LwZqvb cÖ ̄‘Z Kiv nq Zv‡K SA LwZqvb e‡j| 1956 n‡Z 1964 mv‡j ch©šÍ GB Kvh©μg cwiPvwjZ nq| Gm.G LwZqv‡bi wfwˇZ Rwg`v‡ii Aax‡b ivqZMY miKv‡ii Aax‡b mivmwi gvwjK bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| G Rwi‡c Rwgi `vM b¤^i, Aí wKQy.
DËivwaKvi ev n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii Kvi‡Y wgD‡Ukb Kiv nq| †h fv‡eB NUzK bv †Kb hZ ZvovZvwo m¤¢e ivR¯^ Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvixi gvidZ wgD‡Ukb Kiv‡bv DwPZ|.
Ðwewa AvBb, 1860
AvBb, 2010
GwmW wbqš¿Y AvBb, 2002
GwmW Aciva `gb AvBb, 2002
R‡bi ZË¡veav‡b ivLv n‡e| H mšÍvb wcZv ev gvZv Df‡qi cwiP‡q cwiwPZ n‡e Ges wkii fiY‡cvlY ivóa enb Ki‡e|. GB AvB‡bi Aaxb msNwUZ Aciv‡ai wkKvi e ̈w3i †gwWK ̈vj cixÿv miKvix nvmcvZv‡j wKsev miKvi KZ...©K ̄^xK...Z †Kvb †emiKvix nvmcvZv‡j m¤úbœ Kiv hv‡e| wbhv©Z‡bi ̄^xKvi e ̈w3 wPwKrmvi Rb ̈. DËivwaKvi m~‡Î cÖvß m¤úwË, ˆeevwnK ev Ab ̈ †Kv‡bv m~‡Î cÖvß Dcnvi mvgMÖx, ̄¿xab m¤úwË m¤úwK©Z `wj‡ji Kwc cvwievwiK mwnsmZv (c ÖwZ‡iva I myi ¶v) AvBb 2010 Abyhvqx cvwievwiK mwnsmZv Kx.
DcáRjv wbe © vnx Kg © KZ © v (UNO), wbe © vnx g®vwRá-aU (Umugenzacyaha Nshingwabikorwa), DcáRjv gwnjv welqK Kg © KZ © v, DcáRjv mgvRámev Kg © KZ © v, DcáRjg c evv Kg © KZ © v, _vbvi fvicÖvß Kg © KZ © v (OC), BDwbqb cwilá`i.
AvBb mnvqZv Znwej
AvBb mnvqZvi Rb¨ †Kv_vq
Kvb †Kvb gvgjvq mn‡hvwMZv
AvBbk…Ljv iÿvKvix evwnbx KZ©…K AvUK ev †MÖßvi msµvšÍ †h †Kv‡bv †dŠR`vix gvgjvq AvBbx mnvqZv.
